無(wú)損檢測(cè)對(duì)接焊縫射線工藝規(guī)程

******Co.,Ltd.焊縫檢驗(yàn)規(guī)程4Rev.:0Page:1of14Title:RADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATIONPROCEDUREFORBUTTWELDSRADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATIONPROCEDUREFORBUTTWELDS對(duì)接焊縫射線檢測(cè)工藝規(guī)程CONTROLLED在控本□UNCONTROLLED非在控本□COPYNO副本編號(hào)：PREPAREDBY編制：DATE日期：REVIEWEDBY審核：DATE日期：APPROVEDBY批準(zhǔn)：DATE日期：******Co.,Ltd.焊縫檢驗(yàn)規(guī)程4Rev.:0Page:2of14Title:RADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATIONPROCEDUREFORBUTTWELDSGeneral1.1Thisprocedureisappliedtothex-rayradiographicexaminationofbuttweldsforpressurevesselsconstructedinaccordancewithASMECodeSectionⅧDiv1.1.2Thisprocedureshallbesupplemented,whennecessary,withtheexaminationinstructionsdefiningmorespecificvariables,whichwillbepreparedbyNDELevelⅢpersonnel.2.QualificationofExaminationPersonnel2.1Anypersonengagedintheradiographicexaminationshallbequalifiedandcertifiedasaradiographicexaminerinaccordancewith******Co.,Ltd.’s“WrittenPracticeforNDEPersonnelTraining,Examination,QualificationandCertification”(NO.:QCD-011).2.2TheNDELevelⅠshallreceivethenecessaryinstructionorsupervisionfromacertifiedNDELevelⅡorLevelⅢExaminer.TheNDELevelⅡshallreceivetheinstructionorsupervisionfromaNDELevelⅢExaminer.2.3Accordingtotherespectiveresponsibilityrange,allexaminersshallcompletetheexaminationconformingtothereferencingASMECodeSections,standardsandwritteninstructions.Theyshallassuretheworkingquality.3.Equipment,ToolsandMaterialsTheLevelⅡExaminershallselecttheequipment,toolsandmaterialstoassurethattheyareincompliancewiththefollowingconditionsandtherequirementoftheexaminationinstruction.3.1Oneofthex-rayequipmentshallbeselectedfromTable1.Table11.概述1.1本工藝規(guī)程適用于按ASME規(guī)范第Ⅷ卷第Ⅰ冊(cè)要求制造的壓力容器的對(duì)接焊縫的x射線照相檢測(cè)。1.2必要時(shí)，本工藝規(guī)程應(yīng)由探傷作業(yè)指導(dǎo)書進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充以規(guī)定更詳細(xì)的變量，此指導(dǎo)書由NDEⅢ級(jí)人員編制。2.檢測(cè)人員資格2.1從事射線探傷的檢測(cè)人員必須按南京寶色鈦業(yè)有限公司的<<NDE人員培訓(xùn)、考試、資格鑒定和認(rèn)證實(shí)施細(xì)則>>(文件號(hào)：QCD-011)進(jìn)行資格考核評(píng)定。2.2NDEⅠ級(jí)須接受合格的Ⅱ級(jí)或Ⅲ級(jí)必要的指導(dǎo)或監(jiān)督。NDEⅡ級(jí)須接受NDEⅢ級(jí)的指導(dǎo)或監(jiān)督。2.3根據(jù)各自的職責(zé)范圍，所有檢測(cè)人員應(yīng)按ASME規(guī)范有關(guān)卷，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和作業(yè)指導(dǎo)書進(jìn)行檢測(cè)并保證工作質(zhì)量。3.設(shè)備、器材Ⅱ級(jí)人員所選用的設(shè)備、器材應(yīng)能保證符合下列條件和探傷作業(yè)指導(dǎo)書的要求。3.1X射線設(shè)備應(yīng)從表1中選用。TypeMfr.Max.TubeVoltabe(KVp)Max.TubeCurrent(mA)Foc.Size(mm)Permittedmax.materialthick(mm)SteelTiZrxx-2505Beijing25052x2386322xx-3005Dandong30051.0x2.3467028表1類型制造廠家最大管電壓KVp最大管電流mA焦點(diǎn)尺寸(mm)允許的材料最大穿透厚度mmSteelTiZrxx-2505北京25052x2386322xx-3005丹東30051.0x2.34670283.2FilmFilmselectionshallbeinaccordancewithSE-1815,StandardTestMethodforFilmSystemsfor3.2膠片膠片須根據(jù)SE-1815工業(yè)射線照相的膠片系統(tǒng)分類的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測(cè)試方法來(lái)選擇。膠片分類表應(yīng)由膠片制造廠提供。膠片******Co.,Ltd.焊縫檢驗(yàn)規(guī)程4Rev.:0Page:3of14Title:RADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATIONPROCEDUREFORBUTTWELDSIndustrialRadiography.Theclassificationtableoffilmshallbeprovidedbythefilmmanufacturer.FilmsystemclassesSpecial,Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,W-A,andW-Barepermitted.Dependingonthex-raypenetrationthickness,asuitablefilmshallbeselected.Whenusingtwofilmsmethod,twodifferenttypesoffilmshallbeselected.3.3ScreenAsuitableleadscreenshallbeselectedfromTable2.Table2系統(tǒng)分為特殊、Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,W-A,和W-B。應(yīng)根據(jù)X射線穿透厚度，選擇合適的膠片。采用雙片法時(shí)，應(yīng)選用兩種不同類型的膠片。3.3增感屏從表2中選擇適當(dāng)?shù)你U增感屏。表2TubeVoltageThicknessofleadScreen(mm)管電壓鉛增感屏厚度(mm)FrontBack前屏后屏<150kv150kv~300kv0.01~0.030.025~0.10>0.05>0.05~0.10<150kv150~300kv0.01~0.030.025~0.10>0.05>0.05~0.13.4DensitometerandStepWedgeFilmThedigitaldensitometerlistedinTable3shallbeusedforjudgingradiographdensity.Thedensitometershallbecheckedagainstacalibratedstepwedgefilmatleastonceevery90daysbytheNDELevelⅡorⅢExaminer.Thestepwedgefilmshallbecalibratedonceevery12monthsbytheNationalBureauofStandards.Table33.4黑度計(jì)和階梯黑度片用表3列出的數(shù)碼黑度計(jì)測(cè)定射線底片密度。黑度計(jì)至少每90天由NDEⅡ級(jí)或Ⅲ級(jí)用校驗(yàn)過的階梯黑度片校驗(yàn)一次。黑度片須至少每12個(gè)月由國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)局校驗(yàn)一次。表3TypeManufacturerMea.,RangeMea.,Precision型號(hào)制造廠測(cè)量范圍測(cè)量精度TD-210ZHEJIANGZHENGHAI0.00-4.00D±0.03DTD-210浙江甌海0.00-4.00D±0.03D3.5ImageQualityIndication(IQI)3.5.1TypeandmaterialofIQIs3.5.1.1ThewiretypeIQIpresentedasFig.1andTab.4beused.ThewiretypeIQIshallbemanufacturedandidentifiedinaccordancewiththerequirementsinSE-747.3.5.1.2Thewiresshallbefabricatedfrommaterialoralloywithsameorlessradiationabsorptionthanthematerialbeingradiographed.3.5象質(zhì)計(jì)(IQI)3.5.1象質(zhì)計(jì)類型和材料3.5.1.1應(yīng)使用線型象質(zhì)計(jì)(圖1和表4)。線型象質(zhì)計(jì)的制造和標(biāo)識(shí)應(yīng)符合SE-747的要求。3.5.1.2金屬絲的材質(zhì)應(yīng)與被透檢材料相同，或其射線吸收小于被檢材料。******Co.,Ltd.焊縫檢驗(yàn)規(guī)程4Rev.:0Page:4of14Title:RADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATIONPROCEDUREFORBUTTWELDSFig1圖1******Co.,Ltd.焊縫檢驗(yàn)規(guī)程4Rev.:0Page:5of14Title:RADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATIONPROCEDUREFORBUTTWELDSTable4WireIQIDesignation,WireDiametersandWireIdentityin.(mm)Table4IQISetsandwireDiameter表4線型IQI標(biāo)識(shí)和線徑表4象質(zhì)計(jì)組別和線徑WireDiametersin.(mm)線徑英寸(毫米)SetAWireNo.SetBWireNo.A組線號(hào)AB組線號(hào)B0.0032(0.08)10.010(0.25)60.0032(0.08)10.010(0.25)60.004(0.1)20.013(0.33)70.004(0.1)20.013(0.33)70.005(0.13)30.016(0.4)80.005(0.13)30.016(0.4)80.0063(0.16)40.020(0.51)90.0063(0.16)40.020(0.51)90.008(0.2)50.025(0.64)100.008(0.2)50.025(0.64)100.010(0.25)60.032(0.81)110.010(0.25)60.032(0.81)11SetCWireNo.SetDWireNo.C組線號(hào)CD組線號(hào)D0.032(0.81)110.100(2.5)160.032(0.81)110.100(2.5)160.040(1.02)120.126(3.2)170.040(1.02)120.126(3.2)170.050(1.27)130.160(4.06)180.050(1.27)130.160(4.06)180.063(1.6)140.200(5.1)190.063(1.6)140.200(5.1)190.080(2.03)150.250(6.4)200.080(2.03)150.250(6.4)200.100(2.5)160.320(8)210.100(2.5)160.320(8)213.5.2IQISelection3.5.2.1ThedesignatedessentialminimumwirediametershallbeasspecifiedinTable5Table5IQISELECTION表5象質(zhì)計(jì)選用3.5.2IQI選用3.5.2.1應(yīng)顯示的最小線徑必須按表5規(guī)定。Nominalsingle-wallMaterialThicknessRange,in(mm)單壁標(biāo)稱材料厚度范圍in(mm)SourceSideIQI射源側(cè)IQIFilmSideIQI膠片側(cè)IQIEssentialWireDiameter應(yīng)顯示的線徑in(mm)WireNo.線號(hào)EssentialWireDiameter應(yīng)顯示的線徑in(mmWireNo.線號(hào)Upto0.25,incl.≤0.25(≤6.4)0.008(0.2)50.006(0.16)4Over0.25thr.0.375>0.25~0.375(>6.4~9.5)0.010(0.25)60.008(0.2)5Over0.375thr.0.5>0.375~0.5(>9.5~12.7)0.013(0.33)70.010(0.25)6Over0.5thr.0.75>0..5~0.75(>12.7~19.1)0.016(0.4)80.013(0.33)7Over0.75thr.1.00>0.75~1.00(>19.1~25.4)0.020(0.51)90.016(0.4)8Over1.00thr.1.50>1.00~1.50(>25.4~38.1)0.025(0.64)100.020(0.51)9Over1.50thr.2.00>1.50~2.00(>38.1~50.8)0.032(0.81)110.025(0.64)103.5.2.2Forweldswithreinforcements,thethicknessonwhichtheIQIisbasedisthenominalsinglewallthicknessplustheestimatedweldreinforcementnottoexceedthemaximumpermittedbytheSectionⅧDivision1.Forweldswithoutreinforcements,thethicknessonwhichtheIQIisbasedisthenominalsinglewallthickness.InbothcasesbackingringsorstripsshallnotbeconsideredaspartoftheweldthicknessinIQIselection.3.5.3PlacementofIQIs3.5.3.1TheIQI(s)shallbeplacedonthesourcesideofthepartbeingexamined.WhenconfigurationorsizepreventsplacingtheIQI(s)onthepartorweld,theIQI(s)maybeplacedonaseparateblockincompliancewithpara.T-277.1ofSectionV.Theseparateblockshallbeplacedascloseas3.5.2.2對(duì)有余高焊縫，象質(zhì)計(jì)放處的厚度是標(biāo)稱單壁厚度加上不超過第Ⅷ卷第一分冊(cè)中允許的焊縫最大余高估計(jì)值。沒有余高的焊縫，象質(zhì)計(jì)放處的厚度是標(biāo)稱單壁厚度。在以上兩種情況下，襯環(huán)或襯帶均不作為焊縫厚度的一部分來(lái)考慮。3.5.3象質(zhì)計(jì)的放置3.5.3.1象質(zhì)計(jì)必須放在被檢工件的射線源側(cè)。當(dāng)透照布置或結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸妨礙象質(zhì)計(jì)放在工件或焊縫上時(shí)，象質(zhì)計(jì)可放在一個(gè)單獨(dú)的試塊(符合ASME第Ⅴ卷T-277.1要求)上。此試塊的放置應(yīng)******Co.,Ltd.焊縫檢驗(yàn)規(guī)程4Rev.:0Page:6of14Title:RADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATIONPROCEDUREFORBUTTWELDSpossibletothepartbeingradiographed.3.5.3.2WhereinaccessibilitypreventshandplacingtheIQI(s)onthesourceside,theIQI(s)shallbeplacedonthefilmsideincontactwiththepartbeingexamined.Aleadletter“F”shallbeplacedadjacenttoorontheIQI(s).3.5.3.3TheIQI(s)shallbeplacedontheweldsothatthelengthofthewiresisperpendiculartothelengthoftheweld.Theidentificationnumber(s)and,whenused,theleadletter“F”shallnotbeintheareaofinterest,exeptwhengeometricconfigurationmakesitimpractical.3.5.4NumberofIQIs3.5.4.1Whenoneormorefilmholdersareusedforanexposure,atleastoneIQIimageshallappearoneachradiograph.3.5.4.2Ifthedensityoftheradiographanywherethroughtheareaofinterestvariesbymorethanminus15%orplus30%fromthedensityadjacenttothedesignatedwireofawireIQI,withintheminimum/maximumallowabledensityrangesspecified,thenanadditionalIQIshallbeusedforeachexceptionalareaorareasandtheradiographretaken.3.5.4.3Forcylindricalcomponentsorsphericalcomponentswherethesourceisplacedatthecenterofthecomponentforasingleexposure,atleastthreeIQIs,spacedapproximately120deg.apart,arerequired.3.5.5IQISensitivityRadiographyshallbeperformedwithatechniqueofsufficientsensitivitytodisplaytheessentialwireofawireIQI,whichisessentialindicationoftheimagequalityoftheradiograph.Theradiographsshallalsodisplaytheidentifyingnumbersandletters.Iftheessentialwiredonotshowonanyfilminamultiplefilmtechnique,butdoshowincompositefilmviewing,interpretationshallbepermittedonlybycompositefilmviewing.3.6“B”MarkAleadsymbol“B”,withminimumdimensionsof13mminheightand1.6mminthickness,shallbeattachedtothebackofeachfilmholderduringeachexposuretodetermineifbackscatterradiationisexposingthefilm.3.7LocationMarkersTheimageofthelocationmarkersforthecoordinationofthepartwiththefilmshallappearonthefilmwithoutinterferingwiththeinterpretation,withsuchanarrangementthatisevidencethatcompletecoveragewasobtained.Locationmarkersshallbeplacedonthepart,notontheexposureholder/cassette.3.7.1Single-WallViewingSourceSideMarkers.Locationmarkersshallbeplacedonthesourcesidewhenradiographingthefollowing:flatcomponentsorlongitudinaljointsincylindricalorcornicalcomponentswillbeaccordingtoFig..2.盡可能靠近被檢的工件。3.5.3.2用手無(wú)法將象質(zhì)計(jì)放在射源一側(cè)時(shí)，象質(zhì)計(jì)可放在與被檢工件接觸的膠片側(cè)。此時(shí)應(yīng)在象質(zhì)計(jì)上面或附近放一個(gè)鉛字“F”。3.5.3.3象質(zhì)計(jì)放在焊縫上，應(yīng)使線長(zhǎng)與焊縫長(zhǎng)度方向垂直。3.5.4象質(zhì)計(jì)的數(shù)量3.5.4.1一次曝光使用一個(gè)或多個(gè)膠片暗盒時(shí)，每張底片上應(yīng)至少有一個(gè)象質(zhì)計(jì)的影像。3.5.4.2若有效評(píng)定區(qū)內(nèi)任一處的底片黑度超過線型象質(zhì)計(jì)應(yīng)顯最細(xì)絲附近黑度的-15%或+30%，即使在規(guī)定的最小最大允許黑度范圍內(nèi)，仍應(yīng)在每一超標(biāo)區(qū)域增加一個(gè)象質(zhì)計(jì)，重新攝片。3.5.4.3對(duì)于圓筒狀部件及球狀部件，射線源放在部件中心位置時(shí)，進(jìn)行一次曝光，在工件上至少放三個(gè)象質(zhì)計(jì)，且要求大約每1200放一個(gè)。3.5.5IQI靈敏度射線照相方法應(yīng)有足夠靈敏度，要顯示出線型象質(zhì)計(jì)應(yīng)識(shí)別線徑。射線底片也應(yīng)顯示出識(shí)別數(shù)碼和字母。若多膠片法中的任何一張底片上均未顯示出應(yīng)顯線徑，但可用疊合觀察法顯示出來(lái)。3.6“B”標(biāo)記每個(gè)膠片暗盒后背應(yīng)貼附一個(gè)至少高13mm，厚1.6mm的鉛標(biāo)記“B”，以驗(yàn)證曝光過程中是否有背散射作用到膠片上。3.7定位標(biāo)記用于確定工件布片位置的定位標(biāo)記，其影象應(yīng)出現(xiàn)在膠片上，且不得妨礙評(píng)片，以此證明透檢范圍已完全覆蓋。定位標(biāo)記應(yīng)放在工件上，而不能放在暗袋或暗盒上。3.7.1單壁成像法(a)射線源側(cè)標(biāo)記，透照下列工件時(shí)，定位標(biāo)記須放在射源側(cè)：(1)平板焊縫，圓筒或圓錐形工件縱縫，見圖2。******Co.,Ltd.焊縫檢驗(yàn)規(guī)程4Rev.:0Page:7of14Title:RADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATIONPROCEDUREFORBUTTWELDSSourcesidemarker射源側(cè)標(biāo)記D:Sourcetomaterialdistancet:thicknessofworkpieceFig.2DtD:射源至工件距離t:工件厚度圖2(2)curvedorsphericalcomponentswhoseconcavesideistowardthesourceandwhenthe“source-to-material”distanceislessthantheinsideradiusofthecomponent;(3)curvedorsphericalcomponentswhoseconvexsideistowardthesource.(b)FilmSideMarkers.(1)Locationmarkersshallbeplacedonthefilmsidewhenradiographingeithercurvedorsphericalcomponentswhoseconcavesideistowardthesourceandwhenthe“source-to-material”distanceisgreaterthantheinsideradius.(2)Asanalternativetosourcesideplacementin3.7.1(a),locationmarkersmaybeplacedonthefilmsidewhentheradiograhpshowscoveragebeyondthelocationmarkerstotheextentdemonstratedbyFig.3，ieLeff=(x+Mf+x)。(2)彎曲面或球面工件，其凹面朝著射線源，當(dāng)“射源至材料”距離小于工件內(nèi)半徑時(shí)；(3)彎曲面或球面工件，其凸面朝著射線源。(b)膠片側(cè)標(biāo)記(1)當(dāng)透照凹面朝射源的曲面或球面工件，且“射源至材料”的距離大于工件內(nèi)半徑時(shí)，定位標(biāo)記應(yīng)放在膠片側(cè)。(2)定位標(biāo)記不按3.7.1(a)放在射源側(cè)而放在膠片側(cè)時(shí)，要求底片上顯示的有效范圍超過定位標(biāo)記之外一定長(zhǎng)度(見圖3，即Leff=(x+Mf+x)。定位標(biāo)記LocationmarkerDtxMfxFig.3圖3x=(t/D)(Mf/2)x=additionalrequiredcoverage,beyondfilmsidelocationmarkert=componentthicknessMf=filmsidelocationmarkerintervalD=sourcetocomponentdistancex=(t/D)(Mf/2)x:在膠片定位標(biāo)記兩側(cè)要求附加覆蓋范圍t：工件厚度Mf：兩膠片側(cè)定位標(biāo)記之間的間距D：射源至工件表面距離******Co.,Ltd.焊縫檢驗(yàn)規(guī)程4Rev.:0Page:8of14Title:RADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATIONPROCEDUREFORBUTTWELDS(c)EitherSideMarkers.Locationmarkersmaybeplacedoneitherthesourcesideorfilmsidewhenradiographingeithercurvedorsphericalcomponentswhoseconcavesideistowardthesourceandthe“source-to-material”distanceequalstheinsideradiusofthecomponent.3.7.2Double-wallviewing,atleastonelocationmarkershallbeplacedonthesourcesidesurfaceadjacenttotheweld(oronthematerialintheareaofinterest)foreachradiograph.3.8Asystemshallbeusedtoproducepermanentidentificationontheradiographtraceabletothecontract,component,weldseam,orpartnumbers，asappropriate.Ontheradiograph,thefollowingshallbeplainlyandpermanentlyincludedandinanycasethisinformationshallnotobscuretheareaofinterest.(1)******(Coname)(2)JobNo.(3)WeldseamNo.(4)RadiographNo.(5)Repairmark,ifapplicable(6)Locationmarkings(7)Thicknessofbasematerial(8)Dateofradiography3.9FacilitiesforViewingofRadiographs3.9.1IlluminatorusedtoviewradiographsshallbeverifiedthatithassufficientintensitytobevisiblefortheessentialwirediameterofIQIandcandiffusethelightuniformly.Whentheradiographissmallerthantheviewingportionofilluminatororwillincludelowdensityareas,themasksshallbeprovidedtoexcludeanyextraneouslight.3.9.2Inordertoobtainthenecessarybrightnessthroughtheradiographatleast30cd/m2,theviewingequipmentshallhavethefollowingillumination:Table6(c)兩側(cè)均可標(biāo)記射線照曲面或球面工件，其凹面朝著射源，且“射源至工件”距離等于工件內(nèi)半徑時(shí)，則標(biāo)記可放在射源側(cè)，也可以放在膠片側(cè)。3.7.2雙壁成像法雙壁成像時(shí)，在射源側(cè)表面焊縫附近(或在有效區(qū)工件上)至少放一個(gè)定位標(biāo)記。3.8標(biāo)識(shí)底片上應(yīng)有永久標(biāo)識(shí)，即合同號(hào)、部件號(hào)、焊縫號(hào)或工件號(hào)等。下列永久性標(biāo)識(shí)應(yīng)明確無(wú)誤地顯示在底片上，且不得干擾有效評(píng)定區(qū)。南京寶色鈦業(yè)有限公司(******)；工件號(hào)；(3)焊縫號(hào)(4)底片號(hào)；(5)返修標(biāo)記；(6)定位標(biāo)記；(7)母材厚度；(8)透照日期；3.9觀片設(shè)備3.9.1必須校驗(yàn)觀片設(shè)備燈是否有足夠的光強(qiáng)觀看象質(zhì)計(jì)應(yīng)顯線徑，能否均勻地?cái)U(kuò)散燈光。當(dāng)?shù)灼∮谟^片燈屏尺寸或存在低黑度區(qū)域時(shí)，應(yīng)遮檔多余光線。3.9.2為使底片透過光強(qiáng)至少為30cd/m2,觀片燈應(yīng)有表6所示照明亮度。表6RadiographDensityMinimumIllumination底片黑度最小照明亮度2.03,000cd/m22.03，000cd/m23.030,000cd/m23.030，000cd/m24.0300,000cd/m24.0300，0000cd/m23.10ViewingRoomSubduedbackgroundlightingshallbeprovidedsuchthattheintensityshallnotcausetroublesomereflection,shadowsorglaresontheradiograph.4.CheckofSurfacetobeRadiographedPriortostartingofradiographicexamination,the3.10觀片室應(yīng)提供柔和的背景光線，光線亮度不得在底片上產(chǎn)生有干擾作用的反射、陰影或眩光。4.被檢表面檢查射線透照檢測(cè)前，RT人員必須******Co.,Ltd.焊縫檢驗(yàn)規(guī)程4Rev.:0Page:9of14Title:RADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATIONPROCEDUREFORBUTTWELDSExaminershallcheckorverifythatthesurfacetoberadiographedsatisfiesthefollowingconditions:4.1ThereinforcementofbuttweldedjointsiswithinthevaluespecifiedinSectionⅧDivision1asshowninTable7Table7表7檢查或驗(yàn)證被檢表面是否滿足下述條件：4.1對(duì)接焊縫余高應(yīng)在第Ⅷ卷第1分冊(cè)規(guī)定的數(shù)值內(nèi)。NominalThickness,in.(mm)MaximumReinforcement,in.最大余高in,(mm)CategoryB&CButtweldsB和C類對(duì)接焊縫OtherWelds其它焊縫Lessthan3/32(<2.4)3/32(<2.4)1/32(0.8)3/32to3/16,incl.(2.4~4.8)1/8(3.2)1/16(1.6)Over3/16to1/2,incl.(>4.8~12.7)5/32(4.0)3/32(2.4)Over1/2to1,incl.(>12.7~25.4)3/16(4.8)3/32(2.4)Over1to2,incl.(>25.4~50.8)1/4(6.4)1/8(3.2)Over2to3,incl.(>50.8~76.2)1/4(6.4)5/32(4.0)Over3to4,incl.(>76.2~101.6)1/4(6.4)7/32(5.5)Over4to5,incl.(>101.6~127)1/4(6.4)1/4(6.4)Over5(>127)5/16(7.9)5/16(7.9)GENERALNOTES:(a)Fordoubleweldedbuttjoints,thislimitationonreinforcementgivenaboveshallapplyseparatelytobothinsideandoutsidesurfacesofthejoint.(b)Forsingleweldedbuttjoints,thereinforcementlimitsgivenaboveshallapplytotheoutsidesurfaceofthejointonly.(c)Thicknessofweldreinforcementshallbebasedonthethicknessofthethinnerofthematerialsbeingjoined.(d)Theweldreinforcementthicknessshallbedeterminedfromthehigheroftheabuttingsurfacesinvolved.(e)Weldreinforcementmayberemovedifsodesired.4.2Anysurfaceirregularities,suchasweldripples,splashing,undercutandsurfaceroughness,cannotmaskorbeconfusedwiththeimageofanydiscontinuity.5.SetupforExposureLevelⅠorlevelⅡindividualshallsetuptheequipment,toolsandmaterialsforexposureinaccordancewiththeexaminationinstructionsoallrequirementsforradiographwillbemet.Thesetupinformationshallbetrulyandclearlyrecordedasdescribedinparagraph9.5.1ArrangementofFilm.IQIandMarkers.5.1.1Filmcassette,IQIandmarkersshallbeplacedinaccordancewithFig.4.TheExaminerwhoperformstheexposureshallcarefullyinsertthespecifiedfilmintocassetteandattachthe“B”markonitsback.注：a.對(duì)雙面對(duì)接焊縫，上列余高限值對(duì)焊縫內(nèi)外兩面均適用。b.對(duì)單面對(duì)接焊縫上列余高限值僅適用于焊縫外面。c.焊縫余高高度應(yīng)按被焊接工件較薄厚度取值。d.焊縫余高高度應(yīng)從對(duì)接表面的較高處定值。e.視需要，可去除焊縫余高。4.2任何表面不規(guī)則狀態(tài)，如焊波，飛濺、咬邊、表面粗糙度，不得掩蓋缺陷影象或與之相混淆。5.透照布置Ⅰ級(jí)和Ⅱ級(jí)人員應(yīng)該根據(jù)探傷作業(yè)指導(dǎo)書布置透照的設(shè)備，器材，使之滿足射線照相的所有要求。應(yīng)按9要求正確記錄布置數(shù)據(jù)。5.1膠片，象質(zhì)計(jì)和標(biāo)記的安放5.1.1膠片暗盒，象質(zhì)計(jì)和標(biāo)記應(yīng)按圖4放置。曝光操作者應(yīng)將指定的膠片仔細(xì)插入暗盒，并在暗盒后背面貼上“B”標(biāo)記。5******Co.,Ltd.焊縫檢驗(yàn)規(guī)程4Rev.:0Page:10of14Title:RADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATIONPROCEDUREFORBUTTWELDS1.Locationmarker2.******(Co.Name).3.JobNo.4.WeldseamandradiographNo.5.Repairandtimemarker6.Locationmarker.7.IQI8.Dateofradiography9.Thicknessofbasematerial10.“B”mark11.X-raymachine12.Film13.Backscatteredradiationshield5.1.2Ifthedensityoftheradiographanywherethroughtheareaofinterestvariesbymorethan–15%or+30%fromthedensityadjacenttothedesignatedwireofawireIQIwithintheminimumandmaximumallowabledensityrangesspecifiedinTable8,thentwoIQIsshallbeused.Oneshallbeplacedonthelightestareaofinterestandtheothershallbeplacedonthedarkestareaofinterest.Table8AcceptableMin&MaxDensity.定位標(biāo)記南京寶色鈦業(yè)有限公司(******)工件號(hào)焊縫號(hào)片號(hào)返修標(biāo)記及次數(shù)標(biāo)記定位標(biāo)記象質(zhì)計(jì)透照日期母材厚度“B”標(biāo)記X射線機(jī)膠片背散射屏蔽板5.1.2射線底片有效評(píng)定區(qū)內(nèi)任一點(diǎn)的黑度，大于指定要顯示的象質(zhì)計(jì)金屬絲附近黑度-15%或+30%時(shí)，盡管此黑度落在表8規(guī)定的范圍內(nèi)，還是應(yīng)使用兩個(gè)象質(zhì)計(jì)。一個(gè)放在有效區(qū)的黑度最小區(qū)，另一個(gè)放在有效區(qū)的黑度最大區(qū)。表8合格的最小和最大黑度MethodofViewingDensityofRadiograph觀片方法DMinimumMaximumMin.Max.Single1.84.0單片法1.84.0Composite1.3△4.0雙片法1.3△4.0△Eachradiographofacompositesetshallhaveaminimumdensityof1.3.5.2GeometricConditionforExposure.5.2.1Minimumsource-to-objectdistanceandmaximumdistancefromsourcesideofobjecttothefilmshallmeettherequirementsofgeometricunsharpness(Ug).ThegeometricunsharpnessofradiographshallnotexceedwhatdescribedinTable9.△雙片中每張底片最小黑度為1.3。5.2曝光幾何條件5.2.1射源至工件最小距離和工件射源側(cè)表面至膠片最大距離應(yīng)滿足幾何不清晰度(Ug)的要求。底片的幾何不清晰度不應(yīng)超過表9規(guī)定值。******Co.,Ltd.焊縫檢驗(yàn)規(guī)程4Rev.:0Page:11of14Title:RADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATIONPROCEDUREFORBUTTWELDSTable9AcceptableUnsharpness表9許用幾何不清晰度in(mm)ThicknessofMaterialUgmax材料厚度Ugmax,<2(<51)≤0.020(≤0.5)<2(<51)≤0.020(≤0.5)按照下述公式來(lái)確定底片的幾何不清晰度：Ug=Fd/D其中：F=射源尺寸：射源(或焦點(diǎn))在離被檢焊縫或工件距離D的垂直面上的最大投影尺寸。d-被檢焊縫或工件的射源側(cè)表面至膠片的距離。D-射源與被檢焊縫或工件表面的距離。5.2.2一張底片上有效區(qū)內(nèi)的黑度和靈敏度應(yīng)符合規(guī)定的要求。有效檢測(cè)長(zhǎng)度可通過實(shí)際檢測(cè)的方法來(lái)確定。5.2.3一般射線中心束方向必垂直于有效區(qū)中心。當(dāng)需發(fā)現(xiàn)特殊缺陷時(shí)，應(yīng)按Ⅲ級(jí)編制的探傷作業(yè)指導(dǎo)書確定透照方向。6.膠片沖洗RT人員按膠片處理程序?qū)ζ毓饽z片進(jìn)行顯影，沖洗數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)有記錄。顯影劑和定影劑的化學(xué)成份、溫度和時(shí)間應(yīng)按膠片制造廠推薦的。6.1手工沖洗程序手工沖洗程序見表10。表10膠片沖洗程序ThegeometricunsharpnessUgoftheradiographshallbedeterminedinaccordancewith:Ug=Fd/DWhere:F=sourcesize:themax.projecteddimensionoftheradiatingsource(oreffectivefocalspot)intheplaneperpendiculartothedistanceDfromtheweldorobjectbeingradiographed.d=distancefromsourcesidesurfaceoftheweldorobjectbeingradiographedtothefilm.D=Distancefromsourceofradiationtoweldorobjectbeingradiographed.5.2.2Thedensityandsensitivitywithintheeffectiveviewingareaforonefilmshallconformtotherequirementspecified.Theeffectiveexaminationlengthcanbedeterminedbymeansofmethodofactualexaminations.5.2.3Ingeneral,thedirectionofthecentralbeamofradiationshallbeperpendicularlycenteredontheareaofinterest.Whenspecialdefectsneedbedetected,itshallbebasedontheexaminationinstructionpreparedbytheLevelⅢExaminer.6.FilmProcessingTheExaminershalldeveloptheexposedfilmsinaccordancewiththefilmprocessingprocedure.Theprocessingdatashallberecorded.Thechemicalcompositionofdeveloperandfixer,temperatureandtimeshallbeaccordingtotherecommendedpracticeofthefilmmanufacturer.6.1ManualProcessingSequenceThemanualprocessingsequenceseeTab.10.Tab.10FilmProcessingSequenceSequencedevelopingStopbathingfixingwashingwettingdrying程序顯影停顯定影清洗潤(rùn)濕干燥Time5’~8’(200C)1’15’15’~20’30”15’(600C)時(shí)間5’~8’(200C)1’15’15’~20’30”15’(600C)******Co.,Ltd.焊縫檢驗(yàn)規(guī)程4Rev.:0Page:12of14Title:RADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATIONPROCEDUREFORBUTTWELDS6.2ProcessingQualityRequirements.Theprocessedradiographsshallbefreeofmechanical,chemicalorotherblemishes.Suchblemishesinclude,butarenotlimitedto:a.fogging.b.processingdefectssuchasstreaks,watermarks,orchemicalstains.c.scratches,fingermarks,crimps,staticmarks,smudges,orears.d.lossofdetailduetopoorscreen-to-filmcontact.e.falseindicationsduetodefectivescreens.7.EvaluationofRadiographs7.1Priortoevaluatingtheradiographs,theNDElevelⅡorⅢshallcheckiftheinformationinradiographingrecordandtheexposurelocationdrawingofthecomponentorproductarecompleteandcorrect.7.2Priortobeinginterpreted,theradiographsshallbecheckedwhethertheirownqualityisconformedtothespecifiedrequirements.Otherwise,theradiographhastoberetaken.7.3InadditiontotherequirementdescribedinParagraph6.2,therequirementofradiographqualityalsoincludes:7.3.1DensityLimitationThetransmittedfilmdensitynearthediscernibleminimumwireofanIQIonradiographandtheareatobeinterpretedshallbewithinthelimitationsspecifiedinTable8.7.3.2“B”Mark.Thebrightimageof“B”markshallnotappearonadarkerbackgroundoftheradiograph.Ifdarkimageof“B”appearsonthelighterbackground,itshouldnotbetakenasareasonthatradiographqualityisunaccepted.7.3.3IQITheIQIimagesanddesignatedwireofwireIQIspecifiedshallappearontheradiographsoastoensurethequalitylevelofinspectionmeetingtherequirementofTableT-276ofSection.Ⅴ8.AcceptanceStandards8.1Acceptancestandardsfortheradiographicexaminationofweldsshallreferthefollowing:SectionⅧDiv.1,UW-51(fullRT)andUW-52(spotRT)forpressureVessels.8.2Indicationsshownontheradiographsofweldsandcharacterizedasimperfectionsareunacceptableforpressurevesselweldsthatarefullradiographedunderthefollowingconditions.a.Anyindicationcharacterizedasacrackorzoneofincompletefusionorpenetration.b.Anyotherelongatedindicationontheradiographwhichhasalengthgreaterthan:1/4in.fortupto3/4in.6.2沖洗質(zhì)量要求沖洗的底片應(yīng)無(wú)機(jī)械、化學(xué)或其它污損，這些污損包括(但并不限于)：a.灰霧b.沖洗缺陷，如條痕、水跡、或化學(xué)污染c.劃痕、指印、卷曲、靜態(tài)斑紋、污跡、或撕裂。d.因增感屏與膠片貼合不良而造成的細(xì)節(jié)損失。e.因增感屏有缺陷而造成的偽缺陷。7.評(píng)片7.1評(píng)片前，NDEⅡ級(jí)或Ⅲ級(jí)人應(yīng)檢查射線照相記錄數(shù)據(jù)和工件或產(chǎn)品曝光定位圖是否完整、正確。7.2評(píng)片前，應(yīng)檢查底片自身質(zhì)量是否符合規(guī)定的要求，否則，底片必須重拍。7.3除6.2所述要求外，底片質(zhì)量要求還包括：7.3.1黑度范圍射線底片上象質(zhì)計(jì)最小可識(shí)別絲附近的底片黑度和評(píng)定區(qū)黑度應(yīng)在表8規(guī)定的范圍內(nèi)。7.3.2“B”標(biāo)記在底片較暗背景上不應(yīng)出現(xiàn)明亮的“B”標(biāo)記的較淡影像。若在淡背景上出現(xiàn)“B”的暗影，則不能作為底片判廢原因。7.3.3象質(zhì)計(jì)象質(zhì)計(jì)影像和線型象質(zhì)計(jì)規(guī)定的應(yīng)識(shí)別線應(yīng)在底片上出現(xiàn)，以保證檢測(cè)質(zhì)量符合第Ⅴ卷表T-276的要求。8.合格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)8.1焊縫射線照相檢測(cè)合格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下：壓力容器：第Ⅷ卷第1冊(cè)，UW-51(全部RT)和UW-52(局部RT)8.2作全檢的壓力容器焊縫，底片上出現(xiàn)的影象定為下列缺陷時(shí)，則評(píng)為不合格；a.任何定為裂紋、未熔合或未焊透的顯示；b.底片上長(zhǎng)度大于下列的條形缺陷；t≤3/4in(19mm):1/4in(6.4mm)t>3/4in(19mm)~21/4in(57mm):1/3t******Co.,Ltd.焊縫檢驗(yàn)規(guī)程4Rev.:0Page:13of14Title:RADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATIONPROCEDUREFORBUTTWELDS1/3tfortfrom3/4in.to21/4in.3/4in.fortover21/4in.wheretisthethicknessoftheweldexcludi