關(guān)于金融學英文

演講人：日期：關(guān)于金融學英文目錄CONTENTSIntroductiontoFinanceFinancialMarketsandInstrumentsCorporateFinanceInvestmentManagementRiskManagementinFinanceDerivativesandAdvancedFinancialProducts01IntroductiontoFinanceFinanceisthestudyofhowindividuals,businesses,andgovernmentsraise,allocate,andusemonetaryresourcesovertimeItencompassesawiderangeofactivities,includinginvestment,banking,insurance,andcorporatefinanceFinancealsoinvolvesunderstandingthefinancialmarketsandinstitutionsthatfacilitatetheflowoffundsDefinitionandScopeofFinanceFinanceiscrucialforeconomicgrowthanddevelopmentasitenablestheeffectiveallocationofresourcesIthelpsindividualsandbusinessestomanageriskanduncertaintythroughdiversificationandhedgingstrategiesFinanceplaysakeyroleincorporatestrategy,investmentdecisionmaking,andevaluationImportanceofFinanceTimeValueofMoneyTheprinciplethatmoneyisavailableatthepresentationtimeismorethanthesameamountinthefutureduetoitspotentialearningcapacityRiskandReturnTherelationshipbetweenthelevelofriskassociatedwithaninvestmentandthepotentialreturnitmaygenerateCapitalBudgetingTheprocessofevaluatingandselectinglongterminvestmentsthatareexpectedtogeneratereturnsoveraperiodoftimeBasicConceptsinFinanceFinancialMarketsandInstrumentsAnoverviewofthedifferenttypesoffinancialmarkets(e.g.,stocks,bonds,foreignexchange)andtheinstrumentstradedinthem(e.g.,stocks,bonds,derivatives)BasicConceptsinFinance02FinancialMarketsandInstruments01WherelongtermfundsareraisedthroughthesaleofsecuritieslikestocksandbondsCapitalMarkets02Shorttermfinancialmarketsforhighliquidassetssuchastreasurybills,commercialpaper,andcertificatesofdepositMoneyMarkets03Marketsforfinancialinstrumentswhosevalueisderivedfromanunderlyingasset,suchasfutures,options,swaps,andforwardsDerivativesMarkets04Marketswherecurrenciesaretraded,enablinginternationaltradeandinvestmentForeignExchangeMarketsTypesofFinancialMarketsStocksRepresentownershipinacompanyandtitletheholdertoashareofthecompany'sprofitsDebtsecuritiesissuedbygovernmentsorcorporationstoraisefunds,withapromisetorepaytheprincipalandinterestataspecifieddateInvestmentvehiclesthatpoolmoneyfrommanyinvestorstopurchaseadiversifiedportfolioofsecuritiesFinancialcontractswhosevalueisbasedontheperformanceofanunderlyingasset,usedforhedgingriskorspecifyingonpricemovementsBondsMutualFundsDerivativesFinancialInstrumentsandTheirUsesRegulatorsGovernmentagenciesthatoverseefinancialmarketstoensurefairness,transparency,andcompliancewithlawsandregulationsIssuersEntitiesthatsellsecuritiestoraisefundsfortheiroperationsorexpansionInvestorsIndividualsorinstitutionsthatbuysecuritiestogrowtheirwealthorgenerateincomeIntermediariesFinancialinstitutionsthatfacilitatetransactionsbetweenissuersandinvestors,suchasbanks,brokerdealers,andexchangesMarketParticipantsandTheirRolls03CorporateFinanceDeterminantsofCapitalStructureFirmsneedtoconsidervariousfactorssuchascostofcapital,financialflexibility,andcontrolwhendeterminingtheiroptimalcapitalstructureTypesofFinancingFirmscanraisefundsthroughdebtorequityfinancing,eachwithitsownadvantagesanddisadvantagesLevelandRiskLevelcanmagicreturnsbutalsoincreaserisksFirmsneedtostrikeabalancebetweenriskandreturnwhenmakingfinancingdecisionsCapitalStructureandFinancingDecisionsInvestmentAppraisalandDecisionMakingTheinvestmentdecisionmakingprocessinvolvesanalyzingprojectproposals,evaluatingfinancialmetrics,andconsideringstrategicfitsDecisionMakingProcessFirmsevaluateinvestmentprojectsbasedoncriteriasuchasnetpresentvalue(NPV),internalrateofreturn(IRR),andpaybackperiodInvestmentCriteriaFirmsneedtoassesstheriskofinvestmentprojectsandconsiderriskmitigationstrategiesRiskAssessmentDividedPolicyOptionsFirmscanchoosefromvariousdividendpoliciessuchasregulardividends,dividendreinvestmentplans,andspecialdividendsImpactonShareholderValueDividedpolicycanaffectshareholdervaluebyinfluencingstockprice,investorsensitivity,andfirmreportingConsiderationsforDividedPolicyWhensettingdividepolicy,firmneedstoconsiderfactorssuchascashflow,investmentopportunities,andtaximplicationsDividedPolicyandShareholderValue04InvestmentManagementPortfolioDiversion01Spreadinginvestmentsacrossdifferentassetclasses,industries,andgeographytoreduceriskAssetAllocation02Determiningtheoptimalmixofassetsinaportfoliobasedonrisktolerance,returnexpectations,andinvestmenthorizonModernPortfolioTheory(MPT)03AframeworkforconstructingportfoliosthatoptimizeexpectedreturnsforagivenlevelofriskPortfolioTheoryandAssetAllocationFundamentalAnalysisEvaluatingacompany'sfinancialhealth,management,andperspectivestodetermineitsintrinsicvalueTechnicalAnalysisUsinghistoricalmarketdata,suchaspriceandvolume,toidentifypatternsandtrendsthatmayindicatefuturepricemovementsEquityValuationModelsEmployingfinancialmetricsandratios,suchasearningspershare(EPS),pricetoearnings(P/E)ratio,anddiscountedcashflow(DCF)analysistoestimateacompany'svalueEquityValuationandAnalysisFixedIncomeSecuritiesandBondMarketsBondBasicsUnderstandingthekeyfeaturesofbonds,includingfacevalue,couponrate,maturitydate,andcreditratingTypesofBondsExploringtherangeofbondtypesavailable,suchasgovernment,corporate,municipal,andhighyieldbondsBondMarketOperationsExaminingtheprimaryandsecondarymarketsforbonds,aswellastheroleofbonddealers,investors,andregulatorsBondPricingandYieldExplaininghowbondpricesaredeterminedandhowtheyvolatilitybasedonchangesininterestratesandcreditrisk05RiskManagementinFinanceCreditRiskThelikelihoodoflossarisingfromaborrower'sfailuretorepayaloanormeetcontractualobligationsMarketRiskTheriskoflossesinpositionsarisingfrommovementsinmarketprices,suchasinterestrates,equityprices,andcurrencyexchangeratesOperationalRiskTheriskoflossresultingfrominadequateorfailedinternalprocesses,people,andsystems,orfromexternaleventsTypesofFinancialRisksLiquidityRiskTheriskthataninstitutionwillnotbeabletomeetitsfinancialobligationsastheycomeduetoitdoesnothavesufficientcashfloworcannotacquireassetsquicklyenoughTypesofFinancialRisks01AstatisticalmeasureofthemaximumpotentiallossthatcouldbeincurredoveraspecifictimehorizonandatagivenconfidencelevelValueatRisk(VaR)02Ananalyticalmethodusedtodeterminethepotentialimpactofunusualbutplausibleeventsonaninstitution'sfinancialconditionStressTesting03TheprocessofevaluatingpotentialoutcomesunderdifferentsetsofassessmentsorconditionstoassesstherangeofpossiblefuturestatesScenarioAnalysis04AcomputationaltechniquethatusesrandomsamplingtoestimatepossibleoutcomesandassessriskexposureMonteCarloSimulationRiskMeasurementandQuantificationTechniquesDiversionSpreadinginvestmentsacrossdifferentassetclasses,industries,andgeographytoreduceexposuretoanysingleriskfactorHidingTakinganoffsettingpositioninarelatedmarkettoprotectagainstpotentiallossesintheprimarymarketInsuranceTransferringrisktoathirdparty,typicallyaninsurancecompany,inexchangeforapremiumpaymentRiskMitigationStrategiesandToolsRiskManagementPoliciesandProceduresEstablishingclearguidelinesandcontrolsforidentification,assessment,monitoring,andmitigatingriskswithinanorganizationRiskMitigationStrategiesandTools06DerivativesandAdvancedFinancialProducts010203DefinitionandCharacteristicsDerivativesarefinancialcontractsthatderivetheirvaluefromanunderlyingasset,suchasstocks,bonds,commodities,currencies,ormarketindicesPurposeofDerivativesMarketsThesemarketsprovideaplatformformanagingrisk,specifyingonpricemovements,andenhancingportfolioreturnsParticipantsinDerivativeMarketsThemainparticipantsincludehedges,estimators,arbitrageurs,andmargintradersIntroductiontoDerivativesMarketsForwardsandFuturesThesecontractsallowbuyersandsellerstolockinapriceforthefuturedeliveryofanassetOptionsOptionsgivetheholdertheright,butnottheopposition,tobuyorsellanassetataspecifiedpriceonorbeforeacertaindateSwapsSwapsinvolvetheexchangeofcashflowsorliabilitiesfromtwodifferentfinancialinstrumentsTypesofDerivativesandTheirUsesUseofDerivativesDerivativescanbeusedforhedging,specification,andarbitrationHeddinginvestmentsusingderivativestoreducetherisk