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第09講:閱讀理解C篇與長難句剖析

知識梳理

【考情鏈接】

高考閱讀文章均選自外刊,“原汁原味”,尤其閱讀c篇除了生詞量大、篇幅長、信息量大以外.就是

文中句子結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜,攙雜了大量的長難句,對長難句的理解會直接影響我們的閱讀成績。那么如何破

解閱讀理解中的長難句?長難句構(gòu)成特征如下:

⑥帶有較多成分的簡單句

⑥含有多個從句的復(fù)合句

⑥含有插入成份的句子

⑥含有省略成份的句子

⑥含有倒裝句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句

【要點(diǎn)梳理】

>破解長難句方法

1.找謂語,定主語

一般情況下,一個謂語形式的動詞對應(yīng)其動作的發(fā)出者(主語),我們可以根據(jù)謂語動詞的意義來確定

其主語。而且,如果一個句子中出現(xiàn)兩個或兩個以上的謂語形式的動詞,則該句可以是并列句或復(fù)合句(并

列謂語動詞的情況除外)。如

Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumans,heordered

thatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperiment-althoughnoonehadproposedtodosoandaskedan

independentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonPresidentHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein

90dayswithrecommendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.

【簡析】此句中的謂語形式的動詞及其對應(yīng)的主語有:wasopposed—he;ordered—he;(should)notbe

usedfederal—funds;hadproposed—noone;asked—he(asked前面有and,說明asked與前面某個謂語動詞并

列,根據(jù)邏輯意義asked應(yīng)與ordered并列)。這一句的主干為“heordered...asked“Declaringthat...”作狀

語。

句意:他宣布自己反對使用這種非同尋常的蓄牧繁殖技術(shù)來克隆人類,并下令不準(zhǔn)聯(lián)邦政府基金用于

做此類試驗——盡管還沒有人建議這么做——他還請一個普林斯頓大學(xué)校長HaroldShapiro為首的獨(dú)立專

家組在90天內(nèi)向白宮匯報關(guān)于制定有關(guān)克隆人的國家政策的建議。

2.提主干,去枝葉(從句等)

?般情況下,?個句了中的主句所表達(dá)的信息為主要信息,從句所表達(dá)的信息為次要信息。若句子的

主干提煉不出來,就不能完全把握句子的核心意義,從而導(dǎo)致思維混亂,主次不分。如:

FirstputforwardbytheFrenchmathematicianPierredeFormatinthe17thcentury,thetheoremhad

baffledandbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds,includingaFrenchwomanscientistwhomadeamajoradvance

inworkingouttheproblem,andwhohadtodresslikeamaninordertobeabletostudyattheEco-labPoly

technique.

【簡析】本句夾雜分詞短語、動名詞及兩個定語從句?!癋irstputforwardbytheFrenchmathematician

PierredeFormatinthe17thcentury”為過去分詞短語作狀語;"including...”為介詞短語作狀語;"whomade...and

whohadto...”為兩個并列的定語從句,修飾aFrenchwomanscientisto所以句子的主干為thetheoremhad

baffledandbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds止匕為主要信息。

句意:這個定理,先是由十七世紀(jì)法國數(shù)學(xué)家PierredeFormat提出,曾使一批杰出的數(shù)學(xué)大師為難,

其中包括一個法國女科學(xué)家,她在解決這個難題方面取得了重大的進(jìn)展。為了能夠在氏o-labPolytechnique

理工學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)她曾女扮男裝。

3.尋關(guān)聯(lián),辨邏輯

一些長句其實(shí)是由若干分句組成的并列句或復(fù)合句。而這些并列句或復(fù)合句之間需要一些關(guān)聯(lián)詞來連

接。如果我們找準(zhǔn)這些關(guān)聯(lián)詞,就能夠分辨出句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系,分別弄清主句的意義和從句的意義,

則長句就容易對付得多了。要掌握此方法必須對英語中的常見的關(guān)聯(lián)詞諳熟于心。

Whereasawoman'sclosestfemalefriendmightbethefirsttotellhertoleaveafailingmarriage,itwasn't

unusualtohearamansayhedidn'tknowhisfiriend'smarriagewasinserioustroubleuntilheappearedonenight

askingifhecouldsleeponthesofa.

【簡析】"whereas”提示前后對比;notunusual=usual;not...until…直至U.......才...。

句意:一個女人最親密的女性朋友最可能是第一個告訴她離開一次失敗的婚姻的人;而聽見一個男人說,

直到他的朋友一天晚上問他是否可以睡在他家的沙發(fā)上,他才知道他朋友的婚姻已非常糟糕,這是很平常

的事。

4.看搭配,防隔離

有時一個長句或難句是由一個或多個搭配構(gòu)成,而且這些搭配中常常出現(xiàn)分隔現(xiàn)象。讀者若受分隔現(xiàn)

象的干擾而看不清句子的本來面目,則對句意的理解就會發(fā)生偏差。如:

Somecompanieshavemadethemanufacturingofcleanandsafeproducts,tosomedegree,theirmainselling

pointsandemphasizeitintheiradvertising.

【簡析】其實(shí)本句是一個“主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語”句型“make+賓語+賓補(bǔ)”,即“使……成為……”,

只不過賓語和賓補(bǔ)被“tosomedegree”隔開而已。

句意:一些公司把生產(chǎn)的衛(wèi)生的、安全的產(chǎn)品,從某種程度上說,當(dāng)作他們的賣點(diǎn),并在廣告中強(qiáng)調(diào)

這一點(diǎn)。

5.關(guān)鍵詞,抓線索

有時某些句子句意模糊,讀者理不清頭緒,這時讀者只能依靠關(guān)鍵詞來抓,從而在大體上搞清楚句意。

總之,在碰到長句和難句時,要根據(jù)實(shí)際情況靈活運(yùn)用上述方法,在平時閱讀過程中要加強(qiáng)對長句和難句

的句法分析訓(xùn)練。有時要幾種方法綜合使用才能正確理解句意。如:

Weevenhavedifferentwordsforsomefood,meatinparticular,dependingonwhetheritisstilloutinthe

fieldsorathomereadytobecooked,whichshowsthefactthattheSaxonpeasantsweredoingthefarming,while

theupperclassNormansweredoingmostoftheeating.

【簡析】本句夾雜多種語法結(jié)構(gòu),而且包含對比。句子的主干為“Weevenhavedifferentwordsforsome

foods,meatinparticular";"dependingon...”為分詞短語作狀語;"whetheritisstilloutinthefieldsorathome

readytobecooked”作dependingon的賓語廠which”引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句指代上述內(nèi)容“thefact”后為其同位

語,即同位語從句說明fact的具體內(nèi)容。

句意:我們甚至對某些食物用不同的單詞表達(dá),特別是肉類,這取決于它是長在田野時,還是在家里

準(zhǔn)備煮著吃,這就表明一個事實(shí),即薩克森農(nóng)民在農(nóng)田干活,而上層階級的諾曼人在大口地吃。

>閱讀理解答題技巧(以C篇說明文或議論文為例)

高考閱讀理解常見的設(shè)題形式有:詞義猜測題、細(xì)節(jié)題、推斷題、作者態(tài)度題和主旨大意題。題型不同,

答題技巧也就有差異。下面就不同題型的答題技巧作一點(diǎn)簡分析。

1、詞義猜測題技巧

在高考閱讀題中,考生遇到的最大障礙往往有兩個:一是被己認(rèn)識的單詞的某一熟知含義所誤導(dǎo);二

是被完全不認(rèn)識的單詞的意思所阻礙,從而出現(xiàn)理解偏差或理解困難,影響閱讀的速度。其實(shí)解決這兩個

困難的一個重要法寶是考生在心目中樹立起上下文觀念,要學(xué)會“順藤摸瓜”,通過構(gòu)詞,語法,定義,同位,

對比,因果,常識,上下文等線索確定詞義。此類考題目要求考生能根據(jù)上下文確定某一特定的詞或短語

的準(zhǔn)確含義。一般提問方式如下:

1)Theword"ABC"inthepassageprobablymeans.

2)Theunderlinedword"ABC"inthepassagerefersto/means.

3)Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedwordinthesecondparagraph?

4)Theunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraphmeans.

5)Theword"it(them)"inthefirstparagraphrefersto.

【例題】

(2024金山一模C篇)It'snotunheardofforoneeventtokickoffawholenewfieldofscientificinquiry.Stillifs

rare.WhenLorimer'spapercameoutinthejournal,itwasnotsurprisingthatmanywereskeptical."Sometimes,

whatseemslikearemarkablescientificdiscoveryturnsouttobeanerrorinthedata,“somecommented.

63.Whichofthefollowinghastheclosestmeaningtotheunderlinedwordinparagraph3?

A.Optimistic.B.Curious.C.Supportive.D.Doubtful.

【答案】63.D

【解析】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)劃線詞后文“Sometimes,whatseemslikearemarkablescientificdiscoveryturnsoutto

beanerrorinthedata(有時候,看似了不起的科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn),其實(shí)是數(shù)據(jù)上的錯誤)”可知,許多人對洛里默的論文

持懷疑態(tài)度,認(rèn)為是數(shù)據(jù)上的錯誤。故劃線詞意思是“懷疑的”。故選D。

【例題】

(2024年普陀區(qū)一模C篇)Whatisthepointoflookin干decadesintospaceandstrugglingtoexplorethevastness

oftheuniverse?Thedevelopmentofthespaceindustryhasbroughthumansmanybenefits,themostimportantof

whichisthespreadofinformation.ThecellphonesignalandTVsignalpeopleusenowareallbenefitingfromthe

developmentofthespaceindustry.Theultimategoalofmankindistogodeeperintospace,andtoexploremore

unknownworlds,thatis,theMoon,Marsandbeyond,andwhathumanityiseagertoachieveisacommonhomeof

freedomandequality.

66.Whatdoestheunderlinedphraseinthelastparagraphmean?

A.Studyingspaceforcountlessyears.B.Livinginspaceformanyyears.

C.Exploringspaceforsometenyears.D.Observingspaceforseveraltenyears.

【答案】66.A

【66題詳解】

詞句猜測題。根據(jù)劃線詞后文“andstrugglingtoexplorethevastnessoftheuniverse”可知,此處指研究太空很

多年,努力探索浩瀚的宇宙,故劃線詞意思是“研究太空很多年”。故選A。

2、細(xì)節(jié)題技巧

細(xì)節(jié)題的破解一般采用尋讀法,即先看試題,再讀文章。對有關(guān)信息進(jìn)行快速定位,再將相關(guān)信息進(jìn)

行整合、甄別、分析、對比,有根有據(jù)地排除干擾項,選出正確答案。此法加強(qiáng)了閱讀的針對性,提高了

做題的準(zhǔn)確率,節(jié)省了寶貴的時間。尋讀法還特別適用于對圖形表格類題材的理解。做此類型的題目還要

特別注意句子的邏輯關(guān)系。此類考題主要針對文章的細(xì)節(jié),一般提問方式如下:

1)WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtotheinformationinthepassage?

2)Whichofthefollowingstatementsiscorrectaccordingtothepassage?

3)Whichofthefollowingisnotmentioned?

4)Choosetherightorderofthispassage.

5)Accordingtothepassage,when(where,why,how,who,etc.)...

6)Fromthispassageweknowthat.

7)Inthepassage,theauthorstatesthat.

【例題】

(2024黃埔一模C篇)①Agroupof41statesandtheDistrictofColumbiabeganalegalcaseagainstMeta,the

parentcompanyofFacebook,Instagram,WhatsAppandMessenger,insistingthatthecompanyknowinglyused

featuresonitsplatformstocausechildrentooverusethem.Theaccusationsinthelawsuitraiseadeeperquestion

aboutbehavior:Areyoungpeoplebecomingaddictedtosocialmediaandtheinternet?Here'swhattheresearchhas

found.

63.WhatwasMetaaccusedof?

A.Itaddedproblematicfeaturestoitsplatform.

B.Itstartedadiscussiontomisleadyoungpeople.

C.Ittemptedchildrentousesocialmediatoomuch.

D.Itconductedillegalresearchonitsparentcompany.

【答案】63.C

【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。文章第一段講到"Agroupof41statesandtheDistrictofColumbiabeganalegalcase

againstMeta,theparentcompanyofFacebook,Instagram,WhatsAppandMessenger,insistingthatthecompany

knowinglyusedfeaturesonitsplatformstocausechildrentooverusethem.(41個州和哥倫比亞特區(qū)開始對

Facebook、Instagram>WhatsApp和Messenger的母公司Meta提起訴訟,堅稱該公司故意使用其平臺上的功

能,導(dǎo)致兒童過度使用這些功能。)”可知,Meta被指控使用平臺上的功能引起兒童過度使用它們,因此選

擇C。

3、推斷題技巧

推理是在既有信息的基礎(chǔ)上得出合乎文章內(nèi)容的內(nèi)涵意義,即某一問題、某一觀點(diǎn)沒有直接表述,而

寓意在文章的字里行間,要求通過文中信息分析推出某種符合作者思想、符合文章邏輯的內(nèi)涵意義。推斷

則是指通過對文章進(jìn)行符合邏輯的綜合分析,推出文章未直接陳述的言外之意。推斷題推斷得正確與否,

很大程度上取決于是否能正確把握作者潛隱在字里行間的語氣及觀點(diǎn)。此類考題一般針對短文內(nèi)容和考生

應(yīng)有的常識,文章中雖然沒有明確的答案,但考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上可以進(jìn)行推理和判斷其答案。一般

提問方式如下:

1)Theauthorimplied(suggested)that...

2)Wecaninferfromthetextthat.

3)Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat.

4)Itmaybeconcludedfromthepassagethat...

5)Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthepassagesupport?

6)Theparagraphfollowingthepassagewillmostprobablybe_.

【例題】

(2024閔行一模C篇)Undeniably,peoplemaysucceedinfakingtheirwaythroughtheprocess.Andthere

maybemoreroomforinterviewers9prejudicetoemerge.Findingsomeoneannoyingmaybeasignalthatsomeone

lackssocialskills.Butitmayalsomeanthattheyarenervousorthatinterviewersarebad-tempered.Recruitmentis

settochangeandisunlikelytobecomelesschallenging.

66.Whatcanbeimpliedfromthelasttwoparagraphs?

A.Integratingsoftskillsassessmentintoahiringprocesswon'tintroducesideeffects.

B.Employeesinlowerpositionsmayprovideuselessinsightsintoapplicants9softskills.

C.Interviewers5prejudicemayinfluencetheirfairassessmentsandperceptionsofcandidates.

D.Thereisnopossibilityofindividualssuccessfullydeceivingothersduringtheinterview.

【答案】66.C

【解析】推理判斷題。由文章最后一段“Undeniably,peoplemaysucceedinfakingtheirwaythroughtheprocess.

Andtheremaybemoreroomforinterviewers5prejudicetoemerge.Findingsomeoneannoyingmaybeasignal

thatsomeonelackssocialskills.Butitmayalsomeanthattheyarenervousorthatinterviewersarebad-tempered.

Recruitmentissettochangeandisunlikelytobecomelesschallenging.(不可否認(rèn)的是,人們可能會通過欺騙的

方式成功地通過這個過程。而且面試官的偏見可能會有更大的空間出現(xiàn)。發(fā)現(xiàn)某人令人討厭可能是一個缺

乏社交技巧的信號。但這也可能意味著他們很緊張,或者面試官脾氣不好。招聘勢必會發(fā)生變化,而且不

太可能變得不那么具有挑戰(zhàn)性。)”可知,面試官的偏見可能會影響他們對候選人的公正評價和看法。故選Co

4、作者態(tài)度題技巧

這一類考題大都要求考生就作者對論述對象持什么樣的態(tài)度做出推斷,如作者對所陳述的觀點(diǎn)是贊

同、反對,還是猶豫不定,對記述或描寫的人、物或事件是贊頌、同情、冷漠,還是厭惡。作者的這種

思想傾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出來,而往往隱含在字里行間。因此,進(jìn)行這種推斷時,我們既要

依靠短文的主題思想作為推力的前提,又要注意作者的措辭,尤其是形容詞一類的修飾語。此類題目

的主要提問方式是一般提問方式如下:

1)Whafsthewriter*s/author'sattitudeto/towards...?

2)Theauthor'stonewouldbebestdescribedas.

3)Theattitudeof...to/towards...is.

【例題】

(2024奉賢一模C篇)Deepoceansamplesrevealedsignificantclimatechangearound66.3millionyearsago.

ButthisalsocoincideswithalargevolcaniceruptioninIndiacalledtheDeccanvolcanism,whichproducedsomeof

thelongestlava(熔巖)flowsonEarth."We'vealwaysowedthattransitiontothecarbondioxidereleasedbythe

Deccanvolcanismandtheincreaseofgreenhousegases/9saysJohnson."Therearetwothingshappening:The

magneticfieldischanging,theDeccanvolcanismishappening,andthere5sclimatewarming.Sothatwouldbean

exampleofcoincidentalclimatechange.^^

66.WhichofthefollowingstatementsdoesKirkJohnsonmostprobablyagreewith?

A.Amagneticreversaldoesn'tnecessarilycauseclimatechange.

B.Amagneticreversalisaccompaniedwithsignificantclimatechange

C.Theextinctionofthedinosaursisduetothemagneticreversal.

D.Climatechangeisnotrelevanttothecarbondioxideemission.

【答案】66.A

【解析】情感態(tài)度推斷題。根據(jù)最后一段"‘We'vealwaysowedthattransitiontothecarbondioxidereleasedbythe

Deccanvolcanismandtheincreaseofgreenhousegases,'saysJohnson."Therearetwothingshappening:The

magneticfieldischanging,theDeccanvolcanismishappening,andthere'sclimatewarming.Sothatwouldbean

exampleofcoincidentalclimatechange.',我們一直把這種轉(zhuǎn)變歸功于德干火山活動釋放的二氧化碳和溫室氣

體的增加,’約翰遜說。’有兩件事正在發(fā)生:磁場正在變化,德干火山活動正在發(fā)生,氣候正在變暖。所以

這將是巧合氣候變化的一個例子?!笨芍?,柯克?約翰遜認(rèn)為磁場正在變化、德干火山活動正在發(fā)生與氣候

正在變暖只是巧合;由此可知,他最可能同意的觀點(diǎn)是磁倒轉(zhuǎn)并不一定會導(dǎo)致氣候變化。故選A。

附:閱讀理解中表示作者態(tài)度的高頻詞匯

1.positive肯定的,積極的10.subjective主觀的

2.passive被動的,消極的11.objective客觀的

3.negative消極的12.neutral中立的

4.supportive支持的13.concerned關(guān)心的,有關(guān)的

5.disapproving不贊成的14.optimistic樂觀的

6.critical批評的15.pessimistic悲觀的

7.conservative保守的16.indifferent漠不關(guān)心的

8.suspicious可疑的,懷疑的17.unconcerned不關(guān)心的

9.puzzled/confused困惑的

5、主旨大意題技巧

這種題型要求考生能夠把握文章的總體,并真正理解主題和中心;要求能較好地運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸

納、推理等邏輯思維方法解題,難度較大,屬于高層次題。一般主旨大意題可以分為兩類:1.確定文章的

標(biāo)題和主題(titleortopic);2.主題句(topicsentence)及主旨大意(mainidea)的概括。

常見的標(biāo)題型題干:

1)Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassagemightbe.

2)Thetext(passage)couldbeentitled.

3)Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?

4)Whafsthetopicofthearticle?

常見的主題句和主旨型題干:

1)Whatisthetopicsentenceofthepassage?

2)Thisarticle/text/passagemainlytellsthat.

3)Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?

4)Whichofthefollowingisthemainideaofthepassage?

【例題】

(2024年松江區(qū)^模C篇)Antibiotics,whichcandestroyorpreventthegrowthofbacteriaandcureinfections,are

vitaltomodemmedicine.Theirabilitytokillbacteriawithoutharmingthepatienthassavedbillionsoflivesand

madesurgicalproceduresmuchsafer.Butafterdecadesofoveruse,theirpowersarefading.Somebacteriahave

evolvedresistance,creatingagrowingarmyofsuperbugs,againstwhichthereislittleeffectivetreatment.

Antimicrobial(抗菌的)resistance,expectedtokill10millionpeopleayearby2050upfromaround1millionin

2019,hasbeenseenasacrisisbymany.

66.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

A.Governmentsfailtostoptheuseofantibiotics.

B.Phagescouldhelppreventanantibioticscrisis.

C.Developmentofantibioticsislimitedbyphages.

D.Antimicrobialresistancecallsfornewantibiotics.

【答案】66.B

【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Antibiotics,whichcandestroyorpreventthegrowthofbacteriaandcure

infections,arevitaltomodernmedicine.Theirabilitytokillbacteriawithoutharmingthepatienthassavedbillionsof

livesandmadesurgicalproceduresmuchsafer.Butafterdecadesofoveruse,theirpowersarefading.Somebacteria

haveevolvedresistance,creating...........hasbeenseenasacrisisbymany.(抗生素對現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)至關(guān)重要,它可以

消滅或阻止細(xì)菌的生長,并治愈感染。它們在不傷害病人的情況下殺死細(xì)菌的能力挽救了數(shù)十億人的生命,

并使外科手術(shù)更加安全。但經(jīng)過幾十年的過度使用,它們的力量正在減弱。一些細(xì)菌已經(jīng)進(jìn)化出了耐藥性,

產(chǎn)生了越來越多的超級細(xì)菌,而目前幾乎沒有有效的治療方法。抗微生物藥物耐藥性被許多人視為一場危

機(jī)。預(yù)計到2050年,每年將導(dǎo)致1000萬人死亡,而2019年約為100萬人)”以及文章內(nèi)容可知,文章主要

解釋了噬菌體可以替代問題多多的抗生素,有許多優(yōu)點(diǎn),建議政府多方面采取措施推動推廣,所以本文的

主旨是噬菌體可以幫助預(yù)防抗生素危機(jī)。故選B。

⑥課堂精練—

(市西中學(xué)2024學(xué)年第一學(xué)期期中考試)

Afewweeksago,awell-meaningprofessortriedtoexplainthephysiologicalprocessbehindvirusesandthe

humanbodyinatweetandwasimmediatelycriticizedforamistakeinhisinformation.Hethenissuedanapology

anddeletedhiserroneoustweet.

Communicatingsciencebeyondtheacademicbubbleisnecessarytoaugmenting(增力口)publicunderstandingof

healthandenvironmentalissuesandhelpingindividualsmakewell-informedpersonaldecisions.

However,scientistswhoengageinsciencecommunicationmustacknowledgethatevenintheirarea,their

expertiseisdeepbutnarrow.Theyneedtorecognizetheconstraintsintheirownknowledge.Thatisnottosuggest

thattheyonlywriteorpresentontheirownresearch,butrather,thattheyconsultwithanexpertifthetopicisoutside

oftheirdiscipline.Fact-checkingwithascientistwhoworksinthespecialtywillpreventtheunintentionalspreadof

misinformation,andtheprocessofdoingsomayyieldtinypiecesofinterestingnewinformationthatcanbe

incorporated.

Somehavearguedthatthepublicisnoteducatedenoughtounderstandscientificinformation,especiallyforany

complexphenomena,butthisisabsurd.Scienceinstructioncanbefoundatalllevelsofpubliceducationwithmost

secondaryschoolsofferingclassesonbiology,physics,andchemistry.Ifanything,socialmediahasshownthatthe

publiccravesknowledgebasedonasolidscientificfoundation.Eventhepublicdiscourse(話語)thatfollowsmost

scientificarticlesshowsthatonlinereaderscanunderstandeventhemostpuzzlingofscientificprinciples.

Itisequallynecessarytoemphasizethatbeinganexpertonatopicdoesnotautomaticallymakeascholar

qualifiedtocommunicateittoanonscientificaudience.Anumberofscientistsrecentlyhavebeenoffering

public-aimedexplanationsofscientificphenomena.Eventhoughtheyhaveappropriatecredentials,theyoftendo

verylittleinthewayofexplaining.Onebiologistsharedacomplexanalogy(類比)involvingalibrary,books,paper,a

recipe,ingredients,andacaketoexplaintheprocessbehindvaccines.Anyexplanationthatrequiresawrittenkeyto

keeptrackofwhateachitemrepresentsisnotaclearexampleforpublicconsumption.

Sciencecommunicationisascienceinandofitself.Itrequiresrigoroustrainingandinstruction.Ascientist

shouldtakecommunicationcoursesthatcanteachapersonhowtoidentifyandeliminatejargon(術(shù)語)andhowto

developeffectiveanalogiestoexplaincomplexconcepts.Onecannotassumecommunicationexpertise-imagineif

someonejustdecidedthattheywereaphysicistandstartedtryingtocontributetothefieldwithoutthenecessary

background.Doingapoorjobcommunicatingsciencetothepublicwillonlycreateconfusionandwidenthegap

betweenscienceandsociety,agapthatscientistsaretryingtoclose.

43.Whatdoestheauthoradvisescientistsdotodealwithtopicsoutsideoftheirspecialty?

A.Writeorpresentonthemfromnewangles.

B.Utilizeinformationfromdiversesources.

C.Turntoaspecialistforprofessionalhelp.

D.Fact-checkwithcolleaguesin-theirfield.

44.WhatcanbelearnedfromParagraph4?

A.Asolidacademicfoundationisessentialtounderstandingpuzzlingscientificprinciples.

B.Moderntechnologyhasfacilitatedcommunicationbetweenscientistsandthepublic.

C.Scientificarticleshavegainedincreasingpopularityamongthegeneralpublic.

D.Thepublic'sunderstandingofscienceismuchbetterthansomehaveclaimed.

45.Whatdoestheexampleofthebiologistwhosharedanintricateanalogyshow?

A.Itishelpfultouseillustrationsinexplainingscientificphenomena.

B.Itisimperativetohaveappropriatetitlestoexplainscientificissues.

C.Alearnedscholarisnotnecessarilyaqualifiedsciencecommunicator.

D.Anonscientificaudiencecannotcorrectlyunderstandprinciplesofscience.

46.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestscientistsdotoclosethegapbetweenscienceandsociety?

A.Developcommunicationskills.

B.Makeappropriateuseofscientificterms.

C.Takecoursesinpublicspeaking.

D.Explaincomplexconceptsscientifically.

【答案】43.C44.D45.C46.A

【解析】

【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇議論文。文章主要討論了科學(xué)家在向公眾傳播科學(xué)知識時面臨的挑戰(zhàn)、必要性以及如

何提高傳播效果,提出了科學(xué)家需要認(rèn)識到自己知識的局限性、公眾對科學(xué)知識的渴望、科學(xué)家需要具備

有效的傳播技巧等觀點(diǎn)。

【43題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段“Theyneedtorecognizetheconstraintsintheirownknowledge.Thatisnotto

suggestthattheyonlywriteorpresentontheirownresearch,butrather,thattheyconsultwithanexpertifthetopic

isoutsideoftheirdiscipline.(他們需要認(rèn)識到自己知識的局限性。這并不是說他們只能撰寫或介紹自己的研究

成果,而是說,如果話題超出了他們的學(xué)科范圍,他們應(yīng)該咨詢相關(guān)專家)”可知,作者認(rèn)為當(dāng)科學(xué)家遇到超

出了他們的學(xué)科范圍的話題時,他們應(yīng)該咨詢相關(guān)專家。故選C。

【44題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第四段“Somehavearguedthatthepublicisnoteducatedenoughtounderstandscientific

information,especiallyforanycomplexphenomena,butthisisabsurd.Scienceinstructioncanbefoundatall

levelsofpubliceducationwithmostsecondaryschoolsofferingclassesonbiology,physics,andchemistry.If

anything,socialmediahasshownthatthepubliccravesknowledgebasedonasolidscientificfoundation.Eventhe

publicdiscourse(話語)thatfollowsmostscientificarticlesshowsthatonlinereaderscanunderstandeventhemost

puzzlingofscientificprinciples.(有人認(rèn)為,公眾受教育程度不夠,無法理解科學(xué)信息,尤其是復(fù)雜的科學(xué)現(xiàn)

象,但這種觀點(diǎn)是荒謬的。各級公共教育中都可以找到科學(xué)教學(xué)的內(nèi)容,大多數(shù)中學(xué)都開設(shè)了生物、物理

和化學(xué)等課程。如果說有什么不同的話,那就是社交媒體表明,公眾渴望獲得基于堅實(shí)科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)的知識。

甚至大多數(shù)科學(xué)文章后的公眾討論也表明,在線讀者能夠理解甚至最令人困惑的科學(xué)原理)”可推知,公眾對

科學(xué)的理解比一些人聲稱的要好得多。故選D。

[45題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第五段“Itisequallynecessarytoemphasizethatbeinganexpertonatopicdoesnot

automaticallymakeascholarqualifiedtocommunicateittoanonscientificaudience.Anumberofscientists

recentlyhavebeenofferingpublic-aimedexplanationsofscientificphenomena.Eventhoughtheyhaveappropriate

credentials,theyoftendoverylittleinthewayofexplaining.Onebiologistsharedacomplexanalogy(類比)

involvingalibrary,books,paper,arecipe,ingredients,andacaketoexplaintheprocessbehindvaccines.Any

explanationthatrequiresawrittenkeytokeeptrackofwhateachitemrepresentsisnotaclearexampleforpublic

consumption.(有人認(rèn)為,公眾受教育程度不夠,無法理解科學(xué)信息,尤其是復(fù)雜的科學(xué)現(xiàn)象,但這種觀點(diǎn)是

荒謬的。各級公共教育中都可以找到科學(xué)教學(xué)的內(nèi)容,大多數(shù)中學(xué)都開設(shè)了生物、物理和化學(xué)等課程。如

果說有什么不同的話,那就是社交媒體表明,公眾渴望獲得基于堅實(shí)科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)的知識。甚至大多數(shù)科學(xué)文

章后的公眾討論也表明,在線讀者能夠理解甚至最令人困惑的科學(xué)原理)”可知,這個例子是為了強(qiáng)調(diào),即使

是一位在生物學(xué)領(lǐng)域有深厚學(xué)識的學(xué)者,也可能在嘗試向非專業(yè)聽眾解釋復(fù)雜的科學(xué)概念時遇到困難。這

個例子突顯了科學(xué)傳播的挑戰(zhàn),并指出,僅僅因為某人在其專業(yè)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)知識淵博,并不意味著他們就能有

效地將這些知識傳達(dá)給非專業(yè)聽眾。由此推知,這個例子說明了學(xué)識淵博并不等同于具備科學(xué)傳播的能力。

故選C。

[46題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Sciencecommunicationisascienceinandofitself.Itrequiresrigoroustraining

andinstruction.Ascientistshouldtakecommunicationcoursesthatcanteachapersonhowtoidentifyand

eliminatejargon(術(shù)語)andhowtodevelopeffectiveanalogiestoexplaincomplexconcepts.(科學(xué)傳播本身就是一

門科學(xué)。它需要嚴(yán)格的培訓(xùn)和指導(dǎo)??茖W(xué)家應(yīng)該參加溝通課程,這些課程可以教授如何識別和消除術(shù)語,

以及如何發(fā)展有效的類比來解釋復(fù)雜的概念)”可知,作者建議科學(xué)家為了縮小科學(xué)與社會之間的鴻溝應(yīng)該接

受溝通技巧。故選A。

④課后反饋

模擬基礎(chǔ)練I

(2024年寶山區(qū)二模)

Prettymucheveryonehas,atsomepoint,madeexcusestoavoidworkingonatasktheyfear.Butsomepeopledo

thismoreoftenthanothers,whichcanresultindisastrousconsequences.Regularlyputtingoffdifficultorunpleasant

taskscanleadtolowgradesatschool,poorperformanceatworkandfinancialconsequences,suchaslatefees.

Procrastinationcanalsoharmrelationshipsandevenaffectyourhealth,asitincreasesstresslevels,sometimes

resultinginillness.

It'spossibletoprocrastinatebybinge-watching(大量觀看)yourfavoriteshowordoingothermindless

activities,butprocrastinationdoesn'talwayslooklikelaziness.Somepeopleprocrastinatetoavoiddifficulttasksby

workingoneasierbutlessimportanttasks.Thiscanmakethemfeelproductiveevenastheyneglectthemost

importantitemsontheirto-dolists.

Inordertoovercomeprocrastination,youmustfirstunderstandwhyyouprocrastinate.Perhapsyouarea

perfectionist,soyoufindnotcompletingatasklessupsettingthandoingitbadly.Perhapsthetaskiscomplicatedor

confusing,andyoudon'tknowwheretobegin.Orperhapsyouarewaitingtofeelinspiredtocompletethetaskor

believethatyoubecomebetterunderpressure.

Correctingyourthinkingcanaidyouinovercomingprocrastination.Youprobablytendtooverestimatehow

quicklyyoucanfinishtasksandhowmotivatedyouwillfeellater.Mostworkdoesnotneedtowaituntilyoufeel

inspired,andifyoubeginthetask,feelingsofinspirationmayfollow.Further,researchshowsthatdespitesome

people'sperceptions(感矢口),mostindividualsdonotactuallyproducebetterworkunderpressure.

Ifyouareprocrastinatingbecauseataskseemstoooverwhelmingortoocomplicated,breakitupintosmaller

piecesthatfeelmoremanageable.Thiscanmeandoingapartofthetask,ordedicatingasetamountoftime-say,15

minutes-toworkingonit.

Itmayhelptothinkaboutwhythetaskisimportant.Howwillitcontributetoyourgoals?Howwillitaffect

otherpeople?Whatnegativeconsequencescouldcomefromnotdoingitinatimelymanner?

Schedulingwhenyouwillworkontaskscanbehelpfulaswell,andsocanruthlesslyeliminatingdistractions.

Youmayneedtoputawayyourphoneorgotoaquietroom.

Overcomingprocrastinationisachallenge,butdoingsoleadstobenefitsinmanyareasoflife.

63.Thewordprocrastinateinthesecondparagraphmostprobablymeans.

A.keepoffB.getoffC.putoffD.takeoff

64.Accordingtothepassage,howmanykindsofconsequencesmayresultfromprocrastination?

A.5.B,2.C.6.D.7.

65.Whatcanweconcludefromthepassage?

A.Nobodycanentirelyavoidprocrastinationinhispersonallife.

B.Doingeasierorunimportanttaskscanmakeusmoreproductive.

C.Themorepressurewehave,themoreproductivewewillbecome.

D.It'sgenerallymoresubjectivethanobjectivetoprocrastinateinlife.

66.Thebesttitleforthepassagemaybe.

A.Thechallengesofprocrastinationandstrategiestosolveit

B.Thereasonsofprocrastinationandthewaysofavoidingit

C.Theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofprocrastinationinlife

D.Thecausesandprocessofprocrastinationincommunication

【答案】63.C64.A65.D66.B

【解析】

【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要講述了導(dǎo)致拖延癥的原因和避免它的方法。

[63題詳解】

詞句猜測題。根據(jù)劃線詞下文“Somepeopleprocrastinatetoavoiddifficulttasksbyworkingoneasierbutless

importanttasks.Thiscanmakethemfeelproductiveevenastheyneglectthemostimportantitemsontheirto-do

lists.(有些人拖延是為了逃避困難的任務(wù),而去做更容易但不那么重要的任務(wù)。這會讓他們覺得自己很有效

率,即使他們忽略了待辦事項清單上最重要的事情)”可知,人們?yōu)榱吮苊饫щy任務(wù)而去做其他無關(guān)緊要的事

情,這是在“拖延”,與putoff這個短語的含義非常匹配,故選C。

[64題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的"Butsomepeopledothismoreoftenthanothers,whichcanresultindisastrous

consequences.Regularlyputtingoffdifficultorunpleasanttaskscanleadtolowgradesatschool,poorperformance

atworkandfinancialconsequences,suchaslatefees.Procrastinationcanalsoharmrelationshipsandevenaffect

yourhealth,asit

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