牛津深圳版九年級(jí)上冊(cè)英語(yǔ)期末試卷

牛津深圳版九年級(jí)上冊(cè)英語(yǔ)期末試卷第一卷一、聽(tīng)力理解:(共20題,15分)I．根據(jù)你在錄音里聽(tīng)到的句子,從下面每小題的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇最佳答句（每小題念一遍）（10題5分,每題0.5分）1.A.Yes,it’sMay5. B.No,it’ssunny. C.Yes,it’sMonday.2.A.I’msorrytohearthat. B.Youhadbadluck. C.Thankyou.3.A.Really? B.Wonderful. C.Thankyou.4.A.5kg. B.Beautiful. C.80yuan.5.A.Youareright. B.Justalittle,please. C.Don’taskme.6.A.Yes,youcan. B.No,youdidn’t. C.No,ofcoursenot.7.A.Goodidea! B.Notatall. C.That’sall.8.A.Idon’tknow. B.It’sinteresting. C.I’mnotsure.9.A.No,Idon’t. B.Yes,Iwill. C.Yes,Iwon't.10.A.Withmymother. B.Byplane. C.Thisevening.II.下面各組對(duì)話后均有一個(gè)與對(duì)話內(nèi)容相關(guān)的問(wèn)題,從下面每小題的A、B、C三個(gè)選擇中找出能回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題的最佳答案。（每小題念兩遍）（5分）11.Wherearethetwospeakers? A.Inahospital. B.Inarestaurant. C.Inapostoffice.12.Whydoesthemanwanttobuyaskirt? A.Becausehewantstogivehisdaughterabirthdaypresent. B.Becausehisdaughterlikesit. C.Becausehelikesitscolor.13.What’sthematterwiththeman? A.He’sgotaheadache. B.He’sgotatoothache. C.He’sgotafever.14.WhywasJimlateforschoolthismorning? A.Helosthisway. B.Hefailedtofindhisbooks. C.Hecouldn’tfindhisschoolbag.15.Howmuchwillthewomanpayforthestamps? A.Threeyuan. B.Twoyuan. C.Oneyuan.III.聽(tīng)短文,從下面每小題A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇最佳答案（念兩遍）（5分）16.Whatwastheboycrazyaboutwhenhewas15? A.Hisstudies. B.Internetgames. C.Playingfootball.17.Whatdidtheboy’sparentsthinkofhimatthattime? A.Good. B.Smart. C.Hopeless.18.Wherewastheboywhenhisteacherfoundhim? A.Ontheplayground. B.Inthestreet. C.InanInternetcafé.19.Whatdidtheteacherdoafterhefoundtheboy? A.Hewasangrywiththeboy. B.Hegavetheboyhishand. C.Hecalledtheboy’sparents.20.Whatdoestheboydonow? A.Ateacher. B.Acollegestudents. C.Adoctor.二、單項(xiàng)選擇：(共30題,每小題0.5分,共15分)21.Ladiesandgentlemen,welcometoourcompany!Pleasesitdown!A.seatdown B.beseated C.sityourself D.besat22.—Mum,Iamnotmyselftoday.MayIaskadayoff?—Yes,havearestthen.A.nothappy B.amlost C.undertheweather D.notfeelwell23.Theoutstandingperformancecaughtmyeves.A.attractedme B.interestme C.sawme D.wasfascinating24.Cuttingdownhugeareasofforestscanresultinfloods.A.asaresultof B.becometheresultof C.cause D.resultfrom25.---Hereisthekeytotheroom,andhereisthebreakfastcoupon.AnythingelseIcanhelpyouwith?---Notfornow.I'llcallyouifIhaveproblems.Thanksalot.A.temporary B.forthetimebeing C.fromnowon D.Nowadays26.Idon'tlikewatchingthrillers,fortheyalwaysmakemyhairstandonend.A.mescaring B.mescary C.mefrightening D.mejumpoutofmyskin27.—What'sup,Ben?Youlookexcited!—Tocutalongstoryshort,thedirectorchosemetoappearinthefilmintheFilmPark!Totellastory B.Tobehonest C.Inbrief D.Totellthetruth28.WhenEinsteinwaswalkinghomewithalittlegirl,thegirllookedathimcuriouslyfromtimetotime.A.againandagain B.allthetime C.sometimes D.atatime29.TheChineseArmyisreallyhelpfultoChinesepeople!一Itsureis!Everytimewhenthereisadisaster,thearmysoldierstohelppeopleasquicklyaspossible. sendsover B.sendsfor C.callsfor D.sendsback isaplacewherealotofpeoplespendtheirholidays.resource B.nest C.resort D.spotIfyougooutandplaywithsnow,youwanttodoitverymuch.aredyingto B.aredyingfor C.areanxious D.arelongforIfsomethingis itsdifferentpartsareinthecorrectproportions.pleasant B.circled C.balanced D.unavoidableisthestageoflifewhenyoungpeopleleavechildhoodand adulthood.A.Publicity,leavefor B.Teen,goinforC.Childhood,headfor D.Puberty,headinto34.Atheraunt'sfuneral,itwashardforherto thetears.A.holdon B.keepaneyeon C.stayawayfrom D.holdback35.—Howisyourresultinthebigexam?— theteachersinBaiheForeignLanguageSchool!IgotanAplusineverysubject!Thanksfor B.Thanksto C.Thanks D.ThankyouIfyoumakea(n)tostudy,youworkveryhardatit.A.effect B.affect C.effort D.strife37.—Jackisreallylazy!---Yeah,healways whileotherjuniorthreestudentsareworkingsohard.A.stickswithit B.dreamsabout C.sitsaround D.sitsup38.一Iwouldn'tlikefootball.---ButI'dratherswimming. A.play,togo B.toplay,togo C.playing,go D.toplay,go39.TheWilderfamily Londonfornearlytwoyears.Theyallmisstheirhometownverymuch.A. left B.willleave C. haveleft D.havebeenawayfrom40.Idon'twanttowatchsuchamovie, ,Ihavenotime.A.besides B.beside C.except D.nor41.---Pleasewaitformehere.I'llcomebacksoon.—Allright.We'll thelibrarytillyoucomeback.A.leave B.reach C.stayat D.waitfor42.Thesebooksinthelibraryforalongtime.A.havekept B.hadkept C.havebeenkept D.werekeptTopreparefortheexam,Ihavetoreviewallthelessons,. have I B.haven'tI C.doI D.don’tIIhaveproblems Englishstudy,soI'mbored it.A.about,of B.with,with C.of,from D.at,about45.Lastweek,Igot inanextremelyheavyrainandbecameallwet,butIhavestillremained .A.caught,healthy B.catching,healthy C.caught,healthily D.catching,health46.Whichsentenceiscorrect?①ThesceneryinHangzhouisverybeautifulthatMarcoPolofellinlovewithitatfirstsight.②TheMountainistoohighformetoclimbit.③Theluggageislightenoughformetocarry.④WewillhaveourfinalexamonnextMonday.A.① B.② C.③ D.④47.Myparentsneverallowoutatnight,butlasttimetheyadvisedmetotheEnglishevening.A.going,togo B.togo,going C.going,going D.togo,togo48.Maryaswellashersisters EnglishinChina.ButneitherTomnorJackandItheirstudents.A.areteaching,are B.isteaching,am C.areteaching,am D.isteaching,are49.Beforeeightyearsold,hedidn'tknow. Whichisincorrect?A.whenSantawouldcome B.whoputgiftsinhisstockingsC.whattogetatChristmas D.howdidSantacomeintohishome50.Dec.29thisthedayBaiheForeignLanguageSchoolcelebratedherfifteenthanniversary.A.where B.that C.what D.when三、完形填空（15分,每小題1分）Ilookedcloselyatthefaceofmy23-year-oldson,Daniel.Inafewhourshelanguageand52anotherstyleoflifeinadifferentcountryfarfromtheUSA.Itwasa(n)53timeinDaniel’slife,astepfromcollegeintotheadultworld.Iwantedto54himsomewordsthatwouldhavesomemeaning.Butnothingcamefrommylips.Istood55andquiet,lookingintothesearchingeyesofmyson.ThiswasnotthefirsttimeIhadletsuchamoment56.WhenDanielwasfive,Itookhimtotheschool-busstoponhisfirstdayofkindergarten.Ifeltthetension(緊張)inhishand57mineasthebusturnedthecorner.Isawhisfaceturnedredasthebus58.Helookedatme—ashedidnow.MyfatherandIlovedeachother.Yet,Ialways59neverhearinghimputhisfeelingsintowords.Whyisitsohardtotella60somethingfromhisheart?Mymouthturneddry,andIknewIwouldbeabletogetoutonlyafewwords61.“Daniel,”Isaid,“ifIcouldhavepicked,Iwouldhave62you.”Iwasn’tsurewhetherheunderstood63Imeant.Thenhecametowardmeandthrewhis64aroundme.Foramoment,theworldandallthepeople65,andtherewasjustDanielandmeinourhomebythesea.51.A.flying B.shipping C.riding D.driving52.A.feel B.experience C.get D.obtain53.A.easy B.comfortable C.boring D.important54.A.record B.leave C.take D.write55.A.frozen B.pleased C.excited D.satisfied56.A.rememberB.pass C.forget D.waste57.A.shaking B.catching C.seizing D.holding58.A.stopped B.opened C.shook D.drove59.A.appreciatedB.regretted C.enjoyed D.remembered60.A.father B.mother C.daughter D.son61.A.vaguely B.obviously C.clearly D.carefully62.A.left B.picked C.wrote D.accepted 63.A.that B.which C.where D.what64.A.arms B.hands C.legs D.feet65.A.cheered B.laughed C.disappeared D.cried四．閱讀理解（共25題,每小題1分,共25分）閱讀并選出最佳選項(xiàng)。A Anoldladyinaplanehadablanket（毯子）overherheadandshedidnotwanttotakeitoff.Theairhostessspoketoher,buttheoldladysaid,“Ihaveneverbeeninaplanebefore,andIamfrightened.Iamgoingtokeepthisblanketovermyheaduntilwearebackonthegroundagain！”Thenthecaptaincame.Hesaid,“Madam,Iamthecaptainofthisplane.Theweatherisfine,therearenocloudsinthesky,andeverythingisgoingverywell.”Butshecontinuedtohide.Sothecaptainturnedandstartedtogoback.Thentheoldladylookedoutfromundertheblanketwithoneeyeandsaid,“Iamsorry,youngman,butIdon’tlikeplanesandIamnevergoingtoflyagain.ButI’llsayonething,”Shecontinuedkindly,“Youandyourwifekeepyourplaneveryclean！”66.Anoldladyhad_________.A.glasses B.ablanketoverherheadC.acoat D.abasket67.A.Shedidn’twantto________.A.takeitoffB.turnitoff C.geton D.talkaboutit68._________spoketoher.A.Theairhostess B.ThemannexttoherC.herhusband D.oneofherfriends69.Theoldladyhadneverbeen_________before.A.abroad B.home C.inaplane D.inhospital70.Thewomandidn’tlikeplanesandshewasnevergoing________.A.toflyagain B.totravel C.togoabroad D.togohomeB“Youatewhatyoueat,”saystheoldsaying.Sohowcanweknowwhatfoodishealthy?Unluckily,alotoffoodthatlooksgoodmayhavepollution.Whereisthepollutionfrom?Ithassomethingtodowithhowpeopleproducefood:growingitonthefarm,processing(加工）itinfactories,andmakingitreadyforyoutoeat.Here’swhathappens:Mostfarmersusechemicalstostoptheircropsfromgettingsick.Manyofthesechemicalsremaininthefoodthatyoueat.Somepeoplebelievethismaycausecancer.Thesechemicalsmayalsopollutewaterandair,andkillanimalsandevenpeoplebyaccident.Mostdrinksarejustflavoredwater(加味水).Everydrinkcominginplasticbottleswhichyouthenthrowawaymeansawaste.Sugarydrinksmakeyoufat.Inthefactories,muchofwhatyoueatanddrinkgetsmessed.Oftenthingsareputintofoodtomakeitdeliciousandlookgoodbuttheymightbeharmfultopeople.Andsomefoodlikemeatoftengetspollutedbybacteria.Whatyoucando:Trytogetorganic(有機(jī)的）food.Organicfooddoesn’thaveanyingredients(成分）thatarebadfortheland,airorwater.Don’teatprocessedfoodordrinks.Eatfreshfoodwheneveryoucanandcookathome.( )71.Whichofthefollowingprocessescannotmakethefoodbepolluted? A.Growing. B.Eating. C.Processing. D.Making.( )72.Whatmaybetheresultsofputtingchemicalsoncrops? ①Cropsmaynotgetsick. ②Thechemicalsmayremaininthefood. ③Peoplemaygetsickaftereatingcropsthathavechemicalsinthem. ④Thechemicalsmaypollutetheenvironment. A.②③ B.①②③ C.②③④ D.①②③④( )73.Thingsareoftenputintofoodtomakeit_____accordingtothepassage. A. deliciousandlookgood B. becomehealthierfood C. muchheavier D. becookedeasily( )74.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue? A. Alotoffoodthatlooksgoodisn’tgood. B. Organicfooddoesn’tpollutetheenvironment. C. Someingredientsindrinksmaybebadforpeople’shealth. D. Allthefoodhaspollution.( )75.Whatdoesthewriteradvisepeopletodo? A. Tohaveprocesseddrinks. B. Togrowvegetablesbythemselves. C. Tocookathome. D. Tovisitfarms. CIfyouspendmostofyourdayssittingatschoolorworkingatacomputer,youmaybetakinguptwoyearsoffyourlife.Itiscommonknowledgethatasedentarylifestyleincreasestheriskofheartdiseaseandotherseriousillnesses.Manypeoplethinktheycancompensate(補(bǔ)償)forsittingaroundbywalking,playingsportsorgoingtothegym.Unluckily,thismightnotbeso,Anewstudyshowsthatthebadeffectfromsittingtoolongcannotbecompletelychangedthroughexercise.Even60minutesofdailyexercisemaynotbeenough!ThestudyisfromDrDavidAlterandhisteamatTorontoUniversity.DrAlterandhisteamtriedout47studiesthathappenedtodifferentgroupsofpeople,andkeptnotesabouthowlongtheysatdowneachdayandhowmuchtheyexercised.Theyfoundthatthemostsedentarygroupshada24%increasedchanceofdyingduringthestudythantheleastsedentaryones.Thisremainedthecaseeventhoughthosewhosatalotalsodid60minutesofdailyexercise.“Reduceyoursit-downtimeby2-3hourseachdaybystandingupatyourdesk,takingmorebreakstoreachoutyourhandsandlegs,”DrAltersays,“orwalkingonyourfeetasoftenaspossible.Allthesemaybebetterthananexpensive,crowdedgymandbejustwhatthedoctorhasordered.Soifyouhavetostaysedentary,whynottrywhatDrAlterhassaidtokeephealthy?( )76.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“sedentary”mean? A. Walkingalot. B. Sittingtoolong. C. Readingsomuch. D. Standingforawhile.( )77.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutthestudyofDrDavidAlterandhisteam? A. Allthegroupsofpeopleinthisstudywereofthesameage. B. Theyonlykeptnotesaboutpeople’ssit-downtime. C. Thelongerapersonsat,thebiggerchanceofdyinghemighthave. D. Peoplewhosatlongjustneed60minutesofdailyexercise.( )78.WhatdoesDrDavidAlterthinkofgoingtothegymforpeoplesittinglong? A. It’snotusefulatall. B. Itcan’thelptheirhealthalot. C. It’simportanttothem. D. It’sbetterthanwhatthedoctorhasordered.( )79.Whatdoesthepassagemainlywanttotellus? A. It’sbesttoreduceyoursit-downtimetolivelonger. B. Mostpeoplehavebadhabits. C. Sittingtoolongcanmakeyoufat. D. Manypeopleliketositlongeveryday.（ ）80.Whommightthepassagebewrittenfor? A.Soldiers. B.Actors. C.Sportspeople. D.Officeworkers.D Livinganddealingwithkidscanbeatoughjobthesedays,butlivinganddealingwithparentscanbeeventougher.IfIhavelearnedanythinginmy16years,itisthatcommunicationisveryimportant,bothwhenyoudisagreeandwhenyougetalong.Withanyrelationship,youneedtoletotherpersonknowhowyouarefeeling.Ifyouarenotabletocommunicate,youdriftapart.Whenyouaremadatyourparents,oranyoneelse,nottalkingtothemdoesn’tsolveanything.Communicationbeginswiththeconcerns(關(guān)心)ofanother.Itmeansthatyoucan’tjustcomehomefromschool,gouptoyourroomandignore(不理睬)everyone.Evenifyoujustsay“Hi”,andseehowtheirdaywasforfiveminutes,itisbetterthannothing.Ifyoulookeduptheword“communication”inadictionary,itwouldsay“theexchangeofideas,theconveyance（表達(dá)）ofinformation,correspondence（通信）,meansofcommunication:aletteroramessage”.Tomaintain(保持)agoodrelationship,youmustkeepcommunicationstrong.Letpeopleknowhowyoufeel,evenifit’sjustbywritinganote.Whendealingwithparents,youalwayshavetomakethemfeelgoodabouthowtheyaredoingasaparent.Ifyouaretryingtomakethemseesomethingasyouseeit,tellthemthatyou’lllistentowhattheyhavetosay,butaskthempolitelytolistentoyou.Yellingorwalkingawayonlymakesthesituationworse.Thisisanexample:onenight,Sophiewenttoastreetpartywithherfriends.Sheknewshehadtobehomebymidnightafterthefireworks,butshedidn’tfeelshecouldjustasktogohome.Thatwouldberude.Afterall,theyhadbeenniceenoughtotakeheralongwiththem.Needlesstosay,shewaslategettinghome.Herparentsweremadatfirst,notwhenSophieexplainedwhyshewaslate,theyweren’tasmadandlettheincidentgo.Communicationisthekeyfactorhere.IfSophie’sparentshadnotbeenwillingtolisten,Sophiewouldhavebeeninalotoftrouble.Communicationisn’taone-waydeal:itgoesbothways.Justremember:ifyougetintoasituationlikeSophie’s,tellingtheotherpersonhowyoufeel-listeningisthekeyfactortocommunication.81.Inthewriter’sview,dealingwithparentsis__________thanwithchildren. A.moredifficult B.easier C.moreuninterestingD.moreinteresting82.Themainideaofthesecondparagraphis__________. A.theimportanceoffriendship B.tomakeyourfeelingknowntoothers C.theimportanceofcommunication D.thedisagreementbetweengenerations83.Whenparentsandchildrenareincommunication,thekeytoahappyrelationshipisthat____. A.childrenshouldalwaysobeytheirparents B.theyshouldbeequal C.parentsplaytheleadingpart D.bothmaketheoppositeknowtheirfeelings84.Theexampleinthispassageprovesthat___________. A.Sophie’sparentsarewillingtolistentoher B.Sophieisverypolitetoherparents C.Sophiedidwellinexplainingherbeinglate D.communicationisthesolution(解決辦法)tomisunderstanding85.Allthefollowingstatementsarecorrectexcept“_______”. A.Ifyoudon’tagreewithothers,you’dbetterletthemknow B.Itisbettertosay“Hi”toothersthansaynothing C.Ifyouarenotabletocommunicate,walkaway D.Communicationisatwo-waydealEToomanypeoplewantotherstobetheirfriends,buttheydon’tgivefriendshipback.Thatiswhysomefriendshipsdon’tlastverylong.Tohaveafriend,youmustlearntotreatyourfriendthewayyouwantyourfriendtotreatyou.Learningtobeagoodfriendmeanslearningthreerules:behonest;begenerous(寬宏大量的)；beunderstanding.Honestyiswhereagoodfriendshipstarts.Friendsmustbeabletotrustoneanother.Ifyoudon’ttellthetruth,peopleusuallyfindout.Ifafriendfindsoutthatyouhaven’tbeenhonest,youmayloseyourfriend’strust.Goodfriendsalwayscountononeanothertospeakandacthonestly.Generositymeanssharingandsharingmakesafriendshipgrow.Youdon’thavetogiveyourlunchmoneyoryourclothes,orenjoy,likeourhobbiesandyourinterests.Naturallyyouwillwanttoshareyourideasandfeelings.Thesecanbeveryvaluabletoafriend.Theytellyourfriendwhatisimportanttoyou.Bysharingthemyouhelpyourfriendknowyoubetter.Soonerorlatereveryoneneedsunderstandingandhelpwithaproblem.Somethingmaygowrongatschool.Talkingabouttheproblemcanmakeiteasiertosolve.Turningtoafriendcanbeafirststepinsolvingtheproblem.Sotobeafriendyoumustlistenandunderstand.Youmusttrytoputyourselfinyourfriend’splacesoyoucanunderstandtheproblembetter.Notwofriendshipsareeverexactlyalike(相同).Butalltruefriendshipshavethreethingsincommon.Ifyouplantokeepyourfriendships,youmustpracticehonesty.Generosityandunderstanding.86.Somefriendshipsdon’tlastverylongbecause____. A.therearetoomanypeoplewhowanttomakefriends. B.theydon’tknowfriendshipissomethingserious C.thosewhogiveothersfriendshipsreceivefriendshipsfromothers D.thosewhonevergiveothersfriendshipsreceivenofriendshipfromothers87.Accordingtothepassage,honestyis_________. A.asimportantasmoney B.moreimportantthananythingelse C.somethingcountable D.thebaseofafriendship88.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueinthepassage? A.Afriendwhogivesyouhislunchmoneyisatruefriend. B.Alwaystellyourfriendthetruth. C.Discussingyourproblemswithyourfriendoftenhelpstosolvetheproblem. D.Sharingyourmindwithyourfriendisofgreatvalue.89.Accordingtotheauthor,howdoyouhelpyourfriendknowyoubetter? A.Askyourfriendforeverything B.Don’ttellthetruthtoyourfriend C.Shareyourideasandfeelingswithyourfriend D.Giveyourlunchmoneyoryourclothestoyourfriend.90.Thebesttitleofthispassageis_____. A.AFriendinNeedIsaFriendIndeed B.HonestyIstheBestHabitC.HowtoBeaFriend D.ThreeImportantPointsinLife第二卷五、用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空(每空0.5分；共10分)(1)It'sreally forthoseexplorerstoexploretheunknownworld.(courage)(2)It'sreally ifyouaretogetherwithforeignersbutyoudon'tknowwhattotalkabout.(embarrass)(3)Ifyouwanttomakeyourcarbonfootprintsmaller,pleaseusea bagtodoshopping.(clothes)(4)Allpeopleare ofCO2.(produce)(5)Thepeopleinthiscityarereallyfriendly.Ifyouask ,theywillprobablytakeyouthere.(direct)(6)Iwishmysickcolleaguearapid (recover).(7)Teenagers'focusison acceptedbyothers(be).(8)AlthoughIamanortherner,Ican'tgetusedto incoldweathernow.(live)(9)Parentsaresupposedtoteachtheirchildrentolearntoguardagainst (bully).(10)Womenusuallybecome afterbecomingmoms.(consider)(11)Nowpeoplehavepaidmoreattentionto health.(mind)(12)lnbigevents,theorganizersneedtomakesure everyonesafe.(keep)(13)Kevin'sunclewhoisaneducatorsuggestedhim morebooksinsteadofgoingtothetrainingcentersonweekends.(read)(14)MarkTwainisoneofthegreatest theworld.(novel)(15)Indeedhehasaseriousface,butheisvery heart.(humor)(16)What'sthereasonforpeoplegrowingupinthesamefamilytohavedifferent (prefer)?(17)Thedeputyairportmanagersaidtherewasnoapparent notthecrash(explain).(18)An hurtpeople'sfeelings,soit’simportanttohandleitskillfully.(argue)(19)MywayofspendingTheGoldenWeekisstaying (comfortable)athome, (surf)theInternet.(20)Mygrandma(die)forthreeyears,Ireallymissher.六、語(yǔ)法填空（10分）SometimesChineseEnglishteachersarepuzzledbysuchquestions,“Haveyougotanyskillsinreadingcomprehension（閱讀理解）?”Actually,manyoftheteacherscan’tgivestudents1efficient(效率高的)waytodealwithreading.Anyway,2oftensimplysay,“Readmoreandpracticemore,andyouwillgetmoreexperienceinreadingcomprehension.”Frankly,theseteachers’good3(suggest)areonlyhelpfultomakestudentsbeinterestedinreading4nothelpfultodealwiththequestionsintheexaminationsofreadingcomprehension.5(person)speaking,Ithinktheskillforreadingcomprehensionshouldbebased6theknowledgeofEnglishwriting.7theEnglishpassagesarewrittenundersomerules,