《水處理技術(shù)（雙語）》課件-水處理基礎(chǔ)

WaterTreatmentFundamentals-ChemicalFundamentals水處理基礎(chǔ)——化學(xué)基礎(chǔ)一、物質(zhì)的分類I.Classificationofsubstances

（1）按自然界存在的形態(tài)分類：分為固態(tài)、液態(tài)、氣態(tài)、等離子態(tài)、玻色-愛因斯坦凝聚態(tài)、費(fèi)米子凝聚態(tài)六種。Classifiedbytheforminwhichtheyexistinnature:sixtypes:solid,liquid,gaseous,plasma,Bose-Einsteincondensate,andfermioniccondensate.1.從宏觀角度上分Fromamacroperspective一、物質(zhì)的分類I.Classificationofsubstances

（2）按組成分類：分為純凈物和混合物。Classificationbycomposition:puresubstancesandmixtures.

其中純凈物可分為單質(zhì)和化合物；wherepuresubstancescanbedividedintomonomersandcompounds.

化合物以分散系粒徑的相對(duì)大小分為溶液、膠體和濁液。Compoundsareclassifiedassolutions,colloidsandcloudyliquidsintermsoftherelativesizeofthedispersingsystemparticles.1.從宏觀角度上分Fromamacroperspective一、物質(zhì)的分類I.Classificationofsubstances1.從宏觀角度上分Fromamacroperspective（3）按多維分類：將多有分子分成四大類型，即：Classifiedbymultidimensionalclassification:themultipotentmoleculesaredividedintofourmaintypes,viz.單片分子Monolithicmolecules雙片分子Two-piecemolecule多片分子Multi-piecemolecules復(fù)合分子Compositemolecules

組成這些分子的分子片又可以按照它的價(jià)電子數(shù)的多少分為25類。Themolecularsheetsthatmakeupthesemoleculescaninturnbedividedinto25categoriesaccordingtothenumberofvalenceelectronsithas.一、物質(zhì)的分類I.Classificationofsubstances2.從性質(zhì)上分Bynature（1）按來源分類：分為無機(jī)物和有機(jī)物。Classificationbysource:inorganicandorganic.無機(jī)物可分為單質(zhì)和化合物兩大類，Inorganicsubstancescanbedividedintotwomaingroups,monomersandcompounds.一、物質(zhì)的分類I.Classificationofsubstances2.從性質(zhì)上分Bynature

而單質(zhì)又分為金屬單質(zhì)和非金屬單質(zhì)；Inturn,monomersaredividedintometallicandnon-metallicmonomers.

化合物一般分為氧化物、酸、堿、鹽等四大類。Compoundsaregenerallydividedintofourmaingroups:oxides,acids,basesandsalts.一、物質(zhì)的分類I.Classificationofsubstances2.從性質(zhì)上分Bynature

（2）按物質(zhì)的相對(duì)揮發(fā)度的差異分類：分為易揮發(fā)性、揮發(fā)性、難揮發(fā)性三大類。Classificationaccordingtothedifferenceintherelativevolatilityofthesubstance:dividedintothreemaincategories:volatile,volatileandnon-volatile.二、鹽的分類與水解II.Classificationandhydrolysisofsalts含氧酸鹽和非（不）含氧酸鹽Oxygenatedandnon-(un)oxygenatedacidsalts單鹽和復(fù)鹽，singleandcompoundsalts.一元酸鹽、二元酸鹽和多元酸鹽，mono-,di-andpolyacidsalts.正鹽、酸式鹽和堿式鹽，ortho,acidandalkalisalts.金屬鹽和非金屬鹽等。Metallicandnon-metallicsaltsetc.鹽是由金屬陽離子（銨鹽除外）和酸根陰離子組成的一類化合物。Saltsareaclassofcompoundsconsistingofmetalcations(exceptammoniumsalts)andacidanions.有多種分類方法:Therearevariouswaystoclassifythem:二、鹽的分類與水解II.Classificationandhydrolysisofsalts

在溶液中，強(qiáng)堿弱酸鹽、強(qiáng)酸弱堿鹽或弱酸弱堿鹽電離出來的離子與水電離出來的H+和OH-生成弱電解質(zhì)的過程叫做鹽類水解。Insolution,theionsionisedfromastrongbaseandweakacidsalt,astrongacidandweakbasesaltoraweakacidandweakbasesaltionisewithwatertoformaweakelectrolytecalledsalthydrolysis.

鹽本身的性質(zhì)是影響水解平衡進(jìn)行程度的最主要因素。Thenatureofthesaltitselfisthemostimportantfactorinfluencingtheextenttowhichhydrolysisequilibriumtakesplace.三、化學(xué)反應(yīng)、化學(xué)反應(yīng)速率與化學(xué)平衡III.Chemicalreactions,chemicalreactionratesandchemicalequilibrium

1、化學(xué)反應(yīng)：發(fā)生原子、離子重新排列組合，構(gòu)成新物質(zhì)的過程，稱為化學(xué)反應(yīng)，在反應(yīng)中常伴有發(fā)光、發(fā)熱、變色、有氣體等外部特征。Chemicalreactions:Theprocessinwhichatomsandionsarerearrangedandcombinedtoformnewsubstancesiscalledachemicalreactionandisoftenaccompaniedbyexternalfeaturessuchaslight,heat,colourchangeandthepresenceofgases.

按照反應(yīng)物與生成物的類型不同，化學(xué)反應(yīng)分為化合反應(yīng)、分解反應(yīng)、置換反應(yīng)和復(fù)分解反應(yīng)；Chemicalreactionsaredividedintochemistry,decomposition,substitutionandcomplexdecompositionreactions,dependingonthetypeofreactantsandproducts.

按照有無電子得失情況可分為氧化還原反應(yīng)和非氧化還原反應(yīng)。Canbedividedintoredoxandnon-redoxreactionsaccordingtothepresenceorabsenceofelectrongainorloss.

氧化還原反應(yīng)又包括自身氧化還原反應(yīng)和還原劑與氧化劑反應(yīng)。Redoxreactionsalsoincludeauto-redoxreactionsandreductant-oxidantreactions.三、化學(xué)反應(yīng)、化學(xué)反應(yīng)速率與化學(xué)平衡III.Chemicalreactions,chemicalreactionratesandchemicalequilibrium三、化學(xué)反應(yīng)、化學(xué)反應(yīng)速率與化學(xué)平衡III.Chemicalreactions,chemicalreactionratesandchemicalequilibrium2、化學(xué)反應(yīng)速率：以單位時(shí)間內(nèi)反應(yīng)物或生成物的物質(zhì)的量濃度變化，來表示平均反應(yīng)速率。Chemicalreactionrate:theaveragerateofreactionexpressedasachangeintheconcentrationofthesubstanceofthereactantsorproductsperunitoftime.催化劑

反應(yīng)速率與反應(yīng)物的性質(zhì)和濃度、溫度、壓力、催化劑等都有關(guān)，如果反應(yīng)在溶液中進(jìn)行，也與溶劑的性質(zhì)和用量有關(guān)。Therateofreactionisrelatedtothenatureandconcentrationofthereactants,temperature,pressure,catalystand,ifthereactiontakesplaceinsolution,alsotothenatureandamountofsolvent.

影響化學(xué)反應(yīng)速率的因素分為內(nèi)因和外因，前者是反應(yīng)物本身的特點(diǎn)，后者包括溫度、濃度、催化劑等。Factorsaffectingtherateofchemicalreactionsaredividedintoendogenousandexogenousfactors,theformerbeingthecharacteristicsofthereactantsthemselvesandthelatterincludingtemperature,concentration,catalystetc.三、化學(xué)反應(yīng)、化學(xué)反應(yīng)速率與化學(xué)平衡III.Chemicalreactions,chemicalreactionratesandchemicalequilibrium3、化學(xué)平衡：是指在宏觀條件一定的可逆反應(yīng)中，化學(xué)反應(yīng)正逆反應(yīng)速率相等，反應(yīng)物和生成物各組分濃度不再改變的狀態(tài)。

Chemicalequilibrium:astateinwhich,inareversiblereactionwithcertainmacroscopicconditions,theratesoftheforwardandreversereactionsofachemicalreactionareequalandtheconcentrationsofthecomponentsofthereactantsandproductsnolongerchange.三、化學(xué)反應(yīng)、化學(xué)反應(yīng)速率與化學(xué)平衡III.Chemicalreactions,chemicalreactionratesandchemicalequilibrium

化學(xué)平衡的建立是以可逆反應(yīng)為前提的。Theestablishmentofchemicalequilibriumispredicatedonreversiblereactions.

可逆反應(yīng)是指在同一條件下既能正向進(jìn)行又能逆向進(jìn)行的反應(yīng)。Areversiblereactionisonethatcanproceedbothforwardsandbackwardsunderthesameconditions.

絕大多數(shù)化學(xué)反應(yīng)都具有可逆性，都可在不同程度上達(dá)到平衡。Thevastmajorityofchemicalreactionsarereversibleandcanallbebalancedtovaryingdegrees.可逆反應(yīng)Reversiblereactions三、化學(xué)反應(yīng)、化學(xué)反應(yīng)速率與化學(xué)平衡III.Chemicalreactions,chemicalreactionratesandchemicalequilibrium通常說的四大化學(xué)平衡為：Thefourmajorchemicalequilibriaarecommonlyreferredtoas.化學(xué)平衡Chemicalequilibrium

氧化還原平衡Redoxbalance

沉淀溶解平衡Precipitationdissolutionequilibrium

配位平衡Coordinationequilibrium

酸堿平衡Acid-basebalance

化學(xué)平衡在分析化學(xué)中有著極為重要的應(yīng)用。Chemicalequilibriumhasextremelyimportantapplicationsinanalyticalchemistry.四、溶液IV.Solutions

在一定的溫度下，溶質(zhì)溶于溶劑所組成的體系稱為溶液。Thesystemconsistingofasolutedissolvedinasolventatacertaintemperatureiscalledasolution.

從不同的角度對(duì)溶液進(jìn)行分類有多種表述，Therearevariousexpressionsforclassifyingsolutionsfromdifferentperspectives.

比如按照溶液中溶質(zhì)粒徑的大小分為真溶液、乳濁液、懸浮液等；Forexample,solutionsareclassifiedastruesolutions,emulsions,suspensions,etc.,accordingtothesizeofthesoluteparticlesinthesolution.

按照溶液化學(xué)分類分為無機(jī)體系溶液、有機(jī)體系溶液和混合體系溶液。Solutionsareclassifiedaccordingtotheirchemistryasinorganic,organicandmixedsystems.WaterTreatmentBasics-FundamentalsofElectricalEngineering水處理基礎(chǔ)——電工基礎(chǔ)

（1）電路Circuit

電路就是電流的通路，它是為了某種需要由某些電工設(shè)備或原件按一定方式組合起來的。Acircuitisapathwayforelectriccurrent,whichisputtogetherinacertainwaybycertainelectricaldevicesorcomponentsforcertainneeds.一、電路及其電路圖I.Thecircuitanditscircuitdiagram1.電路和電路的組成Circuitsandcircuitcomposition

（2）電路組成Circuitcomposition①電源。產(chǎn)生電能的設(shè)備。Powersupply.Adevicethatgenerateselectricalenergy.②負(fù)載。把電能轉(zhuǎn)化成其他能的器件或設(shè)備。Load.Adeviceorequipmentthatconvertselectricalenergyintootherenergy.③開關(guān)，導(dǎo)線?？刂齐娐纷饔?，連接電路作用。Switch,wire.Controlcircuitrole,connectingcircuitrole.

用電路元件符號(hào)表示電路連接的圖，叫電路圖。Adiagramthatshowstheconnectionsofacircuitusingcircuitcomponentsymbolsiscalledacircuitdiagram.

電路圖是人們?yōu)檠芯?、工程?guī)劃的需要，用物理電學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的符號(hào)繪制的一種表示各元器件組成及器件關(guān)系的原理布局圖。Acircuitdiagramisaschematiclayoutofthecomponentsandtheirrelationshiptoeachother,drawnwithstandardisedsymbolsofphysicalelectricityforresearchandengineeringplanningpurposes.

由電路圖可以得知組件間的工作原理，為分析性能、安裝電子、電器產(chǎn)品提供規(guī)劃方案。Thecircuitdiagramsshowhowthecomponentsworktogetherandprovideaplanningsolutionforanalysingperformanceandinstallingelectronicandelectricalproducts.一、電路及其電路圖I.Thecircuitanditscircuitdiagram2.電路圖Circuitdiagram(1）通路。電路構(gòu)成閉合回路，有電流通過。

Passage.Thecircuitformsaclosedloopandacurrentpassesthroughit.

（2）斷路。電路斷開，電路中無電流通過。斷路也叫開路。

Disconnection.Thecircuitisbrokenandnocurrentispassingthroughit.Abrokencircuitisalsocalledanopencircuit.

（3）短路。短路是電源未經(jīng)負(fù)載而直接由導(dǎo)體構(gòu)成閉合回路。注意電源短路危險(xiǎn)會(huì)發(fā)生事故。

ShortCircuit.Ashortcircuitiswherethepowersupplyformsaclosedcircuitdirectlyfromaconductorwithoutaload.Beawarethataccidentscanoccurfromthedangerofshortcircuitsinthepowersupply.一、電路及其電路圖I.Thecircuitanditscircuitdiagram3.電路的工作狀態(tài)Theworkingstateofthecircuit高壓電器Highvoltageappliances

（1）按工作電壓等級(jí)分：高壓電器、低壓電器。Accordingtotheworkingvoltagelevel:high-voltageelectricalappliances,low-voltageelectricalappliances.

（2）按動(dòng)作原理分：手動(dòng)電器、自動(dòng)電器。Byprincipleofaction:manualappliances,automaticappliances.

（3）按用途分：控制電器、主令電器。

Byapplication:controlappliances,mains-orderedappliances.低壓電器Lowvoltageappliances二、電氣基本元件II.Basicelectricalcomponents1.電氣元件的分類Classificationofelectricalcomponents

電器是接通和斷開電路或調(diào)節(jié)、控制和保護(hù)電路及電器設(shè)備用的電工器具。

Electricalappliancesareelectricalinstrumentsusedtoconnectandbreakcircuitsortoregulate,controlandprotectcircuitsandelectricalequipment.

低壓斷路器又稱自動(dòng)空氣開關(guān)。Lowvoltagecircuitbreakersarealsoknownasautomaticairswitches.

當(dāng)發(fā)生嚴(yán)重過載、短路或欠壓等故障時(shí)，可自行切斷電路。Intheeventofaseriousoverload,shortcircuitorundervoltagefault,thecircuitcanbecutoffbyitself.

用QF符號(hào)表示。IndicatedbytheQFsymbol.斷路器CircuitBreaker二、電氣基本元件II.Basicelectricalcomponents2.斷路器CircuitBreaker

接觸器是一種在電磁力的作用下，能夠自動(dòng)地接通或斷開帶有負(fù)載的主電路（如電動(dòng)機(jī)）的自動(dòng)控制電器。Contactorsareautomaticcontrolappliancesthatautomaticallyswitchonoroffamaincircuitwithaload(e.g.amotor)undertheactionofanelectromagneticforce.二、電氣基本元件II.Basicelectricalcomponents3.接觸器Contactors交流接觸器ACcontactors直流接觸器DCcontactors真空接觸器Vacuumcontactors半導(dǎo)體式接觸器Semiconductortypecontactors電容接觸器Capacitivecontactors可逆交流接觸器ReversibleACcontactors電磁閉鎖接觸器Electromagneticlatchingcontactors

按主觸頭所接回路的電流種類分為：交流接觸器、直流接觸器、真空接觸器、半導(dǎo)體式接觸器、電磁閉鎖接觸器、電容接觸器、可逆交流接觸器等。Accordingtothetypeofcurrentinthecircuittowhichthemaincontactisconnected:ACcontactors,DCcontactors,vacuumcontactors,semiconductorcontactors,electromagneticlatchingcontactors,capacitivecontactors,reversibleACcontactors,etc.

繼電器是一種利用電流、電壓、時(shí)間、溫度等信號(hào)的變化來接通或斷開所控制的電路，以實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)控制或完成保護(hù)任務(wù)的自動(dòng)電器。Relaysareautomaticappliancesthatusechangesinsignalssuchascurrent,voltage,timeandtemperaturetoswitchonoroffthecircuittheycontrolinordertoachieveautomaticcontrolorcompleteprotectiontasks.繼電器Relays二、電氣基本元件II.Basicelectricalcomponents4.繼電器Relays

繼電器和接觸器的工作原理一樣。Relaysandcontactorsworkonthesameprinciple.

主要區(qū)別在于直流接觸器的主觸頭可以通過大電流，而繼電器的觸頭只能通過小電流。ThemaindifferenceisthatthemaincontactsofaDCcontactorcanpasshighcurrents,whereasthecontactsofarelaycanonlypasssmallcurrents.

所以，繼電器對(duì)于只能用于控制電路中。Therefore,relayscanonlybeusedincontrolcircuits.二、電氣基本元件II.Basicelectricalcomponents4.繼電器Relays中間繼電器Intermediaterelays電壓繼電器Voltagerelays電流繼電器Currentrelays時(shí)間繼電器Timerelays速度繼電器Speedrelays

繼電器的類型有中間繼電器、電壓繼電器、電流繼電器、時(shí)間繼電器、速度繼電器等。Thetypesofrelaysareintermediaterelays,voltagerelays,currentrelays,timerelays,speedrelays,etc.二、電氣基本元件II.Basicelectricalcomponents4.繼電器Relays

繼電器按反映信號(hào)的種類分：電流、電壓、速度、壓力、熱繼電器等；Relaysaccordingtothetypeofsignaltheyreflect:current,voltage,speed,pressure,thermalrelays,etc..

按動(dòng)作時(shí)間分：瞬時(shí)動(dòng)作和延時(shí)動(dòng)作繼電器；Bytimeofaction:instantaneousandtime-delayedactionrelays.

按作用原理分：電磁式、感應(yīng)式、電動(dòng)式、電子式、機(jī)械式等(電磁式應(yīng)用最廣，90%以上繼電器為電磁式)。Accordingtotheprincipleofaction:electromagnetic,inductive,electric,electronic,mechanical,etc.(electromagneticisthemostwidelyused,morethan90%ofrelaysareelectromagnetic).電磁式繼電器Electromagneticrelays二、電氣基本元件II.Basicelectricalcomponents5.熔斷器Fuse

熔斷器的作用是短路和嚴(yán)重過載保護(hù)，主要串接于被保護(hù)電路的首端，F(xiàn)usesareusedforshort-circuitandsevereoverloadprotectionandaremainlyconnectedinseriesatthefirstendofthecircuitbeingprotected.

有著結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、維護(hù)方便、價(jià)格便宜、體積小、質(zhì)量輕的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。Ithastheadvantagesofsimplestructure,easymaintenance,lowprice,smallsizeandlightweight.

根據(jù)使用電壓可分為：高壓熔斷器、低壓熔斷器；Accordingtotheuseofvoltagecanbedividedinto:high-voltagefuses,low-voltagefuses.

根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)可分為：敞開式、半封閉式、管式、噴射式熔斷器。Accordingtothestructuretheycanbedividedinto:open,semi-enclosed,tubeandjetfuses.熔斷器FuseWaterTreatmentFundamentals-FundamentalsofAnalyticalTesting水處理基礎(chǔ)——分析檢測基礎(chǔ)

該部分包括三大類，即分析檢測類，含水樣采集、物理常數(shù)測定、滴定分析、比色分析等；實(shí)驗(yàn)室絮凝實(shí)驗(yàn)；微生物鏡檢實(shí)驗(yàn)。Thissectionincludesthreemaincategories,namelyanalyticaltesting,includingwatersamplecollection,physicalconstantdetermination,titrationanalysisandcolourimetricanalysis;laboratoryflocculationexperiments;andmicrobiologicalmicroscopyexperiments.化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室Chemistrylaboratory課程導(dǎo)入CourseIntroduction

在水處理技術(shù)中，化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室是其中重要組成部分，所占比重為30%左右。Thechemicallaboratoryisanimportantpartofwatertreatmenttechnology,accountingforaround30%ofthetotal.

水質(zhì)樣品的采集是分析檢測的第一步，Thecollectionofwaterqualitysamplesisthefirststepintheanalysisandtestingprocess,

對(duì)于采樣操作而言，其“科學(xué)性、代表性、均勻性、有效性”最為重要，要設(shè)法保持樣品原有的理化、微生物指標(biāo)，防止成分逸散或被其他物質(zhì)污染。Forthesamplingoperation,its"scientific,representative,uniformityandvalidity"ismostimportant,totrytomaintaintheoriginalphysical,chemicalandmicrobiologicalindicatorsofthesample,topreventthecomponentsfromescapingorbeingcontaminatedbyothersubstances.一、分析樣品的采集和運(yùn)輸I.Collectionandtransportofsamplesforanalysis

水樣采集后必須立即送回實(shí)驗(yàn)室，根據(jù)采樣點(diǎn)的地理位置和每個(gè)項(xiàng)目分析前最長可保存時(shí)間，選用適當(dāng)?shù)倪\(yùn)輸方式，在現(xiàn)場工作開始之前，就要安排好水樣的運(yùn)輸工作，以防延誤。Watersamplesmustbereturnedtothelaboratoryimmediatelyaftercollection.Dependingonthegeographicallocationofthesamplingsiteandthemaximumtimeeachitemcanbestoredbeforeanalysis,anappropriatemodeoftransportshouldbeselectedandarrangementsmadetotransportwatersamplesbeforefieldworkbeginstopreventdelays.一、分析樣品的采集和運(yùn)輸I.Collectionandtransportofsamplesforanalysis

稱量分析法指通過適當(dāng)方法把被測組分從試樣中分離出來，經(jīng)過干燥恒重后，稱量其質(zhì)量，從而計(jì)算出該組分的含量的分析方法。Weighingisananalyticalmethodinwhichthecomponenttobemeasuredisseparatedfromthesamplebyanappropriatemethod,driedtoaconstantweightandthenweighedtocalculatethecontentofthecomponent.

根據(jù)分離方法的不同，稱量分析的方法分揮發(fā)法和沉淀法兩大類。Dependingonthemethodofseparation,themethodsofweighingandanalysisaredividedintotwomaincategories:volatileandprecipitationmethods.二、稱量分析簡述II.Briefdescriptionofweighinganalysis

前者是利用物質(zhì)的揮發(fā)性，通過加熱和其他方法，使待測組分從試樣中逸出而進(jìn)行測定的方法。Theformerisamethodthatusesthevolatilityofasubstancetobemeasuredbyheatingandothermethodsthatcausethecomponenttobemeasuredtoescapefromthespecimen.

后者是使待測組分轉(zhuǎn)化為難溶化合物從溶液中沉淀出來，經(jīng)過過濾、洗滌、干燥或灼燒后稱量而進(jìn)行測定的方法。Thelatterisamethodinwhichthecomponenttobemeasuredisconvertedintoaninsolublecompoundthatisprecipitatedoutofsolution,filtered,washed,driedorcauterisedandthenweighedfordetermination.二、稱量分析簡述II.Briefdescriptionofweighinganalysis

在化學(xué)分析中，因測定原理和方法不同，可分為滴定分析和稱量分析。Inchemicalanalysis,dependingontheprincipleandmethodofdetermination,theycanbedividedintotitrimetricandweighinganalyses.三、滴定分析簡述III.Briefdescriptionoftitrationanalysis

滴定分析是將求含量的問題轉(zhuǎn)化成一個(gè)求體積的問題；Titrationanalysisisthetransformationoftheproblemoffindingcontentintoaproblemoffindingvolume.

而稱量分析中的沉淀法，則是將求含量的問題轉(zhuǎn)化成一個(gè)質(zhì)量換算和如何獲得一純凈、理想的難溶化合物的過程。Theprecipitationmethodinweighinganalysis,ontheotherhand,transformstheproblemoffindingcontentintoaprocessofmassconversionandhowtoobtainapure,ideallyinsolublecompound.電位滴定Potentiometrictitration稱量儀器WeighingInstruments

滴定分析法適用于被測組分含量在1%以上的物質(zhì)的測定。Thetitrimetricmethodissuitableforthedeterminationofsubstanceswithacontentof1%ormoreofthecomponenttobemeasured.三、滴定分析簡述III.Briefdescriptionoftitrationanalysis

該類分析的特點(diǎn)是設(shè)備簡單通用、操作簡便、省時(shí)快速，能保證分析結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確度和可靠性，相對(duì)誤差一般在0.1%~0.2%。Thistypeofanalysisischaracterisedbysimpleandversatileequipment,easyoperation,timesavingandrapidity,whichensurestheaccuracyandreliabilityoftheanalysisresults,witharelativeerrorof0.1%to0.2%ingeneral.

在儀器分析快速發(fā)展的今天，滴定分析法依然占有重要的地位。Intoday'srapidlyevolvingworldofinstrumentalanalysis,titrimetricmethodsstillhaveanimportantplace.

從日常生活中可知，許多物質(zhì)都有顏色，例如高錳酸鉀水溶液呈紫紅色，重鉻酸鉀水溶液呈橙色。Itisknownfromeverydaylifethatmanysubstanceshaveacolour,forexampleanaqueoussolutionofpotassiumpermanganateispurplishredandanaqueoussolutionofpotassiumdichromateisorange.

當(dāng)含有這些物質(zhì)的濃度發(fā)生改變時(shí)，溶液顏色的深淺度也就隨之變化。Whentheconcentrationofthesesubstancesischanged,theshadeofthesolutionchanges.四、分光光度簡述IV.Briefdescriptionofspectrophotometry高錳酸鉀水溶液Potassiumpermanganateaqueoussolution重鉻酸鉀水溶液Potassiumdichromateaqueoussolution四、分光光度簡述IV.Briefdescriptionofspectrophotometry

溶液濃度越大，顏色越深；溶液濃度越小,顏色越淺。Thegreatertheconcentrationofthesolution,thedarkerthecolour;thesmallertheconcentrationofthesolution,thelighterthecolour.

因此可以利用比較溶液顏色深淺的方法來確定溶液中有色物質(zhì)的含量。這種方法我們稱之為比色法。Therefore,itispossibletodeterminetheamountofcolouredsubstancesinasolutionbycomparingthecolourofthesolution.Thismethodisknownasthecolourimetricmethod.

最初，人們只是對(duì)有色物質(zhì)的含量進(jìn)行測定,因此出現(xiàn)了“目視比色法”。Initially,onlythecontentofcolouredsubstanceswasmeasured,hencethe"visualcolourimetricmethod".四、分光光度簡述IV.Briefdescriptionofspectrophotometry

發(fā)展到后來，人們發(fā)現(xiàn),溶液的顏色是由于物質(zhì)對(duì)光的選擇性吸收而產(chǎn)生的,可以用濾光片和光電池客觀地測量溶液的濃度,Later,itwasdiscoveredthatthecolourofasolutionwasduetotheselectiveabsorptionoflightbythesubstanceandthattheconcentrationofthesolutioncouldbemeasuredobjectivelyusingfiltersandphotocells,

從而出現(xiàn)了“光電比色法”。leadingtothe"photoelectriccolourimetricmethod".

并由此延伸到無色的物質(zhì)含量的測定，隨著近代測試儀器的發(fā)展，又用分光光度計(jì)代替了比色計(jì)，出現(xiàn)了分光光度法。Andthiswasextendedtothedeterminationofthecontentofcolourlesssubstances.Withthedevelopmentofrecenttestinginstruments,spectrophotometerswereagainusedinsteadofcolorimetry,andspectrophotometricmethodsemerged.分光光度計(jì)Spectrophotometer四、分光光度簡述IV.Briefdescriptionofspectrophotometry

基于物質(zhì)光化學(xué)性質(zhì)而建立起來的分析方法稱為光化學(xué)分析法，分為：光譜分析法和非光譜分析法。Analyticalmethodsbasedonthephotochemicalpropertiesofsubstancesarecalledphotochemicalmethodsandaredividedinto:spectroscopicandnon-spectroscopicmethods.

依據(jù)物質(zhì)對(duì)光的擇性吸收而建立起來的分析方法稱為吸光光度法，主要有以下三種：紅外吸收光譜法、紫外吸收光譜法（稱紫外分光光度法)、可見吸收光譜（稱可見分光光度法)。Analyticalmethodsbasedontheselectiveabsorptionoflightbysubstancesareknownasabsorbancephotometryandtherearethreemaintypes:infraredabsorptionspectrometry,ultravioletabsorptionspectrometry(calledUVspectrophotometry)andvisibleabsorptionspectrometry(calledvisiblespectrophotometry).四、分光光度簡述IV.Briefdescriptionofspectrophotometry

吸光光度法，主要有以下三種：Absorbancephotometricmethods,ofwhichtherearethreemaintypes.

紅外吸收光譜法Infraredabsorptionspectroscopy

紫外吸收光譜法（稱紫外分光光度法)Ultravioletabsorptionspectrometry(calledUVspectrophotometry)

可見吸收光譜（稱可見分光光度法)Visibleabsorptionspectroscopy(calledvisiblespectrophotometry)四、分光光度簡述IV.Briefdescriptionofspectrophotometry

紅外吸收光譜法：屬于分子振動(dòng)光譜，吸收光波長范圍在2.5~1000mm，主要用于有機(jī)化合物結(jié)構(gòu)鑒定。Infraredabsorptionspectroscopy:Itbelongstomolecularvibrationspectroscopy,withabsorptionwavelengthsintherangeof2.5~1000mm,andismainlyusedforstructuralidentificationoforganiccompounds.有機(jī)化合物結(jié)構(gòu)Structureoforganiccompounds四、分光光度簡述IV.Briefdescriptionofspectrophotometry

紫外吸收光譜法（稱紫外分光光度法）：屬于電子能級(jí)間的躍遷光譜，吸收光波長范圍在200~400nm（近紫外區(qū)），可在結(jié)構(gòu)鑒定和定量分析中應(yīng)用。UVabsorptionspectroscopy(calledUVspectrophotometry):Itbelongstothespectrumofleapsbetweenelectronenergylevelsandabsorbslightinthewavelengthrangeof200-400nm(nearUVregion),whichcanbeappliedinstructureidentificationandquantitativeanalysis.四、分光光度簡述IV.Briefdescriptionofspectrophotometry

可見吸收光譜（稱可見分光光度法）：電子躍遷光譜，吸收光波長范圍為400~780nm，主要用于有色物質(zhì)的定量分析。Visibleabsorptionspectroscopy(calledvisiblespectrophotometry):electronleapspectroscopywithabsorptionlightinthewavelengthrangeof400to780nm,mainlyusedforthequantitativeanalysisofcolouredsubstances.

水質(zhì)理化指標(biāo)一般分理化檢測、無機(jī)陰離子、營養(yǎng)鹽、有機(jī)污染物、微生物等幾類檢測。Waterqualityphysicalandchemicalindicatorsaregenerallydividedintoseveralcategoriesoftestingsuchasphysicalandchemicaltesting,inorganicanions,nutrients,organicpollutantsandmicroorganisms.五、理化指標(biāo)檢測簡述V.Briefdescriptionofphysicalandchemicalindicatorstesting

按分析操作手段分為現(xiàn)場檢測、滴定分析檢測、分光光度檢測、色譜檢測、微生物檢測等幾類經(jīng)典檢測操作。Accordingtothemeansofanalysisoperationsaredividedintoseveralcategoriesofclassicaltestingoperationssuchasfieldtesting,titrationanalysistesting,spectrophotometrictesting,chromatographictestingandmicrobiologicaltesting.

微生物在污水處理廠生化系統(tǒng)調(diào)試、后期穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行和工藝調(diào)整過程中，起著很重要的指示作用。Microorganismsplayaveryimportantindicativeroleinthecommissioningofbiochemicalsystemsinwastewatertreatmentplants,laterstabilisationoperationsandprocessadjustments.六、微生物檢測簡述VI.Briefdescriptionofmicrobiologicaltesting

通過鏡檢活性污泥中的微生物狀況，可以獲得該活性污泥的相關(guān)性狀信息，對(duì)生產(chǎn)起到一定指導(dǎo)作用。Themicroscopicexaminationofthemicrobialstatusoftheactivatedsludgeprovidesinformationonthetraitsofthisactivatedsludge,whichcanbeusedasaguideforproduction.六、微生物檢測簡述VI.Briefdescriptionofmicrobiologicaltesting

在活性污泥系統(tǒng)中，根據(jù)對(duì)活性污泥是否有利將原生動(dòng)物分為非活性污泥類原生動(dòng)物、中間活性污泥類原生動(dòng)物和活性污泥類原生動(dòng)物。Inactivatedsludgesystems,protozoaareclassifiedintoinactivesludgeprotozoa,intermediateactivatedsludgeprotozoaandactivatedsludgeprotozoabasedonwhethertheyarebeneficialtotheactivatedsludge.七、在線分析檢測VII.On-lineanalyticaltesting1.簡述Briefdescription

在線分析是指采用自動(dòng)采樣系統(tǒng)，將試樣自動(dòng)輸入分析儀器中進(jìn)行連續(xù)或間歇連續(xù)分析的分析技術(shù)。On-lineanalysisisananalyticaltechniquethatusesanautomatedsamplingsystemtoautomaticallyfeedaspecimenintoananalyticalinstrumentforcontinuousorabbreviatedcontinuousanalysis.

在線分析、內(nèi)線分析和外感分析這3種分析方式統(tǒng)稱為在線分析。The3typesofanalysis-onlineanalysis,inlineanalysisandexternalsensoryanalysis-arecollectivelyreferredtoasonlineanalysis.在線分析儀Onlineanalysers七、在線分析檢測VII.On-lineanalyticaltesting

與經(jīng)典的化學(xué)分析或?qū)嶒?yàn)室一般的儀器分析相比，在線分析具有分析速度快、效率高、操作簡單、自動(dòng)化程度高、節(jié)省人力以及試劑用量等特點(diǎn)，可實(shí)現(xiàn)連續(xù)檢測和數(shù)據(jù)處理計(jì)算機(jī)化，消除了人為產(chǎn)生的誤差。Comparedtoclassicalchemicalanalysisorgeneralinstrumentalanalysisinthelaboratory,on-lineanalysisischaracterisedbyfastandefficientanalysis,simpleoperation,highdegreeofautomation,savingsinmanpoweraswellasreagentconsumption,continuoustestingandcomputeriseddataprocessing,eliminatinghuman-generatederrors.在線分析儀Onlineanalysers七、在線分析檢測VII.On-lineanalyticaltesting2.分類Classification

在線分析基本可分為以下4種：間歇式在線分析、連續(xù)式在線分析、直接在線分析、非接觸在線分析。Onlineanalysiscanbasicallybedividedintothefollowingfourtypes:intermittentonlineanalysis,continuousonlineanalysis,directonlineanalysisandnon-contactonlineanalysis.

在線分析儀器按測量原理可分為8類：電化學(xué)式，熱學(xué)式，磁學(xué)式，光學(xué)、電子光學(xué)及離子光學(xué)式，射線式或輻射式，色譜儀與質(zhì)譜儀，物性測量儀表，其他（如半導(dǎo)體氣敏傳感器等）。On-lineanalyticalinstrumentscanbedividedinto8categoriesaccordingtothemeasuringprinciple:electrochemical,thermal,magnetic,optical,electro-opticalandion-optical,radiometricorradiation,chromatographsandmassspectrometers,physicalmeasuringinstruments,others(e.g.semiconductorgassensors,etc.).七、在線分析檢測VII.On-lineanalyticaltesting3.組成Composition對(duì)于大型在線分析儀器來說，一般包括6個(gè)部分：Forlargein-lineanalyticalinstruments,therearegenerallysixcomponents：自動(dòng)取樣裝置Automaticsamplingdevice試樣預(yù)處理系統(tǒng)Specimenpre-treatmentsystems檢測器Detectors信息處理系統(tǒng)Informationprocessingsystems顯示器Displays整機(jī)自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)Automaticcontrolsystemforthewholemachine七、在線分析檢測VII.On-lineanalyticaltesting4.主要優(yōu)勢(shì)Keybenefits

離線分析在時(shí)間上有滯后性，得到的是歷史性分析數(shù)據(jù)，而在線分析得到的是實(shí)時(shí)的分析數(shù)據(jù)，能真實(shí)地反映生產(chǎn)過程地變化，通過反饋線路，可立即用于生產(chǎn)過程地控制和最優(yōu)化。Off-lineanalysishasatimelagandobtainshistoricalanalysisdata,whileon-lineanalysisobtainsreal-timeanalysisdata,whichcantrulyreflectthechangesintheproductionprocessandcanbeusedimmediatelyforcontrolandoptimisationoftheproductionprocessthroughfeedbacklines.

離線分析通常指示用于產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的檢驗(yàn)，而在線分析可以進(jìn)行全程質(zhì)量控制，保證整個(gè)生產(chǎn)過程最優(yōu)化。Whereasoff-lineanalysisisusuallyindicatedforproductqualitychecks,in-lineanalysisallowsforfullqualitycontrolandensuresthattheentireproductionprocessisoptimised.七、在線分析檢測VII.On-lineanalyticaltesting5.應(yīng)用Applications

在線檢測系統(tǒng)在水處理中應(yīng)用廣泛，Onlinetestingsystemsarewidelyusedinwatertreatment.

比如:Forexample:

在線PH檢測OnlinePHmeasurement

在線氨氮（NH3-N）檢測Onlineammonianitrogen(NH3-N)detection

在線化學(xué)需氧