2024年東盟石油和天然氣更新報告（英文版）-東盟

ASEAN

OilandGasUpdates

2024

1

ASEANOilandGasUpdates2024

ASEANOilandGasUpdates2024examinesthecurrentstateandemergingtrendsinASEAN’soilandgasindustry.ItprovideskeystatisticsandanalysestheoilandnaturalgassituationinASEAN,coveringreserves,production,consumption,trade,infrastructure,policytrends,investments,andenergytransitioninitiatives.

Thiseditioncoverstherecentstatusofthetradebalanceandmovement,andinvestmentsininfrastructuredevelopment.AlsoincludedherearedescriptionsofrecentinitiativesrelatingtoASEAN’senergysecurityandenergytransition.

Ouraimistoequipstakeholderswithahigh-leveloverviewoftheoilandgasindustryinASEANtonavigateitsever-evolvinglandscapeandtopointoutopportunitiesforgovernmentstomaximisesustainablegrowth.

Thedatawerecollectedfromvariousreliablesources:officialreportsfromthegovernments,theprivatesector,internationalorganisations,andtheASEANCentreforEnergyreport,mainly8thASEANEnergyOutlook.

ThispublicationhasbenefittedfromtheoverallguidanceofACE’sActingExecutiveDirector,Mr,BeniSuryadiandMrSuwanto,SeniorAnalystfromthePower,FossilFuel,AlternativeEnergy,andStorage(PFS)Department.ThispublicationwasledbyShaniaEsmeraldaManaloe,andpreparedbyIgnatiusBimaTorenceandLintangAmbarPramestifromthePFSDepartment.

ACEcolleagues,AdelineWicaksono,AldillaNoorRakhiemah(ACCEPTTeam),BayuJamalullael,DyntaTrishanaMunardy,RikaSafrina,andSilviraAyuRosaliaprovidedhelpfulsupport,reviews,andfeedback.PublicationwassupportedbyAureliaSyafinaLuthfifromCommunicationsTeam.

Contact:

secretariat@

December2024

2

ASEANOilandGasUpdates2024

Abbreviation

BBO

BillionBarrelsofOilEquivalent

RRR

ReserveReplacementRatio

BCFD

BillionCubicFeetperDay

MBOPD

ThousandBarrelsofOilperDay

BCF

BillionCubicFeet

MMBtu

MillionBritishThermalUnits

BOE

BarrelofOilEquivalent

MMbbl

MillionBarrelofOil

BOED

BarrelofOilEquivalentperDay

Mt

Megatonne

BOPD

BarrelsofOilperDay

MW

Megawatt

BSCFD

BillionStandardCubicFeetperDay

MTOE

MillionTonnesofOilEquivalent

FSRU

FloatingStorageRegasificationUnit

TCM

TrillionCubicMeters

FSU

FloatingStorageUnit

TCF

TrillionCubicFeet

kb/d

ThousandBarrelsperDay

MTPA

MillionTonnesperAnnum

3

ASEANOilandGasUpdates2024

2023Highlight

OilandGasReserves

OilandGasProduction

OilandGasConsumption

OilandGasTrade

OilandGasInfrastructure

PathtoDecarbonisation

ASEAN’soilreservesincreasedby1.25%andnaturalgasreservesdeclinedby0.94%in2023

Theregion'soilproductiondecreasedby0.51%,whilenaturalgasproductionincreasedslightlyby0.84%.

Economicgrowthledtoanincreaseofoilandgasconsumptionintheregionin2023,to4.19%and4.56%,respectively.

ASEANcountriesarenetimportersofcrudeoil,with92%sourcedfromoutsidetheregion,whilehalfofthemarenetexportersofnaturalgas,with81%exportedtooutsidetheregion.

Atotalof6.36Mtpanewregasificationcapacityand3.89Mtpanewliquefactioncapacitywereaddedin2023

ASEANnationaloilcompaniesareachievingnet-zeroemissionsby

reducingoperations,investinginrenewableenergyandelectricmobility,andcollaboratingwithforeigncompaniesforcleanenergyinitiatives.

4

ASEANOilandGasUpdates2024

Reserves,Production,andConsumption

ACE.Allrightsreserved.

ASEANOilandGasUpdates2024

ProvenReserves

ASEAN’sprovenoilreservesincreased,andnaturalgasreservesdecreasedin2023.

Theregion'scombinedcrudeoilreservesin2023reached11.9BBO,markinga1.25%increasecomparedto2022.ThisgrowthwasprimarilydrivenbyIndonesia'soilreserves,whichgrewby6.17%,risingfrom2.27to2.41BBO.

Ontheotherhand,theregion'snaturalgasreservesdeclinedby0.94%,duetoa3.79%decreaseinIndonesia’snaturalgasreserves.BesidesIndonesia,othercountrieshavenotreportedtheiroilandgasreservesyet.

CrudeOilReserves(BBO)NaturalGasReserves(TCM)

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

201820192020202120222023

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

201820192020202120222023

BruneiDarussalamCambodiaIndonesiaLaoPDRMalaysiaMyanmarPhilippinesSingaporeThailandVietNam

6

ACE.Allrightsreserved.Source:ACEDatabase,Indonesia’sMEMRHandbookofEnergy&EconomicStatisticsofIndonesia

ASEANOilandGasUpdates2024

2023wastheoutstandingyearinIndonesia'soilandgasexplorationinthelasttwo

decades,withMalaysiaalsoshowingexceptionalresults.

ThailandalsoexperiencedsomenotableresultsontheirdrillingeffortsinGulfThailand.OperatedbyaCanadiancompany,ValeuraEnergy,theseeffortshavesignificantlyextendedtheeconomiclifeofthefield.

Thecompanydrilledsix(6)

production-orienteddevelopmentinfillwells,five(5)appraisalwells,andone(1)

workoverwellin2023,

resultinginareplacementofmorethandoublethevolumeofoilproducedbyallfieldsin2023,with219%ofReserveReplacementRatio(RRR).

VietNam’soilandgasexplorationandproductionsectorachievedremarkablesuccessin2023byreachingitsannualtargetforincreasingreserves

afullmonth

and10daysaheadofschedule

.ByNovember2023,reserveshadreached12MTOE,wellwithintheyear'stargetrangeof8-16MTOE.

Indonesiaremainscommittedtoincreasingoilandgasproductionwhilesustainingitsreserves.In2023,atotalof

38explorationwellsweredrilled,

withthetotalinvestmentinexplorationreachedUSD900million,thehighestinthepastsixyears.Thecountrymadesignificantexplorationefforts,highlightedbytwomajorgasfielddiscoveries:GengNorth,withtotalof5TCFofgasandupto400MMbblofcondensate,andLayaran,with3.3TCFofrecoverablegas.Bothfieldsrankamongthe

topfivelargestglobaldiscoveries

in2023.

AlthoughUSD

13.7billion

wasinvestedinupstreamoilandgas,thisamountfellshortoftheUSD15billiontarget.Theincreaseininvestmentwasdrivenbyfiscalsystemimprovementsandgovernmentenablers.ByJuly,91MMbblofoiland2.2BCFofgasreserveshadbeenadded.Beyondexploration,enhancedoilrecovery(EOR)methodsarebeingemployed,includingCO?injectionusingthe

Huff&Puff

methodattheSukowatiFieldinEastJava.Furthermore,aUSD300millionchemical-enhancedrecoveryprojectisplannedfortheRantaubaisandMinasFields.

Malaysia’sstate-ownedoilcompany,Petronas,achievedimpressiveexplorationresultsin2023,recording19newexplorationdiscoveriesandtwoexploration-appraisalsuccesses.Theseeffortscontributed1BBOinnewresourcesforMalaysia.Petronasalsoincreaseditsexplorationactivity,drillingthehighestnumberofexplorationwellsinasingleyearsince2015.

Ofthe25wellsdrilled,19weresuccessful,reflectinga

76%successrate,

upfrom60%in2022.OverhalfofthediscoveriesoccurredintheSarawakBasin.ThecompanyseescontinuedpotentialinMalaysia’smaturebasinsandhasadoptedanewexplorationstrategyfocusingonnear-fieldopportunitiestoenablefastermonetization.However,challengessuchaslimited

rigandworkersavailability

stillexist.

7

ACE.Allrightsreserved.

IllustrationbyFreepik

ASEANOilandGasUpdates2024

ASEANOilandGasExplorationin2023

SarawakBasinsawthemostexplorationwellsdrilledinMalaysia,ledbyvariousoperators.

長valeuraenergy

1.NongYao-13

2.Niramai-4

3.Niramai-1

Meanwhile,significantdiscoveriesintheseasofSumatraandSouthKalimantanthisyearhighlightIndonesia’spromising,untappedenergyresources.

1.Dermawan-1

2.Hikmat-1

3.Layang-Layang-1

BungaLavatera-1

1.SKBasin/Balingian(9Wells)

2.SKBasin/WestLuconia(4Wells)

3.SKBasin/CentralLuconia(3Wells)

Layaran-1

SimpohBeludu-1

6TCF(GasInPlaceEstimation)

Adiwarna-1x(MahakamBlock)

GengNorth1

5TCF(GasInPlaceEstimation)

ACE.Allrightsreserved.8

ASEANOilandGasUpdates2024

Production

Oilandgasproductioncontinuestodeclineasseveralmajorproducersmissedthesettargets.

AMSproduced1.48MBOPDin2023,a0.51%decreasefromthepreviousyear.IndonesiaandMalaysiaremaindominant,accountingfor75.78%oftotaloilproduction.IndonesiaandBruneiDarussalamincreasedtheiroiloutput,whileMalaysiaexperiencedaslightreduction.Oilproductionintheregionisfallingatapproximately7.51%annuallysince2016.

CrudeOilProduction(MBOPD)

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0

20162017201820192020202120222023

Theregion’sgasproductionincreasedby0.84%comparedtolastyear,amountingto19.8BSCFD,afterexperiencedadeclineforeachyearfrom2016to2023,withtheaveragedeclineof3.02%annually.Thegrowthwasdrivenbymodestproductionincreasesinseveralcountries,includingtheregion’stopthreeproducers:Indonesia,whichroseby1.52%,from6.59to6.69BSCFD;Malaysia,whichincreasedby0.77%;andThailand,whichgrewby0.25%.

GasProduction(BSCFD)

25

20

15

10

5

0

20162017201820192020202120222023

Source:ACEDatabase,HandbookofEnergy&EconomicStatisticsofIndonesia2023ESDM,Petronas

BruneiDarussalamCambodiaIndonesiaLaoPDRMalaysiaMyanmarPhilippinesSingaporeThailandVietNam

ACE.Allrightsreserved.9

ASEANOilandGasUpdates2024

Retainingoilandgassupplyremainsabigchallengefortheregion,withthedepletion

ofmajorfieldsdespitenewdiscoveries.

OilproductiondeclinesinASEANaremainlydrivenbythedepletionofmajorfields.

Advancedproductionmethodssuchasworkoverandenhancedoilrecoveryareneededtocurbthedecline.Despitetheinvestmenttowardstheupstreamoperationintheregionremainshigh,thechallengesinraisingtheproductionatthematurefieldshavepersisted.Theroleofthegovernmentwillbecomeincreasinglycriticaltoensuretoencourageinvestmentforproductionenhancementinmaturefieldssincetheoilandgasdemandisstillexpectedtogrowsignificantlyinthenext15yearsunderthebaselinescenarioofthe8thASEANEnergyOutlook.

ACE.Allrightsreserved.

IllustrationbyFreepik

Indonesia’soiloutputis605MBOPDin2023.Aslightdecreasecomparedto2022(622MBOPD)butstillasignificantdecreasecomparedtothe2021level(687MBOPD).RokanField,amaturefieldwhichcurrentlythehighestproducerfieldinthecountrycontinuesitsproductiondeclinetrend,withadecreasefrom185MBOPDin2022to162MBOPDin2023.Few

initiatives

suchaswelloptimisation,workovers,anddrillingprogramwellclusteringhavebeendonetominimisethereduction.

Toattractmoreinvestment,workareaofferingsarebeingmadewithmoreattractiveprofit-sharingterms.Amongtheseisanincreaseinthe

split-sharing

arrangement,

allowingcontractorsanafter-taxsplitofupto50%forhigh-riskworkareas.Additionally,contractorshavetheflexibilitytochoosebetweenCostRecoveryandGrossSplitproduct-sharingcontractschemes.

Malaysia’soilandgasremainstablein2023,withonlyaslightdecreasefrom506BOPDto500BOPDthisyearforcrudeoilproductionandaslightincreaseofgasproductionto7BSCFD.Petronascurrentlyinvestingmostofthecapitalexpenditureinthe

developmentofgasfields

butisstillcommittedtoinvestinginoilexplorationtofillupthecountry’srefinery.

Thailand’soilproductionhassteadilydeclinedeachyearsince2017,dropping11%in2023duetothedepletionofmaturefieldslikeErawanandTantawan.

However,

gasproductionroseby0.25%in2023,

drivenbyincreaseddrillingin

theBongkotField,

whichboostedoutputfrom508MMSCFDto812MMSCFD,

offsettingslightdeclinesinotherfields.

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ASEANOilandGasUpdates2024

Reserve-ReplacementRatio

IndonesiaoutperformedtheotherAMSinmaintainingitsoilreserves,yetthenaturalgasreplacementwasnotsustainableenoughdespitesomesuccessfuldiscoveriesin2023.

In2023,mostASEANoilproducersmaintainedaRRRofnearly1.00.Indonesiaincreaseditsoilreservereplacementto1.62,amoresustainablelevelthanin2022.However,itsgasreservereplacement,althoughimprovedfrom-2.03in2022to0.34in2023,remainedunsustainable.Thiscouldbeduetomajorrevisionsofpreviouslyrecordedreservesornewdiscoveriesremainunrecorded.

TheReserve-ReplacementRatio(RRR)isametricusedtoevaluatetheabilityofacountrytosustainitscurrentproductionlevel.Itiscalculatedbydividingthenetchangesofbookedreserve,includingfromnewdiscoveries,extensions,revisions,andenhancedrecoverybutexcludingcumulativeproduction,withthecumulativeproductionoverthegivenperiodinacountry.

IftheRRRis1.00orgreater,thenetchangeinreservesispositiveandequaltothecumulativeproductionduringaperiod,meaningthatthecurrentlevelofproductionissustainable.

Tonote:TheRRRmetriccanbemisleadingasitdependsoneachcountry’sreportingpractices.OnlyIndonesiareporteditsoilandgasreservesthisyear,whileothercountrieshavenotupdatedtheirdata.

BruneiDarussalamIndonesiaMalaysiaThailandVietNam

11

Source:ACEDatabase,8thASEANEnergyOutlook

ACE.Allrightsreserved.

ASEANOilandGasUpdates2024

Consumption

TheAMS’oilandnaturalgasconsumptionincreasedin2023aseconomicexpansiondrovehigherenergydemand.

TheregionGPDgrewby4.07%from2022to2023,drovetheregion’stotaloilandgasconsumptionforenergyusegrewby4.19%and4.56%,respectivelycomparedtolastyearvalue.Allcountriesexperiencedgrowth,withCambodiahavingthehighestincreaseinoilconsumptionat7.57%,followedbyMalaysia,thePhilippines,andIndonesia.IndonesiaandMalaysiaalsorecordedthehighestgrowthinnaturalgasconsumption,withincreasesof5.51%and5.09%,respectively.

OilTFEC(MTOE)

200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

201520162017201820192020202120222023

Accordingtothe8thASEANEnergyOutlook,by2050,oilandgasconsumptionisprojectedtoriseby2.37timesand2.63times,respectively,undertheBAS,andby29.45%and87.3%,respectively,undertheATScomparedto2023levels,astheRealGDPisprojectedtobe2.83timeshigherin2050comparedto2023levels

TotalFinalEnergyConsumption(TFEC):Thesumofenergyconsumptionbyend-usesectors,excludingnon-energyuseandinternationaltransportation.Theend-usesectorsincludeagriculture,commercial,industrial,residential,andtransportation.

TheBaselineScenario(BAS):scenariobasedonthehistoricaltrendwithoutanypolicyintervention

AMSTargetsScenario(ATS):scenariothatconsiderstheenergypoliciesofeachAMS,suchaspowerdevelopmentplans,renewableenergy(RE),andenergyefficiencyandconservation(EE&C)

NaturalGasTFEC(MTOE)

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

201520162017201820192020202120222023

BruneiDarussalamCambodiaIndonesiaLaoPDRMalaysiaMyanmarPhilippinesSingaporeThailandVietNam

12

ACE.Allrightsreserved.Source:ACEDatabase,8thASEANEnergyOutlook

ASEANOilandGasUpdates2024

Trade

ACE.Allrightsreserved.

ASEANOilandGasUpdates2024

CrudeOilTradeBalance

NoneoftheAMSwasanetoilexporterin2023,andASEAN’soiltradedeficitgrewby7%comparedtolastyear.

ASEAN'scrudeoiltradedeficitexpandedby13.68%,increasingfrom124.62Mtin2022to134.22Mtin2023.Withgrowingdemandanddecliningdomesticproduction,noneoftheAMSremainednetoilexporters,continuingthetrendsince2022.

50

0

-50

-100

-150

CrudeOilNetExport(Mt)

source:

2017201820192020202120222023

Indonesia’scrudeoiltradedeficitexpandedonceagain,reachinga14.99Mtdeficitin2023,83%highercomparedtothepre-covidlevels.

Singaporeslightlydecreaseditscrudeoilimportby3.75%comparedtothe2022levels,

partlyduetoloweroilprices

.

Malaysiahadthebiggestgrowthincrudeoiltradedeficit,withan81.49%increaseinthedeficit,witha5.89Mtdeficitin2022to10.69Mtin2023.

BruneiDarussalamexperiencedasignificantreductioninitsoiltradedeficit,drivenbya19.74%increaseinexportsanda13.29%riseinimports.

BruneiDarussalam

Philippines

Cambodia

Singapore

Indonesia

Thailand

LaoPDR

VietNam

Malaysia

-seN

Myanmar

Asoneofthelargestoilimportersintheregion,Thailand'soiltradedeficitcontinuestogrow,showinga10%increasecomparedtothepreviousyear.

14

ACE.Allrightsreserved.

ASEANOilandGasUpdates2024

CrudeOilImportDependency

TheAMSdependencyofcrudeoilimportsisincreasing,astheregiondemandgrowsandtheproductiondeclines.

ImportDependency

100%

75%

50%

25%

0%

-25%

Twoclusterswereidentified:onewithdependencyconsistentlynearing

100%andanotherwithdependencyaround50%orless.

Continuingthe2022trend,allASEANcountriesremainednetoilimportersin2023,withtheregionexperiencinga2-percentage-pointincreaseinoilimportdependencycomparedtothepreviousyear.ThisgrowingdependencywasprimarilydrivenbyMalaysiaandIndonesia.Malaysiasawthemostsignificantrise,withdependencyjumpingfrom19%in2022to30%in2023.Indonesia'sdependencyincreasedslightly,from30%to33%.

Incontrast,BruneiDarussalam'sdependencydroppedsignificantlyby12percentagepointsfrom2022levels.TheoilimportdependencyofthePhilippines,Singapore,Thailand,andVietNamstayedstable,withSingapore,thePhilippines,andThailandhavingthehighestdependencyratesat100%,99%,and93%,respectively.Withoildemandexpectedtocontinuegrowing,enhancingenergysecurityisapriorityforAMS.

202120222023

Importdependenceistheratioofnetimport(importminusexport)todomesticconsumption(netimportplusdomesticproduction).Highimportdependencymeansthatthecountryishighlyreliantonimporttomeetitsdomesticdemand.NotethatCambodiaandLaoPDRarenotincludedinthefigureastheyimportoilproductsinsteadduetotheirsmallrefinerycapacity.

15

ACE.Allrightsreserved.Source:

ASEANOilandGasUpdates2024

CrudeOilMovementin2023-ByRegion

Crudeoilsupplyintheregionwasdominatedbyimportsfromoutsidetheregion.

Duetolimitedoilproduction,92%ofcrudeoilimportsinASEANcamefromoutsidetheregion,aslightdecreasefrom93%thepreviousyear.SingaporeandThailandwerethelargestimporters,accountingfor62%oftheregion'stotalimportsin2023.

Intermsofexports,55%ofASEAN'scrudeoilwasshippedtodestinationsoutsidetheregion,whiletheremaining45%stayedwithinASEAN.Malaysiaretaineditspositionastheregion'slargestoilexporter,with10.3Mtofcrudeoilexported,primarilytoThailand,Japan,andAustralia.

CrudeOilImportandExportCrudeOilNetExport(Mt)

10

0

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

ImportOriginExportDestination

8%

92%

Brunei

IndonesiaMalaysiaPhilippinesSingaporeThailandVietnam

45%55%

Darussalam

AMSNon-AMSAMSNon-AMS

ExporttoAMSExporttonon-AMSImportfromAMSImportfromnon-AMSNetexport

16

ACE.Allrightsreserved.

Source:

ASEANOilandGasUpdates2024

CrudeOilMovementin2023-ByCountry

ASEANaswholerananoiltradedeficit,withmostofthecrudeoilcomingfromUAE,SaudiArabia,andtheUS.

Theregion’scrudeoilimportfromoutsideASEANgrewby18%thisyear.TherewasnosignificantchangefromthepreviousyearinASEAN'sprimarysourcesofcrudeoil,withSaudiArabiaandtheUnitedArabEmiratesaccountingfor49%ofallcrudeoilimportsfromnon-ASEANcountries.

TheUnitedStates,accountingfor12%forcombinedcrudeoilimportsfromoutsideregion,remainsASEAN’sthird-largestcrudeoiltradingpartner,withmostexportsdirectedtoSingapore.ForThailand,theUnitedArabEmiratescontinuestobethelargestcrudeoilsupplier.

20Mt

OutsideASEAN

11Mt

ASEAN

152Mt

OutsideASEAN

17

ACE.Allrightsreserved.Source:T

ASEANOilandGasUpdates2024

NaturalGasTradeBalance

ASEANcontinuetheirdecliningtrendofnaturalgasexportfromtheregionin2023.

In2023,ASEANcontinuedtomaintainitsstatusasanetexporterofnaturalgas.BruneiDarussalam,Indonesia,Malaysia,andMyanmarremainednetexporters,offsettingthenetimportsofSingaporeandThailand.Theregion’snetexportsdeclinedby13%comparedto2022,markingatotaldecreaseof66%from2019,whichwasthehighestpointfornetexportsinthepastfiveyears.

NaturalGasExport(Mt)

90

70

50

30

10

-10

-30

201820192020202120222023

BruneiDarussalamMalaysia

Thailand

CambodiaMyanmarVietNam

IndonesiaPhilippines

LaoPDR

Singapore

AccordingtotheASEANCentreofEnergy’sanalysisinthe8thASEANEnergyOutlook,underthebaselinescenario,ASEANisprojectedtobecomeanetimporterofnaturalgasby2027.

TheIndonesiangovernmenthaspledgedtoenhancedomesticgasuseandgraduallycurtailexportstomaintainenergysecurityandindependence,therebybolsteringeconomicgrowth.Indonesia’snetexportsdeclinedby3%comparedtolastyear.

Thailandremainsthebiggestnaturalgasimporter,withnetimportsincreasingby11%comparedtolastyear.Thailand’seconomyisheavilyreliantonnaturalgas.Accordingtothecountry’sNationalPowerDevelopmentPlan,thegascontributiontotheenergymixisprojectedtoincrease,aimingat53%by2037.

Singapore’snaturalgastradedeficitincreasedby2%duetorisingnaturalgasimports,asgasisthemainsourceofthecountry’selectricity.Thistrendisexpectedtocontinueintheshortterm,withnaturalgasimportslikelytoincreaseinthecomingyears.

18

ACE.Allrightsreserved.Source:

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

-5

-10

-15

-20

ASEANOilandGasUpdates2024

NaturalGasTradeMovementin2023-ByRegion

ASEANmaintaineditsstatusasanetnaturalgasexporter,with81%ofitsexportssenttodestinationsoutsidetheregion.

In2023,ASEANmaintaineditspositionasanetexporterofnaturalgas,withtotalexportsreaching55.8Mt,upfrom51Mtin2022.Ofthis,80%wasexportedtomarketsoutsideofASEAN.

NaturalGasNetExport(Mt)

Brunei

CambodiaIndonesiaMalaysiaMyanmarSingaporeThailandVietnam

Darussalam

Malaysiaremainedtheregion'slargestnaturalgasexporter,delivering28.91Mt,primarilytoJapan,China,andSouthKorea,whileonly12%wasexportedwithinASEAN.Indonesiarankedasthesecond-largestexporter,with30%ofitsgasexportsstayingwithinASEAN,whereSingaporewasthelargestrecipient.Thailandwasthelargestnaturalgasimporterinthe