2025年高考英語試題分類匯編之科普類閱讀理解

高考資源網(wǎng)（），您身邊的高考專家PAGE歡迎廣大教師踴躍來稿，稿酬豐厚。PAGE2高考資源網(wǎng)（），您身邊的高考專家歡迎廣大教師踴躍來稿，稿酬豐厚。2025年高考英語試題分類匯編之科普類閱讀理解【重慶卷】CAlmosteverymachinewithmovingpartshaswheels,yetnooneknowsexactlywhenthefirstwheelwasinventedorwhatitwasusedfor.Wedoknow,however,thattheyexistedover5,500yearsagoinancientAsia.Theoldestknowntransportwheelwasdiscoveredin2002inSlovenia.Itisover5,100yearsold.Evidencesuggeststhatwheelsfortransportdidn'tbecomepopularforawhile,though.Thiscouldbebecauseanimalsdidaperfectlygoodjobofcarryingfarmingtoolsandhumansaround.Butitcouldalsobebecauseofadifficultsituation.Whilewheelsneedtorollonsmoothsurfaces,roadswithsmoothsurfacesweren'tgoingtobeconstructeduntiltherewasplentyofdemandforthem.Eventually,roadsurfacesdidbecomesmoother,butthisdifficultsituationappearedagainafewcenturieslater.Therehadbeennoimportantchangesinwheelandvehicledesignbeforethearrivalofmodemroaddesign.Inthemid-1700s,aFrenchmancameupwithanewdesignofroad—abaselayer(層)oflargestonescoveredwithathinlayerofsmallerstones.AScotsmanimprovedonthisdesigninthe1820sandastrong,lastingroadsurfacebecameareality.Ataroundthesamelime,metalhubs(thecentralpartofawheel)cameintobeing,followedbythepneumatictyre(充氣輪胎)in1846.Alloywheelswereinventedin1967,sixtyyearsaftertheappearanceoftarmackedroads(柏油路).Aswheeldesigntookoff,vehiclesgotfasterandfaster.64.Whatmightexplainwhytransportwheelsdidn'tbecomepopularforsometime?A.Fewknewhowtousetransportwheels.B.Humanscarriedfarmingtoolsjustaswell.C.Animalswereagoodmeansoftransport.D.Theexistenceoftransportwheelswasnotknown.65.Whatdoweknowaboutroaddesignfromthepassage?A.Itwaseasierthanwheeldesign.B.Itimprovedafterbigchangesinvehicledesign.C.Itwaspromotedbyfast-movingvehicles.D.Itprovidedconditionsforwheeldesigntodevelop.66.Howisthelastparagraphmainlydeveloped?A.Bygivingexamples.B.Bymakingcomparisons.C.Byfollowingtimeorder.D.Bymakingclassifications.67.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Thebeginningofroaddesign.B.Thedevelopmentoftransportwheels.C.Thehistoryofpublictransport.D.Hisinventionoffast-movingvehicles.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文，題材是車輪。全文講述了車輪的發(fā)展歷程以及道路設計對車輪發(fā)展的影響。段落關鍵詞、句大意推測第一部分（Para.1）everymachinewithmovingpartshaswheels、theyexistedover5,500yearsago每個能移動的機器都有輪子，輪子已經(jīng)有很久的歷史了。第二部分（Para.2-3）didn’tbecomepopular、animalsdidaperfectlygoodjob、alsobebecauseofadifficultsituation、wheelsneedtorollonsmoothsurfaces、difficultsituationappearedagain輪子并未普及，因動物表現(xiàn)不錯，還有就是道路狀況影響輪子的進一步發(fā)展。第三部分（Para.4）Inthemid-1700s,inthe1820s,in1846,in1967不同時期道路設計的發(fā)展促進輪子(包括輪胎)的發(fā)展。【解析】64.C。推理判斷題。難度：中等。題干關鍵詞為didn’tbecomepopular，定位第二段。根據(jù)Thiscouldbebecauseanimalsdidaperfectlygoodjobofcarryingfarmingtoolsandhumansaround.（這或許是因為動物在拉運農(nóng)具人們的方面做得不錯。）可知由于當時動物使用的方便讓輪子沒能夠普及。解題思路：干擾項排除：考生易選C項，根據(jù)squirmingexcitedly來判斷。這里尤其要注意excitedly，只是表達人物的心理，和調(diào)皮是沒有關系的。選quiet，是忽略了squirmingexcitedly的表達。65.D。推理判斷題。難度：較難。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞roaddesign，定位第3段Therehadbeennoimportantchangesinwheelandvehicledesignbeforethearrivalofmodemroaddesign.（在現(xiàn)代道路設計之前，輪子和交通工具的設計都沒有重大變化）。第4段接著講述了隨著道路設計的進步，各種新型的輪子(包括充氣輪胎)隨之發(fā)展，而且也促進了車輛的發(fā)展。由此可知，道路設計的發(fā)展促進了車輪的發(fā)展。干擾項排除：考生一定要先抓住關鍵詞所在的句子，有的考生選B、C項意義相近，而A項文中根本沒有提及。66.C。推理判斷題。難度：較易。根據(jù)第四段時間數(shù)字，Inthemid-1700s、inthe1820s、in1846、in1967，只有C項符合。67.B。主旨大意。難度：中等。全文講述了車輪的發(fā)展歷程以及道路設計對車輪發(fā)展的影響，故選C項。解題思路：【難句學習】1.Almosteverymachinewithmovingpartshaswheels,yetnooneknowsexactlywhenthefirstwheelwasinventedorwhatitwasusedfor.翻譯：幾乎每臺有活動部件的機器都有輪子，然而沒有人知道第一個輪子究竟是什么時候發(fā)明的或者當時是作什么用途的。分析：本句的主干是everymachinehaswheels。When和what位于knows之后引導兩個并列的賓語從句；withmovingparts為介詞短語作定語修飾machine。2.Evidencesuggeststhatwheelsfortransportdidn’tbecomepopularforawhile,though.翻譯：證據(jù)表明，不過當時輪子用于運輸并沒有普及。分析：本句的主干是Evidencesuggeststhat。That引導賓語從句，此處suggest意為“暗示、表明”，從句中用陳述語氣。句末though是副詞，意為“不過、然而”。3.Whilewheelsneedtorollonsmoothsurfaces,roadswithsmoothsurfacesweren’tgoingtobeconstructeduntiltherewasplentyofdemandforthem.翻譯：盡管輪子需要在平滑的表面上滾動，但是有著光滑路面的道路并沒有鋪設直到后來對此需求越來越多。分析：本句的主干是roadsweren’tgoingtobeconstructed。While引導讓步狀語從句，withsmoothsurfaces為介詞短語作定語修飾roads，until引導時間狀語從句?！菊憬怼緽Belowisaselectionfromapopularsciencebook.Ifbloodisred,whyareveins(靜脈)blue?Actually,veinsarenotblueatall.Theyaremoreofaclear,yellowishcolour.Althoughbloodlooksredwhenit'soutsidethebody,whenit'ssittinginaveinnearthesurfaceoftheskin,it'smoreofadarkreddishpurplecolour.Attherightdepth,theseblood-filledveinsreflectlessredlightthanthesurroundingskin,makingthemlookbluebycomparison.Whichworksharder,yourheartoryourbrain?Thatkindofdependsonwhetheryouarebusythinkingorbusyexercising.Yourheartworksuptothreetimesharderduringexercise,andshiftsenoughbloodoveralifetimetofillasupertanker.But,inthelongrun,yourbrainprobablytipsit,becauseevenwhenyou’resittingstillyourbrainisusingtwiceasmuchenergyasyourheart,andittakesfourtofivetunesasmuchbloodtofeedit.Whydoteethfallout,andwhydon'ttheygrowbackingrown-ups?Baby(or"milk")teethdonotlastlong;theyfallouttomakeroomforbigger,strongeradultteethlateron.Adultteethfalloutwhentheybecomedamaged,decayedandinfectedbybacteria.Oncethissecondsetofteethhasgrownin,you'redone.Whenthey'regone,they’regone.Thisisbecausenaturefiguresyou'resetforlife,andwhatcontrolsregrowthofyourteethswitchesoff.Dooldpeopleshrinkastheyage?Yesanddo.Manypeopledogetshorterastheyage.But,whentheydo,itisn'tbecausethey'reshrinkingallover.Theysimplyloseheightastheirspine(脊柱)becomesshorterandmorecurvedduetodisuseandtheeffects,ofgravity(重力).Many(butnotall)menandwomendoloseheightastheygetolder.Menloseanaverageof3-4cminheightastheyage,whilewomenmaylose5cmormore.Ifyoulivetobe200yearsold,wouldyoukeepshrinkingtillyouwere,like60cmtall,likealittleboyagain?No,becauseoldpeopledon'treallyshrink!Itisnotthattheyaregrowingbackwards一theirlegs,armsandbackbonesgettingshorter.Whentheydogetshorter,it'sbecausethespinehasshortenedalittle.Or,moreoften,becomemorebaitandcurved.Whydoesspinningmakeyoudizzy(眩暈的)?Becauseyourbraingetsconfusedbetweenwhatyou'reseeingandwhatyou'refeeling.Thebrainsensesthatyou’respinningusingspecialgravity-and-motion-sensingorgansinyourinnerear,whichworktogetherwithyoureyestokeepyourvisionandbalancestable.Butwhenyousuddenlystopspinningthesystemgoesoutofcontrol,andyourbrainthinksyou'removingwhileyou'reDot!Wheredofeelingsandemotionscomefrom?Mostlyfromanancientpartofthebraincalledthelimbicsystem.Allmammalshavethisbrainarea—frommicetodogs,cats,andhumans.Soallmammalsfeelbasicemotionslikefear,painandpleasure.Butsincehumanfeelingsalsoinvolveother,newerbitsofthebrain,wefeelmorecomplexemotionsthananyotheranimalontheplanet.Ifexercisewearsyouout,howcanitbegoodforyou?Becauseourbodiesadapttoeverythingwedotothem.Andasfarasyourbodyisconcerned,it’s"useit,orlostit”!It'snotthatexercisemakesyouhealthy;it'smorethatalackofexerciseleavesyourbodyweakandeasilyaffectedbydisease.46.Whatisthecolourofbloodinaveinnearthesurfaceoftheskin?A.Blue. B.Lightyellow.C.Red. D.Darkreddishpurple.47.Whydosomeoldpeoplelookalittleshrunkenastheyage?A.Becausetheirspineisinactiveuse.B.Becausetheyaremoreeasilyaffectedbygravity.C.Becausetheykeepgrowingbackwards.D.Becausetheirspinebecomesmorebent.48.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutourbrainistrue?A.Inthelongrun,ourbrainprobablyworksharderthanourheart.B.Whenourbrainsensesthespinning,wewillfelldizzy.C.Thebrainsoftheothermammalsareascomplexasthoseofhumans.D.Ourfeelingsandemotionscomefromthemostdevelopedareainourbrain.49.Whatisthemainpurposeoftheselection?A.Togiveadviceonhowtostayhealthy.B.Toprovideinformationaboutourbody.C.Tochallengenewfindingsinmedicalresearch.D.Toreportthelatestdiscoveriesinmedicalscience.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇科普文章，介紹了一些相關的人體知識。段落關鍵詞、句大意推測Para1.Aselectionfromapopularsciencebook暢銷科普書的節(jié)選Para2.-14.Whyareveinsblue;whichworksharder;whydoteethfallout;oldpeopleshrink;whydoesspinningmakesyoudizzy;wheredofeelingsandemotionscomefrom;howcanexercisebegoodforyou靜脈是藍色的原因；大腦比心臟的工作強度更大；人為什么會換牙；人老了為什么會變矮；為什么旋轉(zhuǎn)會讓人頭暈；認得情感來自哪里；鍛煉的好處46.D．細節(jié)理解題。難度：容易。從第三段第二行whenit\ssittingintheveinnearthesurfaceoftheshin,it\smoreofadarkreddishpurplecolour.可知選項D正確47.D．細節(jié)理解題。難度：容易。從第九段的whentheydogetshorter,it’snotbecausethespinehasshortenedalittle.Ormoreoften,becomemorebentandcurved.可知老年人變矮不是因為他們的脊柱變短，更多的原因是因為他們的脊柱變彎曲。所以D選項正確。A選項的內(nèi)容文中沒有提及；B選項不符合文中的內(nèi)容Theysimplyloseheightastheirspine（脊柱）becomesshorterandmorecurvedduetodisuseandtheeffectsofgravity（重力）；C選項的內(nèi)容與文中的描述相反。48.A．細節(jié)理解題。難度：中等。從文中butinthelongrun,,yourbrainprobablytipsit,becauseevenwhenyou’resittingstillyourbrainisusingtwiceasmuchasenergyasyourheart,可知選項A正確。第十一段的第一句就說明了人感到眩暈的原因是因為大腦分不清我們所看到的和所想的東西，排除B；從第十三段的描述butsincehumanfeelingsalsoinvolveother,newerbitsofthebrain,wefeelmorecomplexemotionsthananyotheranimalsontheplanet.可知C選項錯誤；從第十二段的副標題和十三段的第一句mostlyfromanancientpartofthebraincalledthelimbicsystem可知D選項錯誤。49.B．主旨大意題。難度：容易。從文章的副標題可知這篇文章解釋了七個我們既熟悉又陌生的有關人體知識的問題，所以選項B正確，A、C和D選項在文中均沒有提及?！咎旖蚓怼緽Us,night'smeteor(流星)showerleftmanypeopleinthecommunitydissatisfiedanddemandinganswers.AccordingtoGabeRothschild.EmeraldValley'smayor,peoplegatheredinthesuburbsofthecity,carryingheavytelescopes,expectingtowatchthebrightlyburningmeteorspassingthroughtheskyWhattheyfoundinsteadwasaskysobrightenedbythecity'slightsthatitdarkenedthelightofthemeteorspassingoverhead."Myfamilywassofrustrated."admittedtownresidentDauneCosby.”Wewantedtomakethisanunforgettablefamilyouting,butitturnedouttobeahugedisappointment.”Astronomers—scientistswhostudystarsandplanets—havebeencomplainingaboutthisproblemfordecade,Theysaythatlightpollutionpreventsfromseeingobjectsintheskythattheycouldseequiteeasilyinthepast.Theycallonpeopleandthegovernmenttotakemeasurestofightagainstit.Thereisyetapopulationbesidesprofessionalandamateurstarobserversthatsuffersevenmorefromlightpollution.Thispopulationconsistofbirds,bats,frogs,snakes,etc.Forexample,outdoorlightingseverelyaffectsmigrating(遷徙的)birds.AccordingtotheInternationalDark-SkyAssociation,“100millionbirdsayearthroughoutNorthAmericadieincrasheswithlightedbuildingsandtowers.”Countlessmoreanimalcasualties(傷亡)resultfromtheuseofartificiallighting.Clearly,peopleenjoythebenefitsoflightingtheirevenings,butsomescientiststhinkitcanbeharmfultohumans,too.Theyworrythatexposuretolightwhilesleepingcanincreaseaperson'schancesofgettingcancer.EmeraldValleyisonlyonecommunitythatisbecomingawareofthenegativeeffectsoflightpollution.Foryears.Flagstaff,Arizona,hasenforcedlightingregulationsinitscityinordertoassistastronomersattheLowellObservatory.Similareffortshavebeenmadeworldwide,andamovementisunderwaytoremindustoturnofflightswhenwearenotusingthem,sothatothercreaturescansharethenight.41.Ithappenedlastnightthat______.A.thecity'slightsaffectedthemeteorwatchingB.themeteorsflewpastbeforebeingnoticedC.thecitylightshowattractedmanypeopleD.themeteorwatchingendedupasocialouting42.Whatdotheastronomerscomplainabout?A.Meteorshowersoccurlessoftenthanbefore.B.Theirobservationequipmentisinpoorrepair.C.Lightpollutionhasremainedunsolvedforyears.D.Theireyesightisfailingduetoartificiallighting43.WhatistheauthorconcernedaboutaccordingtoParagraph4?A.Birdsmaytakeothermigrationpaths.B.Animals'livinghabitsmaychangesuddenly.C.Varietiesofanimalswillbecomesharplyreduced.D.Animals'survivalisthreatenedbyoutdoorlighting.44.LightingregulationsinFlagstaff.ArizonaareputintoeffecttoA.lessenthechanceofgettingcancerB.createanidealobservationconditionC.ensurecitizensagoodsleepatnightD.enableallcreaturestoliveinharmony45.Whatmessagedoestheauthormostwanttogiveus?A.Savingwildlifeissavingourselves.B.Greateffortsshouldbemadetosaveenergy.C.Humanactivitiesshouldbeenvironmentallyfriendly.D.Newequipmentshouldbeintroducedforspacestudy.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇議論文，題材是燈光污染與環(huán)境保護。本文主要介紹了燈光污染給天文學家、人類、其它生物所帶來的不良影響。以及人們?yōu)榻鉀Q此問題所采取的措施等。段落關鍵詞、句大意推測第一部分（Para.1-3）Dissatisfied,darkenedthelight;frustrated,Complained...fordecades;fightagainst導入：通過觀看流星不成功的原因?qū)氡疚牡闹黝}—燈光污染給天文學家?guī)淼挠绊?。第二部分（Para.4-5）Suffersevenmore;severelyaffectsmigrating;dieincrashes燈光污染給其它生物帶來的影響。第三部分（Para.6）awareofthenegativeeffects;assistastronomers;similarefforts人們?yōu)榻鉀Q此問題所采取的一些措施?！窘馕觥?1.A。推理判斷題。難度：中等。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞lastnight快速定位第一段。根據(jù)第一段最后一句可知“城市的夜空被燈點綴的是如此明亮以至于暗淡了頭上飛過的流星的光亮，因此影響了人們觀星”。所以可以推出A是正確選項。42.C。推理判斷題。難度：中等。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞astronomers快速定位第三段。根據(jù)theysaythatlightpollutionpreventsthemfromseeingobjects…theycouldseequiteeasilyinthepast.可以推斷燈光污染問題一直沒有得到解決，這才是他們所抱怨的。其他選項原文根本沒有提到，屬于無中生有的。43.D。推理判斷題。難度：中等。根據(jù)題干快速定位第四段。第四段駐澳講述了燈光污染對于鳥類、蝙蝠、青蛙、蛇等的影響，尤其嚴重影響你鳥類的遷徙，最后一句話“每年北美大約有一億的鳥在與被燈光點綴的建筑物或是高塔的撞擊中死亡”因此可以推斷D選項是正確的。44.B。推理判斷題。難度：中等。根據(jù)題干中的大寫Flagstaff,Arizona快速定位文章最后一段…Flagstaff,Arizona,hasenforcedlightingregulationsinitscityinordertoassistastronomersattheLowellObservatory可知推行此規(guī)定的目的是為天文學家更好的觀察服務的。45.C。推理判斷作者意圖題。難度：較難。文章主要講的是燈光污染給人類和其它生物帶來的影響，而燈光的直接造成原因就是人類本身，因此作者寫本文主要是要告知人們?nèi)祟惖幕顒討撘⒁猸h(huán)保。其它三項的內(nèi)容均與本文無關。【難句學習】1.Whattheyfoundinsteadwasaskysobrightenedbythecity’slightsthatitdarkenedthelightofthemeteorspassingoverhead.翻譯：城市的燈光時如此的明亮以至于頭頂飛過的流星的亮度被削弱，因此人們看到的只是被點亮的夜空而不是流星分析：本句的是一個由what引導的主語從句，what作found的賓語。so…that引導結(jié)果狀語從句。passingoverhead是非謂語動詞作后置定語。darken是動詞。2.Theysaythatlightpollutionpreventsthemfromseeingobjectsintheskythattheycouldseequiteeasilyinthepast.翻譯：天文學家說光污染阻止了他們?nèi)タ催^去很容易就可以看到的天空中的目標。分析：本句中say后面的that引導的是一個賓語從句。而sky后面的that引導的是一個定語從句，先行詞是objects，that在從句中作see的賓語。3.Thereisyetapopulationbesidesprofessionalandamateurstarobserversthatsuffersevenmorefromlightpollution.翻譯：可是除了專業(yè)和業(yè)余的觀星者外，還有一個群體遭受著甚至更為嚴重的光污染的影響。分析：本句是一個therebe特殊結(jié)構(gòu)。that引導的是一個定語從句，在從句中作主語，先行詞是population。4.Theyworrythatexposuretolightwhilesleepingcanincreaseaperson’schancesofgettingcancer.翻譯：他們擔心在睡覺的時候如果有太多的光亮的話可能會增加一個人得癌癥的機會。分析：本句中worry后面的that引導的是一個賓語從句，whilesleeping引導的是時間狀語從句的省略結(jié)構(gòu)。ofgettingcancer是chances的后置定語。5.amovementisunderwaytoremindustoturnofflightswhenwearenotusingthem,sothatothercreaturescansharethenight.翻譯：此外，一個運動正在進行中，目的是為了提醒我們不用燈的時候要關掉它，這樣其它生物也能共享夜晚。

分析：本句中toremind…是不定式作目的狀語。whenweare…是when引導的時間狀語從句，sothat引導的是目的狀語從句?！舅拇ň怼縀Fearmaybefeltintheheartaswellasinthehead,accordingtoastudythathasfoundalinkbetweenthecyclesofabeatingheartandthechanceofsomeonefeelingfear.Testsonhealthyvolunteersfoundthattheyweremorelikelytofeelasenseoffearatthemomentwhentheirheartsarecontracting(收縮)andpumpingbloodaroundtheirbodies,comparedwiththepointwhentheheartbeatisrelaxed.Scientistssaytheresultssuggestthattheheartisabletoinfluencehowthebrainrespondstothefearfulevent,dependingonwhichpointitisatinitsregularcycleofcontractionandrelaxation.SarahGarfinkelattheBringtonandSussexMedicalSchoolsaid:“Ourstudyshowsforthefirsttimethatthewayinwhichwedealwithfearisdifferentdependingonwhenweseefearfulpicturesinrelationtoourheart.”Thestudytested20healthyvolunteersontheirreactionstofearastheywereshownpicturesoffearfulfaces.DrGarfinkelsaid,“Thestudyshowedfearfulfacesarebetternoticedwhentheheartispumpingthanwhenitisrelaxed.Thusourheartscanalsoaffectwhatweseeandwhatwedon’tsee—andguidewhetherweseefear.”Tofurtherunderstandthisrelationship,thescientistsalsousedabrainscanner(掃描儀)toshowhowthebraininfluencesthewaytheheartchangesaperson’sfeelingoffear.“Wehavefoundanimportantmechanismbywhichtheheartandthebrain‘speak’toeachothertochangeourfeelingsandreducefear,”DrGarfinkelsaid.“Wehopethatbyincreasingourunderstandingabouthowfearisdeathwithandwaysthatitcouldbereduced,wemaybeabletodevelopmoresuccessfultreatmentsforanxietydisorders,andalsoforthosewhomaybesufferingfromseriousstressdisorder.”47.Whatisthefindingofthestudy?A.One’sheartaffectshowhefeelsfear.B.Fearisaresultofone’srelaxedheartbeat.C.Fearhassomethingtodowithone’shealth.D.One’sfastheartbeatsarelikelytocausefear.48.Thestudywascarriedoutbyanalyzing_________.A.volunteers’heartbeatswhentheysawterriblepictures.B.thetimevolunteerssawfearfulpicturesandtheirhealthconditions.C.volunteers’reactionstohorriblepicturesanddatafromtheirbrainscans.D.differentpicturesshowntovolunteersandtheirheart-braincommunication.49.Whichofthefollowingisclosetinmeaningto“mechanism”inParagraph6?A.Order.B.System.C.Machine.D.Treatment.50.Thisstudymaycontributeto________.A.treatinganxietyandstressbetter.B.explainingthecycleoffearandanxiety.C.findingthekeytotheheart-braincommunication.D.understandingdifferentfearsinourheartsandheads.【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。介紹了對20名健康的志愿者進行的恐懼反應試驗，告訴讀者大腦與心臟都能感知到恐懼，而且心臟跳動的周期與人們感知恐懼的機會有關聯(lián)。這份研究成果未來有望更成功地用于治療憂慮癥以及應激障礙疾病。段落關鍵詞、句大意推測第一部分（Para.1-2）alinkbetweenthecyclesofabeatingheartandthechanceofsomeonefeelingfear；contractingandpumpingblood；abletoinfluence；respondstothefearfulevent研究結(jié)論：心跳與人們感知恐懼的關聯(lián)；收縮、抽取血液；能影響到；對恐懼事件的反應第二部分（Para3-6）forthefirsttime；seefearfulpictures；betternoticed；thewaytheheartchangesaperson’sfeelingoffear；animportantmechanism介紹試驗：首次；看到恐怖的圖片；更容易注意到；心臟改變?nèi)藢謶指杏X的方式；重要的心理機制第三部分（Para.7）developmoresuccessfultreatments研究成果在未來醫(yī)學上的價值：研發(fā)更成功的治療方法【解析】47.A。細節(jié)理解題。難度：較易。題干關鍵詞finding，定位第一段第一句accordingtoastudythathasfoundalinkbetweenthecyclesofabeatingheartandthechanceofsomeonefeelingfear（依據(jù)研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)：心跳循環(huán)與人感知恐懼是有關聯(lián)的）。鎖定選項A。One’sheartaffectshowhefeelsfear（人的心臟影響他對恐懼的感知）。48.C。細節(jié)理解題。難度：較難。題干關鍵詞carriedout。定位文章對實驗的介紹在3-6段。找到Para.4.Thestudytested20healthyvolunteersontheirreactionstofearastheywereshownpicturesoffearfulfaces.（這項研究對20名健康的志愿者試驗了當他們看到恐懼面孔圖片時的反應）以及Para.5.thescientistsalsousedabrainscanner(掃描儀)toshowhowthebraininfluencesthewaytheheartchangesaperson’sfeelingoffear.（為了演示大腦是如何影響心臟改變?nèi)藢謶值母兄绞?，科學家們還使用掃描儀)。因此。選項C。volunteers’reactionstohorriblepicturesanddatafromtheirbrainscans.（志愿者們對恐懼圖片的反應以及來自大腦掃描儀的數(shù)據(jù)）。49.B。詞義推測題。難度：較難。由題干的mechanism定位文章Para.6,找到此詞所在的句子，這個詞后面的句子就是答案。Wehavefoundanimportantmechanismbywhichtheheartandthebrain‘speak’toeachothertochangeourfeelingsandreducefear翻譯mechanism后面的句子：通過這個mechanism，心臟和大腦可以相互“交流”以便于改變我們的感覺減少恐懼。因此，mechanism是心臟與大腦交流的一個完整系統(tǒng)，而不是“命令、機器以及治療”。50.A。細節(jié)判斷題。難度：較易。題干關鍵詞contributeto（有助于）。定位文章的末段。根據(jù)wemaybeabletodevelopmoresuccessfultreatmentsforanxietydisorders,andalsoforthosewhomaybesufferingfromseriousstressdisorder.（我可以能夠更成功地治療憂慮癥，還可以治療那些可能正遭受應激障礙疾病痛苦的患者）。鎖定答案選項A.treatinganxietyandstressbetter.（更好地治療憂慮癥和應激障礙）。【上海卷】(C)AteamofengineersatHarvardUniversityhasbeeninspiredbyNaturetocreatethefirstroboticfly.Themechanicalflyhasbecomeaplatformforaseriesofnewhigh-techsystems.Designedtodowhataflydoesnaturally,thetinymachineisthesizeofafathousefly.Itsminiwingsallowittostayintheairandperformcontrolledflighttasks.“It’sextremelyimportantforustothinkaboutthisasawholesystemandnotjustthesumofabunchofindividualcomponents(元件),”saidRobertWood,theHarvardengineeringprofessorwhohasbeenworkingontheroboticflyprojectforoveradecade.Afewyearsago,histeamgotthego-aheadtostartpiecingtogetherthecomponents.“Theaddeddifficultywithaprojectlikethisisthatactuallynoneofthosecomponentsareofftheshelfandsowehavetodevelopthemallonourown,”hesaid.Theyengineeredaseriesofsystemstostartanddrivetheroboticfly.“Theseeminglysimplesystemwhichjustmovesthewingshasanumberofinterdependenciesontheindividualcomponents,eachofwhichindividuallyhastoperformwell,butthenhastobematchedwelltoeverythingit’sconnectedto,”saidWood.Theflightdevicewasbuiltintoasetofpower,computation,sensingandcontrolsystems.Woodsaysthesuccessoftheprojectprovesthattheflyingrobotwiththesetinycomponentscanbebuiltandmanufactured.Whilethisfirstroboticflyerislinkedtoasmall,off-boardpowersource,thegoaliseventuallytoequipitwithabuilt-inpowersource,sothatitmightsomedayperformdata-gatheringworkatrescuesites,infarmers’fieldsoronthebattlefield.“Basicallyitshouldbeabletotakeoff,landandflyaround,”hesaid.Woodsaysthedesignoffersanewwaytostudyflightmechanicsandcontrolatinsect-scale.Yet,thepower,sensingandcomputationtechnologiesonboardcouldhavemuchbroaderapplications.“Youcanstartthinkingaboutusingthemtoansweropenscientificquestions,youknow,tostudybiologyinwaysthatwouldbedifficultwiththeanimals,butusingtheserobotsinstead,”hesaid.“Sotherearealotoftechnologiesandopeninterestingscientificquestionsthatarereallywhatdrivesusonaday-to-daybasis.”72.Thedifficultytheteamofengineersmetwithwhilemakingtheroboticflywasthat________.A.theyhadnomodelintheirmindB.theydidnothavesufficienttimeC.theyhadnoready-madecomponentsD.theycouldnoassemblethecomponents73.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraphs3and4thattheroboticfly_________.A.consistsofaflightdeviceandacontrolsystemB.canjustflyinlimitedareasatthepresenttimeC.cancollectinformationfrommanysourcesD.hasbeenputintowideapplication74.Whichofthefollowingcanbelearnedfromthepassage?A.Theroboticflyerisdesignedtolearnaboutinsects.B.Animalsarenotallowedinbiologicalexperiments.C.Thereusedtobefewwaystostudyhowinsectsfly.D.Wood’sdesigncanreplaceanimalsinsomeexperiments.75.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.FatherofRoboticFlyB.InspirationfromEngineeringScienceC.RoboticFlyImitatesRealLifeInsectD.HarvardBreaksThroughinInsectStudy【語篇解讀】本文為一篇說明文，講述機器人蒼蠅的研發(fā)，面臨的困難以及前景。段落關鍵詞、句大意推測第一部分（Para.1）createthefirstroboticfly;themechanicalfly;aplatformforaseriesofnewhigh-techsystems;whataflydoesnaturally;thesizeofafathousefly;miniwings;performcontrolledflighttasks.哈佛大學的一組技師在自然界的激發(fā)下，創(chuàng)造了第一部機器人蒼蠅。進而描述了機器人蒼蠅的樣子與用途。第二部分（Para.2）extremelyimportant;asawholesystem;notjustthesumofabunchofindividualcomponents(元件);hasbeenworkingon；foroveradecade；gotthego-aheadtostartpiecingtogetherthecomponents.；theaddeddifficulty;offtheshelf;havetodevelopthemallonourown機器人蒼蠅要的是一套完整的體系，而不是一組獨立原件簡單地相加。哈佛大學RobertWood教授數(shù)十年都在致力于研究機器人蒼蠅這個課題。幾年前，他的團隊就開始了拼裝原件。但這個項目也遇到了困難：那些元件沒有一件能現(xiàn)貨供應的，只能自己做。第三部分（Para.3-4）aseriesofsystemstostartanddrive…；hasanumberofinterdependenciesontheindividualcomponents;wasbuiltintoasetofpower,computation,sensingandcontrolsystems;…thesuccessoftheprojectprovesthat…;thesetinycomponentscanbebuiltandmanufactured;islinkedto;asmall,off-boardpowersource;equipitwith;abuilt-inpowersource;somedayperformdata-gatheringworkatrescuesites,infarmers’fieldsoronthebattlefield;beabletotakeoff,landandflyaround.從兩個方面說明機器人蒼蠅：一.機器人蒼蠅所需要的一套體系。看上去相當簡單地能夠移動翅膀的系統(tǒng)卻在那些單個原件中有很多相互依賴的成份，每個成分不僅要各自運轉(zhuǎn)良好，還要和與它相連的所有成分都配合好。二.機器人蒼蠅配有內(nèi)置電源，是為了將來有一天能在營救點，在牧場上或者戰(zhàn)場上從事數(shù)據(jù)收集工作。第四部分（Para.5）anewwaytostudyflightmechanicsandcontrolatinsect-scale;…onboardcouldhavemuchbroaderapplications;openscientificquestions;difficultwiththeanimals;using…instead;drivesuson…此設計為研究飛行力學和控制昆蟲規(guī)模提供了一種嶄新的方法。然而(搭載的)動力設備，傳感以及運算技術(shù)會有更廣泛的應用。Wood設計的機器人蒼蠅在某些動物實驗方面可以用來代替動物。72.答案：C.解析：細節(jié)理解題。考生根據(jù)第二段最后一句“Theaddeddifficultywithaprojectlikethisisthat…可知事實上那些元件沒有一件能現(xiàn)貨供應的，要理解beofftheshelf的用法，所以選項C.theyhadnoready-madecomponents就是對本句的同義替換，故為正確答案根據(jù)文章第一段Designedtodowhataflydoesnaturally,thetinymachineisthesizeofafathousefly.是有制作模型的，故排除A。根據(jù)文章第二段“It’sextremelyimportantforustothinkabout…,”theHarvardengineeringprofessorwhohasbeenworking….可知選項B.theydidnothavesufficienttime他們沒有充足的時間，不合適；而選項D.theycouldnoassemblethecomponents他們不會組裝元件是對原文的誤解，并不是要組裝，故排除選項D。73.答案：B解析：推理判斷題。題干要求在第三段和第四段來推測，所以根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容butthenhastobematchedwelltoeverythingit’sconnectedto,”saidWood.Theflightdevicewasbuiltintoasetofpower,computation,sensingandcontrolsystems.故選項A.consistsofaflightdeviceandacontrolsystem是片面的，排除；根據(jù)第四段sothatitmightsomedayperformdata-gatheringworkatrescuesites,infarmers’fieldsoronthebattlefield.可知選項C.中的frommanysources應為frommanysites/places，故排除；選項D.hasbeenputintowideapplication的定位在第五段Yet,thepower,sensingandcomputationtechnologiesonboardcouldhavemuchbroaderapplications.可知已經(jīng)大量應用是錯誤的，故排除?？v觀三四兩段，尤其是第四段尾句“Basicallyitshouldbeabletotakeoff,landandflyaround,”hesaid.可推斷出只有B.canjustflyinlimitedareasatthepresenttime正確。74.答案：D解析：推理判斷題。文章末段的tostudybiologyinways…wouldbedifficultwithanimals,butusingtheserobotsinstead告訴我們這些機器人可以替代動物，故D項正確。考生注意的是，說明文末段尤其帶有轉(zhuǎn)折關系的路標詞往往是題眼所在。根據(jù)第四段sothatitmightsomedayperformdata-gatheringworkatrescuesites,infarmers’fieldsoronthebattlefield.可知A選項錯誤，故排除。文章最后一段中指出“Youcanstartthinkingaboutusingthemtoansweropenscientificquestions,youknow,tostudybiologyinwaysthatwouldbedifficultwiththeanimals,butusingtheserobotsinstead,”hesaid.，并沒有說：不允許拿動物進行生物實驗，故排除B選項。根據(jù)文章最后一段Woodsaysthedesignoffersanewwaytostudyflightmec