專題07- 閱讀理解議論文 (解析版) 五年（2018-2022）北京高考真英語真題+兩年模擬題分項匯編詳解

專題07閱讀理解議論文序號內(nèi)容PartIPassage1-Passage5--5年真題過關(guān)PartIIPassage6-Passage16--模擬能力提升（北京各區(qū)模擬試題）PartI-5年真題過關(guān)Passage1（2022年北京）Quantum(量子)computershavebeenonmymindalotlately.Afriendhasbeensendingmearticlesonhowquantumcomputersmighthelpsolvesomeofthebiggestchallengeswefaceashumans.I’vealsohadexchangeswithtwoquantum-computingexperts.OneiscomputerscientistChrisJohnsonwhoIseeassomeonewhohelpskeepthefieldhonest.TheotherisphysicistPhilipTaylor.Fordecades,quantumcomputinghasbeenlittlemorethanalaboratorycuriosity.Now,bigtechcompanieshaveinvestedinquantumcomputing,ashavemanysmallerones.AccordingtoBusinessWeekly,quantummachinescouldhelpus“curecancer,andeventakestepstoturnclimatechangeintheoppositedirection.”Thisisthesortofhype(炒作)thatannoysJohnson.Heworriesthatresearchersaremakingpromisestheycan’tkeep.“What’snew,”Johnsonwrote,“isthatmillionsofdollarsarenowpotentiallyavailabletoquantumcomputingresearchers.”Asquantumcomputingattractsmoreattentionandfunding,researchersmaymisleadinvestors,journalists,thepublicand,worstofall,themselvesabouttheirwork’spotential.Ifresearcherscan’tkeeptheirpromises,excitementmightgivewaytodoubt,disappointmentandanger,Johnsonwarns.Lotsofothertechnologieshavegonethroughstagesofexcitement.Butsomethingaboutquantumcomputingmakesitespeciallypronetohype,Johnsonsuggests,perhapsbecause“‘quantum’standsforsomethingcoolyoushouldn’tbeabletounderstand.”AndthatbringsmebacktoTaylor,whosuggestedthatIreadhisbookQforQuantum.AfterIreadthebook,Taylorpatientlyansweredmyquestionsaboutit.HealsoansweredmyquestionsaboutPyQuantum,thefirmheco-foundedin2016.TaylorsharesJohnson’sconcernsabouthype,buthesaysthoseconcernsdonotapplytoPyQuantum.Thecompany,hesays,iscloserthananyotherfirm“byaverylargemargin(幅度)”tobuildinga“useful”quantumcomputer,onethat“solvesanimpactfulproblemthatwewouldnothavebeenabletosolveotherwise.”Headds,“Peoplewillnaturallydiscountmyopinions,butIhavespentalotoftimequantitativelycomparingwhatwearedoingwithothers.”CouldPyQuantumreallybeleadingallthecompetition“byawidemargin”,asTaylorclaims?Idon’tknow.I’mcertainlynotgoingtoadvisemyfriendoranyoneelsetoinvestinquantumcomputers.ButItrustTaylor,justasItrustJohnson.31.RegardingJohnson’sconcerns,theauthorfeels________.A.sympathetic B.unconcerned C.doubtful D.excited32.WhatleadstoTaylor’soptimismaboutquantumcomputing?A.Hisdominanceinphysics. B.Thecompetitioninthefield.C.HisconfidenceinPyQuantum. D.Theinvestmentoftechcompanies.33.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“prone”inParagraph3mostprobablymean?A.Open. B.Cool. C.Useful. D.Resistant.34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.IsJohnsonMoreCompetentThanTaylor?B.IsQuantumComputingRedefiningTechnology?C.WillQuantumComputersEverComeintoBeing?D.WillQuantumComputingEverLiveUptoItsHype?【解題導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇議論文。主要論述了“量子計算真的會像它的宣傳那樣成功嗎？”，計算機科學(xué)家克里斯·約翰遜和物理學(xué)家菲利普·泰勒分別闡明了自己的觀點。【答案】A【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三自然段“Asquantumcomputingattractsmoreattentionandfunding,researchersmaymisleadinvestors,journalists,thepublicand,worstofall,themselvesabouttheirwork’spotential.Ifresearcherscan’tkeeptheirpromises,excitementmightgivewaytodoubt,disappointmentandanger,Johnsonwarns.（隨著量子計算吸引了更多的關(guān)注和資金，研究人員可能會誤導(dǎo)投資者、記者、公眾，最糟糕的是，他們自己的工作潛力。約翰遜警告說，如果研究人員不能兌現(xiàn)承諾，興奮可能會讓位于懷疑、失望和憤怒）”根據(jù)最后一段“ButItrustTaylor,justasItrustJohnson.”（但我相信泰勒，就像我相信約翰遜一樣）可知，關(guān)于約翰遜的擔憂，作者是支持的。A.sympathetic同情的，贊同的；B.unconcerned不關(guān)心的；C.doubtful懷疑的；D.excited激動的。故選A。【答案】C【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Thecompany,hesays,iscloserthananyotherfirm“byaverylargemargin(幅度)”tobuildinga“useful”quantumcomputer,onethat“solvesanimpactfulproblemthatwewouldnothavebeenabletosolveotherwise.”Headds,“Peoplewillnaturallydiscountmyopinions,butIhavespentalotoftimequantitativelycomparingwhatwearedoingwithothers.”（他說，這家公司比其他任何公司都“在很大程度上”接近于制造出“有用的”量子計算機，它“解決了一個有影響力的問題，否則我們無法解決這個問題”。他補充說:“人們自然會不相信我的觀點，但我已經(jīng)花了很多時間來定量地比較我們與他人的做法）”可知，泰勒對量子計算的樂觀來源于他對PyQuantum的信心。故選C?！敬鸢浮緼【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第三自然段“Butsomethingaboutquantumcomputingmakesitespeciallypronetohype,Johnsonsuggests,perhapsbecause“‘quantum’standsforsomethingcoolyoushouldn’tbeabletounderstand.”（但約翰遜表明，量子計算的某些方面使得它特別prone被炒作，可能是因為“量子”代表了一些你不應(yīng)該理解的酷東西。”）”可知，本句中含有一個原因狀語從句，因為““量子”代表了一些你不應(yīng)該理解的酷東西”，所以它特別容易被炒作。故prone意為“易于……的”。A.Open.開放的；易受損害的；B.Cool.酷的；C.Useful.有用的；D.Resistant.有抵抗力的。故選A。34.【解析】D主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二自然段“Now,bigtechcompanieshaveinvestedinquantumcomputing,ashavemanysmallerones.AccordingtoBusinessWeekly,quantummachinescouldhelpus“curecancer,andeventakestepstoturnclimatechangeintheoppositedirection.Thisisthesortofhype(炒作)thatannoysJohnson.”（現(xiàn)在，大型科技公司和許多小型公司都在量子計算領(lǐng)域進行了投資。據(jù)《商業(yè)周刊》報道，量子機器可以幫助我們“治愈癌癥，甚至采取措施將氣候變化轉(zhuǎn)向相反的方向。這種炒作讓約翰遜感到惱火?！保币约白詈笠欢巍癈ouldPyQuantumreallybeleadingallthecompetition“byawidemargin”,asTaylorclaims?Idon’tknow.I’mcertainlynotgoingtoadvisemyfriendoranyoneelsetoinvestinquantumcomputers.（PyQuantum真的能像泰勒所說的那樣“以巨大的優(yōu)勢”領(lǐng)先所有競爭對手嗎？我不知道。我當然不會建議我的朋友或其他人投資量子計算機。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任約翰遜一樣。）”可知，本文主要論述了“量子計算真的會像它的宣傳那樣成功嗎？”，計算機科學(xué)家克里斯·約翰遜和物理學(xué)家菲利普·泰勒分別闡明了自己的觀點。所以短文的最佳標題為“量子計算真的會像它的宣傳那樣成功嗎？”。故選D。Passage2（2021年北京）Earlyfifth-centuryphilosopherSt．Augustinefamouslywrotethatheknewwhattimewasunlesssomeoneaskedhim．AlbertEinsteinaddedanotherwrinklewhenhetheorizedthattimevariesdependingonwhereyoumeasureit．Today'sstate-of-the-artatomic（原子的）clockshaveprovenEinsteinright．Evenadvancedphysicscan'tdecisivelytelluswhattimeis,becausetheanswerdependsonthequestionyou'reasking．Forgetabouttimeasanabsolute．Whatif，insteadofconsideringtimeintermsofastronomy,werelatedtimetoecology？Whatifweallowedenvironmentalconditionstosetthetempo（節(jié)奏）ofhumanlife？We'reincreasinglyawareofthefactthatwecan'tcontrolEarthsystemswithengineeringalone，andrealizingthatweneedtomoderate（調(diào)節(jié)）ouractionsifwehopetoliveinbalance．Whatifourdefinitionoftimereflectedthat？Recently，Iconceptualizedanewapproachtotimekeepingthat'sconnectedtocircumstancesonourplanet，conditionsthatmightchangeasaresultofglobalwarming．We'renowbuildingaclockattheAnchorageMuseumthatreflectsthetotalflowofseveralmajorAlaskanrivers，whicharesensitivetolocalandglobalenvironmentalchanges．We'veprogrammedittomatchanatomicclockifthewaterwayscontinuetoflowattheirpresentrate．Iftheriversrunfasterinthefutureonaverage，theclockwillgetaheadofstandardtime．Iftheyrunslower，you'llseetheoppositeeffect．Theclockregistersbothshort-termirregularitiesandlong-termtrendsinriverdynamics．It'sasortofobservatorythatrevealshowtheriversarebehavingfromtheirowntemporalframe（時間框架），andallowsustowitnessthosechangesonoursmartwatchesorphones．AnyonewhooptstogoonAlaskaMeanRiverTimewillliveinharmonywiththeplanet．Anyonewhoconsidersrivertimeinrelationtoatomictimewillencounteramajorimbalanceandmaybemotivatedtocounteractitbyconsuminglessfuelorsupportinggreenerpolicies．Evenifthismethodoftimekeepingisnovelinitsparticulars，earlyagriculturalsocietiesalsoconnectedtimetonaturalphenomena．Inpre-ClassicalGreece，forinstance，people“corrected”officialcalendarsbyshiftingdatesforwardorbackwardtoreflectthechangeofseason．Temporalconnectiontotheenvironmentwasvitaltotheirsurvival．Likewise，rivertimeandothertimekeepingsystemswe'redevelopingmayencourageenvironmentalawareness．WhenSt．Augustineadmittedhisinabilitytodefinetime，hehighlightedoneoftime'smostnoticeablequalities：Timebecomesmeaningfulonlyinadefinedcontext．Anytimekeepingsystemisvalid，andeachisaspraiseworthyasitspurpose．31WhatisthemainideaofParagraph1？A.Timekeepingisincreasinglyrelatedtonature．B.Everyonecandefinetimeontheirownterms．C.Thequalitiesoftimevarywithhowyoumeasureit．D.Timeisamajorconcernofphilosophersandscientists．32.TheauthorraisesthreequestionsinParagraph2mainlyto________．A.presentanassumption B.evaluateanargumentC.highlightanexperiment D.introduceanapproach33.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage？A.Thosewhodonotgoonrivertimewillliveanimbalancedlife．B.NewwaysofmeasuringtimecanhelptocontrolEarthsystems．C.Atomictimewillgetaheadofrivertimeiftheriversrunslower．D.Moderntechnologymayhelptoshapetherivers’temporalframe．34.Whatcanweinferfromthispassage？A.Itiscrucialtoimprovethedefinitionoftime．B.Afixedframewillmaketimemeaningless．C.Weshouldliveinharmonywithnature．D.Historyisamirrorreflectingreality．【分析】本文是議論文。文章通過討論時間的定義，講述了人們應(yīng)該和大自然和諧相處，保護環(huán)境。31.【答案】B【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句“Evenadvancedphysicscan'tdecisivelytelluswhattimeis,becausetheanswerdependsonthequestionyou'reasking．(即使是先進的物理學(xué)也不能決定性地告訴我們時間是什么，因為答案取決于你要問的問題)”以及上文列舉的哲學(xué)家St．Augustine和愛因斯坦對于時間的定義可推斷，第一段主要講述每個人都可以用自己的話來定義時間。故選B項。32.【答案】D【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的“We'reincreasinglyawareofthefactthatwecan'tcontrolEarthsystemswithengineeringalone，andrealizingthatweneedtomoderate（調(diào)節(jié)）ouractionsifwehopetoliveinbalance．(我們越來越意識到，我們不能只是用工程學(xué)來控制地球系統(tǒng)，意識到，如果我們希望保持平衡，我們就需要調(diào)節(jié)我們的行動。)”進而提出問題“Whatifourdefinitionoftimereflectedthat？(如果時間的定義反映那些會怎么樣呢)”，結(jié)合前兩個問題“Whatif，insteadofconsideringtimeintermsofastronomy,werelatedtimetoecology？Whatifweallowedenvironmentalconditionstosetthetempo（節(jié)奏）ofhumanlife？(如果我們不考慮天文學(xué)方面的時間，而是將時間與生態(tài)學(xué)聯(lián)系起來呢？如果我們允許環(huán)境條件來設(shè)定人類生活的節(jié)奏呢)”可推斷，第二段提出的三個問題是為了介紹方法。故選D項。33.【答案】C【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的“We'veprogrammedittomatchanatomicclockifthewaterwayscontinuetoflowattheirpresentrate．Iftheriversrunfasterinthefutureonaverage，theclockwillgetaheadofstandardtime．Iftheyrunslower，you'llseetheoppositeeffect．（如果水道繼續(xù)以目前的速度流動，我們對它進行了編程，匹配了一個原子時間。如果河流在未來的平均運行速度更快，時間就會超過標準時間。如果它們的運行速度較慢，你就會看到相反的效果。）”可知，如果河流運行速度得較慢，原子時間將超過河流時間。故選C項。【答案】C【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的“We'reincreasinglyawareofthefactthatwecan'tcontrolEarthsystemswithengineeringalone，andrealizingthatweneedtomoderate（調(diào)節(jié)）ouractionsifwehopetoliveinbalance．(我們越來越意識到，我們不能只是用工程學(xué)來控制地球系統(tǒng)，意識到，如果我們希望保持平衡，我們就需要調(diào)節(jié)我們的行動。)”和倒數(shù)第二段的“Temporalconnectiontotheenvironmentwasvitaltotheirsurvival．Likewise，rivertimeandothertimekeepingsystemswe'redevelopingmayencourageenvironmentalawareness(時間與環(huán)境的暫時聯(lián)系對它們的生存至關(guān)重要。同樣，河流時間和我們正在開發(fā)的其他時間保護系統(tǒng)也可能會鼓勵人們提高環(huán)境意識)”可推斷，從這篇文章中我們知道我們應(yīng)該與自然和諧共處，保護環(huán)境。故選C。Passage3（2020年北京）CertainformsofAIareindeedbecomingubiquitous.Forexample,algorithms(算法)carryouthugevolumesoftradingonourfinancialmarkets,self-drivingcarsareappearingoncitystreets,andoursmartphonesaretranslatingfromonelanguageintoanother.Thesesystemsaresometimesfasterandmoreperceptivethanwehumansare.Butsofarthatisonlytrueforthespecifictasksforwhichthesystemshavebeendesigned.ThatissomethingthatsomeAIdevelopersarenoweagertochange.Someoftoday’sAIpioneerswanttomoveonfromtoday’sworldof“weak”or“narrow”AI,tocreate“strong”or“full”AI,orwhatisoftencalledartificialgeneralintelligence(AGI).Insomerespects,today’spowerfulcomputingmachinesalreadymakeourbrainslookweak.AGIcould,itsadvocatessay,workforusaroundtheclock,anddrawingonallavailabledata,couldsuggestsolutionstomanyproblems.DM,acompanyfocusedonthedevelopmentofAGI,hasanambitionto“solveintelligence”.“Ifwe’resuccessful,”theirmissionstatementreads,“webelievethiswillbeoneofthemostimportantandwidelybeneficialscientificadvancesevermade.”SincetheearlydaysofAI,imaginationhasoutpacedwhatispossibleorevenprobable.In1965,animaginativemathematiciancalledIrvingGoodpredictedtheeventualcreationofan“ultra-intelligentmachine…thatcanfarsurpassalltheintellectual(智力的)activitiesofanyman,howeverclever.”Goodwentontosuggestthat“thefirstultra-intelligentmachine”couldbe“thelastinventionthatmanneedevermake.”Fearsabouttheappearanceofbad,powerful,man-madeintelligentmachineshavebeenreinforced(強化)bymanyworksoffiction—MaryShelley’sFrankensteinandtheTerminatorfilmseries,forexample.ButifAIdoeseventuallyprovetobeourdownfall,itisunlikelytobeatthehandsofhuman-shapedformslikethese,withrecognisablyhumanmotivationssuchasaggression(敵對行為).Instead,IagreewithOxfordUniversityphilosopherNickBostrom,whobelievesthattheheaviestrisksfromAGIdonotcomefromadecisiontoturnagainstmankindbutratherfromadoggedpursuitofsetobjectivesattheexpenseofeverythingelse.ThepromiseanddangeroftrueAGIaregreat.Butalloftoday’sexciteddiscussionaboutthesepossibilitiespresupposesthefactthatwewillbeabletobuildthesesystems.And,havingspokentomanyoftheworld’sforemostAIresearchers,IbelievethereisgoodreasontodoubtthatwewillseeAGIanytimesoon,ifever.42.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“ubiquitous”inParagraphIprobablymean?A.Enormousinquantity. B.Changeabledaily.C.Stableinquality. D.Presenteverywhere.43.WhatcouldAGIdoforus,accordingtoitssupporters?A.Helptotackleproblems. B.Makebrainsmoreactive.C.Benefitambitiouspeople. D.Setuppowerfuldatabases.44.AsforIrvingGood’sopiniononultra-intelligentmachinestheauthoris____________.A.supportive B.disapprovingC.fearful D.uncertain45.WhatcanbeinferredaboutAGIfromthepassage?A.Itmaybeonlyadream.B.Itwillcomeintobeingsoon.C.Itwillbecontrolledbyhumans.D.Itmaybemoredangerousthanever.【分析】這是一篇議論文。文章主要就通用人工智能(AGI)實現(xiàn)的可能性進行了論述?！敬鸢浮緿【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)劃線詞所在句后面的Forexample,algorithms(算法)carryouthugevolumesoftradingonourfinancialmarkets,self-drivingcarsareappearingoncitystreets,andoursmartphonesaretranslatingfromonelanguageintoanother(例如，算法在我們的金融市場上進行大量交易，自動駕駛汽車出現(xiàn)在城市街道上，我們的智能手機正在從一種語言翻譯成另一種語言)可知，人工智能在我們生活中用處十分廣泛。由此推知，劃線詞所在句意為“某些形式的人工智能確實正在變得無處不在”，即劃線詞與D選項“Presenteverywhere.(在任何地方存在)”意思接近。故選D項?！敬鸢浮緼【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段AGIcould,itsadvocatessay,workforusaroundtheclock,anddrawingonallavailabledata,couldsuggestsolutionstomanyproblems(AGI的倡導(dǎo)者說，AGI可以24小時為我們工作，并利用所有可用的數(shù)據(jù)，可以提出許多問題的解決方案)可知，AGI(通用人工智能)的倡導(dǎo)者認為，AGI(通用人工智能)可以提出許多問題的解決方案，幫助我們解決問題。因此，A選項“Helptotackleproblems(幫助解決問題)”符合題意。故選A項?！敬鸢浮緽【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段SincetheearlydaysofAI,imaginationhasoutpacedwhatispossibleorevenprobable.In1965,animaginativemathematiciancalledIrvingGoodpredictedtheeventualcreationofan“ultra-intelligentmachine…thatcanfarsurpassalltheintellectual(智力的)activitiesofanyman,howeverclever.”(自從人工智能的早期，想象力已經(jīng)超過了可能。1965年，一位富有想象力的數(shù)學(xué)家歐文·古德預(yù)言，最終將創(chuàng)造出一臺“超智能機器……它將遠遠超過任何一個人的智力活動，無論他有多聰明。”)可知，作者認為IrvingGood對“超智能機器”的想象力超出了實現(xiàn)的可能，作者并不贊成他的觀點，因此B項“disapproving(不贊成)”符合題意。故選B項?！敬鸢浮緼【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一句And,havingspokentomanyoftheworld'sforemostAIresearchers,IbelievethereisgoodreasontodoubtthatwewillseeAGIanytimesoon,ifever.(而且，在與世界上許多頂尖的人工智能研究人員交談后，我相信有充分的理由懷疑我們是否會很快看到AGI)可推斷出，通用人工智能（AGI）或許只是一個夢想，A選項“Itmaybeonlyadream(它也許僅僅是一個夢想)”符合題意。故選擇A項。Passage5（2018年北京）PreparingCitiesforRobotCarsThepossibilityofself-drivingrobotcarshasoftenseemedlikeafuturist’sdream,yearsawayfrommaterializingintherealworld.Well,thefutureisapparentlynow.TheCaliforniaDepartmentofMotorVehiclesbegangivingpermitsinAprilforcompaniestotesttrulyself-drivingcarsonpublicroads.Thestatealsoclearedthewayforcompaniestosellorrentoutself-drivingcars,andforcompaniestooperatedriverlesstaxiservices.California,itshouldbenoted,isn’tleadingthewayhere.Companieshavebeentestingtheirvehiclesincitiesacrossthecountry.It’shardtopredictwhendriverlesscarswillbeeverywhereonourroads.Buthoweverlongittakes,thetechnologyhasthepotentialtochangeourtransportationsystemsandourcities,forbetterorforworse,dependingonhowthetransformationisregulated.Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafetyofdriverlesscars(andrightfullyso),policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself-drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams,cutemissions(排放)andoffermoreconvenient,affordablemobilityoptions.Thearrivalofdriverlessvehiclesisachancetomakesurethatthosevehiclesareenvironmentallyfriendlyandmoreshared.Dowewanttocopy—orevenworsen—thetrafficoftodaywithdriverlesscars?Imagineafuturewheremostadultsownindividualself-drivingvehicles.Theytoleratelong,slowjourneystoandfromworkonpackedhighwaysbecausetheycanwork,entertainthemselvesorsleepontheride,whichencouragesurbanspread.Theytaketheirdriverlesscartoanappointmentandsettheemptyvehicletocirclethebuildingtoavoidpayingforparking.Insteadofwalkingafewblockstopickupachildorthedrycleaning,theysendtheself-drivingminibus.Theconvenienceevenleadsfewerpeopletotakepublictransport—anunwelcomesideeffectresearchershavealreadyfoundinride-hailing(叫車)services.AstudyfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatDavissuggestedthatreplacingpetrol-poweredprivatecarsworldwidewithelectric,self-drivingandsharedsystemscouldreducecarbonemissionsfromtransportation80%andcutthecostoftransportationinfrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)andoperations40%by2050.Feweremissionsandcheapertravelsoundprettyappealing.Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainlybefieldedbyride-hailingservices,consideringthecostofself-drivingtechnologyaswellasliabilityandmaintenanceissues(責任與維護問題).Butdriverlesscarownershipcouldincreaseasthepricesdropandmorepeoplebecomecomfortablewiththetechnology.zxxkPolicymakersshouldstartthinkingnowabouthowtomakesuretheappearanceofdriverlessvehiclesdoesn’textendtheworstaspectsofthecar-controlledtransportationsystemwehavetoday.Thecomingtechnologicaladvancementpresentsachanceforcitiesandstatestodeveloptransportationsystemsdesignedtomovemorepeople,andmoreaffordably.Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.47.Accordingtotheauthor,attentionshouldbepaidtohowdriverlesscarscan__________.A.helpdealwithtransportation-relatedproblemsB.providebetterservicestocustomersC.causedamagetoourenvironmentD.makesomepeoplelosejobs48.Asfordriverlesscars,whatistheauthor’smajorconcern?A.Safety.B.Sideeffects.C.Affordability.D.Management.49.Whatdoestheunderlinedword＂fielded＂inParagraph4probablymean?A.Employed.B.Replaced.C.Shared.D.Reduced.50.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetothefutureofself-drivingcars?A.Doubtful.B.Positive.C.Disapproving.D.Sympathetic.【解析】本文為議論文。文章主要討論有關(guān)無人駕駛汽車的發(fā)展前景和面臨的問題。47.【答案】A【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafetyofdriverlesscars(andrightfullyso),policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself-drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams,cutemissions(排放)andoffermoreconvenient,affordablemobilityoptions.可知，政策制定者應(yīng)該討論無人駕駛車怎么幫助削減交通阻塞，減少尾氣排放，提供更方便、更便宜的出行選擇，由此可見人們應(yīng)該多關(guān)注無人駕駛車怎么幫助處理與交通有關(guān)的問題。故選A。48.【答案】D【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段Buthoweverlongittakes,thetechnologyhasthepotentialtochangeourtransportationsystemsandourcities,forbetterorforworse,dependingonhowthetransformationisregulated.可知，不管花多長時間，這項技術(shù)都有可能改變我們的交通系統(tǒng)和我們的城市，不管是好是壞，這取決于如何這種轉(zhuǎn)變?nèi)绾伪灰?guī)范，再根據(jù)文章最后一句話Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.可知，我們需要為其做好計劃，故作者的主要關(guān)注點是對這種轉(zhuǎn)變的管理規(guī)范，故選D。49.【答案】A【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第四段Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainlybefieldedbyride-hailingservices,consideringthecostofself-drivingtechnologyaswellasliabilityandmaintenanceissues(責任與維護問題).可知，鑒于自主駕駛的費用以及責任和維護問題，無人駕駛車幾乎可以肯定將會被打車服務(wù)使用。故劃線詞是“被應(yīng)用”的意思。A.Employed被應(yīng)用；B.Replaced被取代；C.Shared被分享；D.Reduced被減少。故選A。50.【答案】B【解析】觀點態(tài)度題。根據(jù)文章最后一段Thecomingtechnologicaladvancementpresentsachanceforcitiesandstatestodeveloptransportationsystemsdesignedtomovemorepeople,andmoreaffordably.Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.中的advancement，movemorepeople,andmoreaffordably.以及planforit可推知，作者是積極的態(tài)度。故選B。PartII-模擬能力提升（北京各區(qū)模擬試題）Passage6（2022·北京·人大附中三模）Blindimitationisself-destruction.Tothosewhodonotrecognizetheiruniqueworth,imitationappearsattractive;tothosewhoknowtheirstrength,imitationisunacceptable.Intheearlystagesofskillorcharacterdevelopment,imitationishelpful.WhenIfirstlearnedtocook,Iusedrecipesandturnedoutsometastydishes.ButsoonIgrewbored.Whyfollowsomeoneelse’swayofcookingwhenIcouldcreatemyown?Imitatingrolemodelsislikeusingtrainingwheelsonachild’sbicycle;theyhelpyougetgoing,butonceyoufindyourownbalance,youflyfasterandfartherwithoutrelyingonthem.Indailylife,imitationcanhurtusifwesubconsciously(下意識地)holdpoorrolemodels.If,asachild,youobservedpeoplewhoseliveswerebad,youmayhaveacceptedtheirfearandpainasnormalandgoneontofollowwhattheydid.Ifyoudonotmakestrongchoicesforyourself,youwillgettheresultsoftheweakchoicesofothers.Inthefieldofentertainment,ourcultureglorifiescelebrities.Thosestarslookgreatonscreen.Butwhentheystepoffscreen,theirpersonallivesmaybedisastrous.Ifyouaregoingtofollowsomeone,focusontheirtalent,nottheirbadcharacterorunacceptablebehaviors.Blessedisthepersonwillingtoactontheirsuddendesiretocreatesomethingunique.Thinkofthemovies,books,teachers,andfriendsthathaveaffectedyoumostdeeply.Theytouchedyoubecausetheircreationsweremotivatedbyinspiration,notdesperation.Theworldischangednotbythosewhodowhathasbeendonebeforethem,butbythosewhodowhathasbeendoneinsidethem.Creativepeoplehaveanendlessresourceofideas.Theproblemacreatorfacesisnotrunningoutofmaterial;itiswhattodowiththematerialknockingatthedoorofimagination.Studyyourrolemodels,acceptthegiftstheyhavegiven,andleavebehindwhatdoesnotserve.Thenyoucansay,“Istandontheshouldersofmyancestors’tragediesanddeclarevictory,andknowthattheyarecheeringon.”1．Imitationprovesusefulwhenyou________.A．knowyouareuniqueB．losethebalanceoflifeC．begintolearnsomethingnewD．gettiredofroutinepractice2．Accordingtotheauthor,theworldmovesonbecauseofthosewhoare________.A．desperatetoinfluenceotherswiththeirknowledgeB．readytoturntheiroriginalideasintorealityC．eagertodiscoverwhattheirancestorsdidD．willingtoacceptothers’ideas3．Thetroubleacreatorfacesis________.A．thelackofstrongmotivationB．theabsenceofpracticalideasC．howtosearchformorematerialsD．howtouseimaginationcreatively4．Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassage?A．Tohighlighttheimportanceofcreativity.B．Tocriticizethecharactersofrolemodels.C．Tocompareimitationwithcreation.D．Toexplainthemeaningofsuccess.【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇議論文，文章討論了要創(chuàng)新，不要盲目模仿。1．【答案】C【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Intheearlystagesofskillorcharacterdevelopment,imitationishelpful.(在技能或性格發(fā)展的早期階段，模仿是有幫助的)”以及所舉的例子可知，當你開始學(xué)習(xí)新東西時，模仿被證明是有用的。故選C。2．【答案】B【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段中的“Blessedisthepersonwillingtoactontheirsuddendesiretocreatesomethingunique.Thinkofthemovies,books,teachers,andfriendsthathaveaffectedyoumostdeeply.Theytouchedyoubecausetheircreationsweremotivatedbyinspiration,notdesperation.(愿意按照他們突然的渴望去創(chuàng)造一些獨特的東西的人是幸運的。想想那些對你影響最深的電影、書籍、老師和朋友。他們之所以能夠打動你是因為他們的創(chuàng)作是基于靈感而不是絕望)”可知，根據(jù)作者的觀點，世界因為那些準備把他們的原始想法變成現(xiàn)實的人而前進。故選B。3．【答案】D【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段中的“Creativepeoplehaveanendlessresourceofideas.Theproblemacreatorfacesisnotrunningoutofmaterial;itiswhattodowiththematerialknockingatthedoorofimagination.(有創(chuàng)造力的人有無窮無盡的想法。創(chuàng)作者面臨的問題不是沒有素材；而是關(guān)于如何處理敲響想象之門的材料)”可知，創(chuàng)造者面臨的問題是如何創(chuàng)造性地運用想象力。故選D。4．【答案】A【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Blindimitationisself-destruction.Tothosewhodonotrecognizetheiruniqueworth,imitationappearsattractive;tothosewhoknowtheirstrength,imitationisunacceptable.(盲目模仿是自我毀滅。對于那些認不出自己獨特價值的人來說，模仿顯得很有吸引力；對于那些知道自己實力的人來說，模仿是不可接受的)”及下文的論述可知，文章的主要目的是強調(diào)要創(chuàng)新，不要盲目模仿。故選A。Passage7（2022·北京東城·模擬預(yù)測）Itisageneralbeliefamongacademicsthatthehumanitiesareincrisis.AccordingtoHarvardhistorianJamesHankins,partoftheproblemisthedominanceof“critical”readingover“primary”reading.Primaryreadingtakesatextatfacevalueandsimplytriestounderstandwhattheauthorintendedtosay.Criticalreadingassumesanauthor’sstatementscanneverbetakenatfacevalue.Instead,theymustbe“seenthrough”toexposethetext’srealmeaning,whichisdeterminedinaccordwiththisorthatfashionabletheory.Mr.Hankinssaysprimaryreading“mustberecovered”forhighereducationinthehumanitiestobeeffective.Iwouldgofurther.Primaryreadingisn’timportantonlyforthehumanities,orevenforeducationmoregenerally.Therestorationofprimaryreadingcouldbeacrucialweaponinfightingthe“idletalk”thattroublesAmericansociety.IdletalkwasphilosopherMartinHeidegger’stermforinauthenticdiscourse(不可信的言辭).Itinvolvesadoptingandcirculatingothers’opinionsaboutsomethingwithouteverpersonallyengagingthatthingforyourself.Peopleengagedinidletalkspeakinaccordwithexpectationsfortheirparticularidentityorrole.Theyholdandexpresstheopinionsapersonintheirroleisexpectedtohold.Idletalkcanbeharmless.EachyearmymotherformsstrongopinionsaboutwhichfilmsshouldwinAcademyAwardswithoutseeinganyofthem,afterreadingarticlesbycriticsshefavors.Butidletalkcanalsobedangerous.Considerjournalism.Thenormnowadaysisforonereportertobreakastory,followedbydozensorhundredsofjournalistsrecyclingthatcontent.Theymayaddalittlespinoftheirownbutrarelylookintotheissueforthemselves—evenwhenthiswouldrequirebutafewclicksandacoupleofminutestoreadalegislative(法律的)text.Somejournalistsevenjustsearchsocialmediaforthestoryoftheday