專(zhuān)題06- 閱讀理解說(shuō)明文 (解析版) 五年（2018-2022）北京高考真英語(yǔ)真題+兩年模擬題分項(xiàng)匯編詳解

專(zhuān)題06閱讀理解說(shuō)明文序號(hào)內(nèi)容PartIPassage1-Passage6--5年真題過(guò)關(guān)PartIIPassage7-Passage40--模擬能力提升（北京各區(qū)模擬試題）PartI-5年真題過(guò)關(guān)Passage1（2022年北京）“Whatwouldtheworldbeiftherewerenohunger?”It’saquestionthatProfessorCrystalwouldaskherstudents.Theyfoundithardtoanswer,shewrotelater,becauseimaginingsomethingthatisn’tpartofreallife—andlearninghowtomakeitreal—isarareskill.Itistaughttoartistsandengineers,butmuchlessoftentoscientists.Crystalsetouttochangethat,andhelpedtocreateaglobalmovement.Theresult—anapproachknownassystemsthinking—isnowseenasessentialinmeetingglobalchallenges.Systemsthinkingiscrucialtoachievingtargetssuchaszerohungerandbetternutritionbecauseitrequiresconsideringthewayinwhichfoodisproduced,processed,deliveredandconsumed,andlookingathowthosethingsintersect(交叉)withhumanhealth,theenvironment,economicsandsociety.Accordingtosystemsthinking,changingthefoodsystem—oranyothernetwork—requiresthreethingstohappen.First,researchersneedtoidentifyalltheplayersinthatsystem;second,theymustworkouthowtheyrelatetoeachother;andthird,theyneedtounderstandandquantifytheimpactofthoserelationshipsoneachotherandonthoseoutsidethesystem.Takenutrition.InthelatestUNreportonglobalfoodsecurity,thenumberofundernourished(營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良)peopleintheworldhasbeenrising,despitegreatadvancesinnutritionscience.Trackingof150biochemicalsinfoodhasbeenimportantinrevealingtherelationshipsbetweencalories,sugar,fatandtheoccurrenceofcommondiseases.Butusingmachinelearningandartificialintelligence,somescientistsproposethathumandietsconsistofatleast26,000biochemicals—andthatthevastmajorityarenotknown.Thisshowsthatwehavesomewaytotravelbeforeachievingthefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinking-which,inthisexample,istoidentifymoreconstituentpartsofthenutritionsystem.Asystemsapproachtocreatingchangeisalsobuiltontheassumptionthateveryoneinthesystemhasequalpower.Butassomeresearchersfind,thefoodsystemisnotanequalone.Agoodwaytoredress(修正)suchpowerimbalanceisformoreuniversitiestodowhatCrystaldidandteachstudentshowtothinkusingasystemsapproach.Moreresearchers,policymakersandrepresentativesfromthefoodindustrymustlearntolookbeyondtheirdirectlinesofresponsibilityandadoptasystemsapproach.Crystalknewthatvisionsalonedon’tproduceresults,butconcludedthat“we’llneverproduceresultsthatwecan’tenvision”.28.TheauthorusesthequestionunderlinedinParagraph1to________.A.illustrateanargument B.highlightanopinionC.introducethetopic D.predicttheending29.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthefieldofnutrition?A.Thefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinkinghasn’tbeenachieved.B.Therelationshipsamongplayershavebeenclarified.C.Machinelearningcansolvethenutritionproblem.D.Theimpactofnutritioncannotbequantified.30.Asforsystemsthinking,whichwouldtheauthoragreewith?A.Itmaybeusedtojustifypowerimbalance.B.Itcanbeappliedtotacklechallenges.C.Ithelpstoprovewhyhungerexists.D.Itgoesbeyondhumanimagination.【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了解決全球挑戰(zhàn)的重要方法——系統(tǒng)思維?！敬鸢浮緾【解析】推理判斷題。由文章第一段““Whatwouldtheworldbeiftherewerenohunger?”It’saquestionthatProfessorCrystalwouldaskherstudents.Theyfoundithardtoanswer,shewrotelater,becauseimaginingsomethingthatisn’tpartofreallife—andlearninghowtomakeitreal—isarareskill.Itistaughttoartistsandengineers,butmuchlessoftentoscientists.Crystalsetouttochangethat,andhelpedtocreateaglobalmovement.Theresult—anapproachknownassystemsthinking—isnowseenasessentialinmeetingglobalchallenges.(“如果沒(méi)有饑餓，世界會(huì)是什么樣子？”這是Crystal教授會(huì)問(wèn)學(xué)生的問(wèn)題。她后來(lái)寫(xiě)道，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)很難回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題，因?yàn)橄胂笠恍┎粚儆诂F(xiàn)實(shí)生活的東西，并學(xué)習(xí)如何將其變成現(xiàn)實(shí)是一項(xiàng)罕見(jiàn)的技能。它被教授給藝術(shù)家和工程師，但很少教授給科學(xué)家。Crystal著手改變這種狀況，并幫助創(chuàng)建了一個(gè)全球運(yùn)動(dòng)。結(jié)果，一種被稱(chēng)為系統(tǒng)思維的方法現(xiàn)在被視為應(yīng)對(duì)全球挑戰(zhàn)的關(guān)鍵。)”可知，文章開(kāi)頭提出問(wèn)題是為了引出話題-系統(tǒng)思維的方法被視為應(yīng)對(duì)全球挑戰(zhàn)的關(guān)鍵。故選C項(xiàng)?！敬鸢浮緼【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由文章第三段“Thisshowsthatwehavesomewaytotravelbeforeachievingthefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinking-which,inthisexample,istoidentifymoreconstituentpartsofthenutritionsystem.(這表明，在實(shí)現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)思考的第一個(gè)目標(biāo)之前，我們還有一段路要走——在本例中，這是為了確定營(yíng)養(yǎng)系統(tǒng)的更多組成部分。)”可知，實(shí)現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)思維的第一個(gè)目標(biāo)還有一段路需要走，現(xiàn)尚未實(shí)現(xiàn)。故選A項(xiàng)?！敬鸢浮緽【解析】推理判斷題。由文章第一段“Crystalsetouttochangethat,andhelpedtocreateaglobalmovement.Theresult—anapproachknownassystemsthinking—isnowseenasessentialinmeetingglobalchallenges.(Crystal著手改變這種狀況，并幫助創(chuàng)建了一個(gè)全球運(yùn)動(dòng)。結(jié)果，一種被稱(chēng)為系統(tǒng)思維的方法現(xiàn)在被視為應(yīng)對(duì)全球挑戰(zhàn)的關(guān)鍵。)”可知，作者認(rèn)為該系統(tǒng)能應(yīng)用于解決挑戰(zhàn)。故選B項(xiàng)。Passage2（2021年北京）Hundredsofscientists,writersandacademicssoundedawarningtohumanityinanopenletterpublishedlastDecember:Policymakersandtherestofusmustengageopenlywiththeriskofglobalcollapse.Researchersinmanyareashaveprojectedthewidespreadcollapseas“acrediblescenario(情景)thiscentury”.Asurveyofscientistsfoundthatextremeweatherevents,foodinsecurity,andfreshwatershortagesmightcreateglobalcollapse.Ofcourse,ifyouareanon-humanspecies,collapseiswellunderway.Thecallforpublicengagementwiththeunthinkableisespeciallygermaneinthismomentofstill-uncontrolledpandemicandeconomiccrisesintheworld'smosttechnologicallyadvancednations.Notverylongago,itwasalsounthinkablethataviruswouldshutdownnationsandthatsafetynetswouldbeprovensodisastrouslylackinginflexibility.Theinternationalscholars’warningletterdoesn'tsayexactlywhatcollapsewilllooklikeorwhenitmighthappen.Collapseology,thestudyofcollapse,ismoreconcernedwithidentifyingtrendsandwiththemthedangersofeverydaycivilization.Amongthesignatories(簽署者)ofthewarningwasBobJohnson,theoriginatorofthe“ecologicalfootprint”concept,whichmeasuresthetotalamountofenvironmentalinputneededtomaintainagivenlifestyle.Withthecurrentfootprintofhumanity,“itseemsthatglobalcollapseiscertaintohappeninsomeform,possiblywithinadecade,certainlywithinthiscentury,”Johnsonsaidinanemail.“Onlyifwediscusstheconsequencesofourbiophysicallimits,”theDecemberwarninglettersays,“canwehavethehopetoreducetheirspeed,severityandharm”.Andyetmessengersofthecomingdisturbancearelikelytobeignored.Weallwanttohopethingswillturnoutfine.Asapoetwrote,Manisavictimofdope(麻醉品)Intheincurableformofhope.Thehundredsofscholarswhosignedtheletterareintent(執(zhí)著)onquietinghopethatignorespreparedness.“Let'slookdirectlyintotheissueofcollapse,”theysay,“anddealwiththeterriblepossibilitiesofwhatweseetheretomakethebestofatroublingfuture.”28.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“germane”inParagraph3probablymean?A.Scientific. B.Credible.C.Original. D.Relevant.29.Asforthepublicawarenessofglobalcollapse,theauthoris________.A.worried B.puzzledC.surprised D.scared30.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.Thesignatoriesmaychangethebiophysicallimits.B.Theauthoragreeswiththemessageofthepoem.C.Theissueofcollapseisbeingprioritized.D.Theglobalcollapseiswellunderway.【分析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文，文章闡述了全球崩塌（globalcollapse）的概念。數(shù)百名科學(xué)家、作家和學(xué)者在去年12月發(fā)表的一封公開(kāi)信中向全人類(lèi)發(fā)出了警告：政策制定者和我們每個(gè)人必須直面“全球崩塌”的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。文章具體闡釋了學(xué)者們對(duì)這一概念的定義、理解和它的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義?！敬鸢浮緿【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)該詞所在的具體語(yǔ)境，第三段第一句“Thecallforpublicengagementwiththeunthinkableisespeciallygermaneinthismomentofstill-uncontrolledpandemicandeconomiccrisesintheworld'smosttechnologicallyadvancednations.”（呼吁公眾對(duì)世界不確定性的關(guān)注，尤其與此時(shí)此刻的情況密切相關(guān)：此時(shí)此刻，在世界上技術(shù)最先進(jìn)的國(guó)家，仍處于無(wú)法控制流行病和經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的泥潭中），下文也提到，一場(chǎng)病毒肆虐，一個(gè)國(guó)家社會(huì)停止了運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，大流行無(wú)法控制，經(jīng)濟(jì)下行，這樣的事情在不久之前都是無(wú)法想象，不可思議（unthinkable）的，即世界充滿了不確定性。而此時(shí)此刻呼吁人們對(duì)這種unthinkable加以關(guān)注，正是和此時(shí)此刻的世界實(shí)況密切相關(guān)。A.Scientific科學(xué)的；B.Credible可信的，可靠的；C.Original原來(lái)的，原創(chuàng)的；D.Relevant相關(guān)的，有重大關(guān)系的。根據(jù)上面的分析，僅有D符合語(yǔ)境，故選D。29.【答案】A【解析】推理判斷題。本題要求判斷作者的情感態(tài)度，根據(jù)原文第五段“yetmessengersofthecomingdisturbancearelikelytobeignored.Weallwanttohopethingswillturnoutfine.”（然而未來(lái)崩潰的先行信號(hào)很可能被忽略，我們都希望事情在未來(lái)會(huì)變好）和倒數(shù)最后一段的呼吁，例如“Let'slookdirectlyintotheissueofcollapse,”theysay,“anddealwiththeterriblepossibilitiesofwhatweseetheretomakethebestofatroublingfuture.”（他們說(shuō)，“讓我們直面全球崩塌的議題，真正去解決我們看到的可能的糟糕情況，以便使未來(lái)沒(méi)那么糟?！保┛芍?，作者認(rèn)為公眾對(duì)“全球崩塌”的重視意識(shí)不夠，比較擔(dān)心，A.worried擔(dān)憂的；B.puzzled困惑的，茫然的；C.surprised驚訝的；D.scared害怕的，綜合以上的分析，可見(jiàn)作者對(duì)此是“擔(dān)憂的”，故選A。30.【答案】B【解析】推理判斷題。原文詩(shī)歌“Manisavictimofdope;Intheincurableformofhope.”（人類(lèi)是麻醉品的受害者；沉迷于無(wú)可救藥的幻想中）表達(dá)的是，人類(lèi)無(wú)視未來(lái)全球崩塌的巨大危險(xiǎn)，把頭埋進(jìn)沙子里，假裝不知道，充滿不切實(shí)際的幻想和希望。而詩(shī)歌前面的段落就提到“yetmessengersofthecomingdisturbancearelikelytobeignored.Weallwanttohopethingswillturnoutfine.”（然而未來(lái)崩潰的先行信號(hào)很可能被忽略，我們都希望事情在未來(lái)會(huì)變好），結(jié)合上下文，這里指的是人們都幻想著未來(lái)就會(huì)變好。詩(shī)歌之后的最后一段則提到執(zhí)著于“quietinghopethatignorespreparedness.”（掐滅不做準(zhǔn)備的空有幻想），接著又借學(xué)者之口，提到“Let'slookdirectlyintotheissueofcollapse,”theysay,“anddealwiththeterriblepossibilitiesofwhatweseetheretomakethebestofatroublingfuture.”（他們說(shuō)，“讓我們直面全球崩塌的議題，真正去解決我們看到的可能的糟糕情況，以便使未來(lái)沒(méi)那么糟?！保┛梢?jiàn)，上下文一脈相承，表達(dá)相同的一方觀點(diǎn)，未對(duì)另一方的觀點(diǎn)有任何呈現(xiàn)，理解文章后可知，作者有明顯的態(tài)度傾向，作者對(duì)于這首詩(shī)表達(dá)的信息是贊同的，故選B。Passage3（2020年北京）BaggyhasbecomethefirstdogintheUK—andpotentiallytheworld—tojointhefightagainstairpollutionbyrecordingpollutantlevelsneartheground.Baggywearsapollutionmonitoronhercollarsoshecantakedatameasurementsclosetotheground.Hermonitorhasshownthatairpollutionlevelsarehigherclosertogroundlevel,whichhashelpedhighlightconcernsthatbabiesandyoungkidsmaybeathigherriskofdevelopinglungproblems.Conventionalairpollutionmonitorsarenormallyfixedonlamppostsataboutninefeetintheair.However,sinceBaggystandsataboutthesameheightasachildinapushchair（嬰兒車(chē)）,shefrequentlyrecordspollutionlevelswhicharemuchhigherthanthedatagatheredbytheEnvironmentAgency.ThedoggydataresearchwastheideaofBaggy's13-year-oldownerTomHuntandhisdadMatt.TheEnglishyoungsternoticedthatpollutionlevelsarearoundtwo-thirdshigherclosetothegroundthantheyareintheairattheheightwheretheyarerecordedbytheagency.Tomhassincereportedtheshockingfindingstothegovernmentinanattempttoemphasisethatbabiesareathigherriskofdevelopingasthma（哮喘）.MattHuntsaidhewas"veryproud"ofhissonbecause“whentheboygetsanidea,hekeepshisheaddownandgetsonwithit,andhereallydoeswanttodosomegoodandstopyoungkidsfromgettingasthma."“Tombuiltupapassionforenvironmentalprotectionataveryearlyage,"Mattadded.“Hebecameveryinterestedingadgets（小裝置）.Aboutoneyearago,hegotthisnewpieceoftechwhichislikeatesttube.OneSundayafternoon,wewentouttodosomemonitoring,andhesaid,whydon'tweputitonBaggy'scollarandlethermonitorthepollution？'Sowedidit."Tomsaid,"Mostofthetime,Baggyisjustlikeanyotherdog.Butfortherestofthetimesheisasuperdog,andweareallreallyproudofher."34.Withamonitoronhercollar,Baggycan____________.A.takepollutantreadings B.recordpollutantlevelsC.processcollecteddata D.reduceairpollution35.WhatcanwelearnfromtheBaggydata?A.Highplacesarefreeofairpollution.B.Higherpushchairsaremoreriskyforkids.C.Conventionalmonitorsaremorereliable.D.Airismorepollutedclosertotheground.36.WhatisTom'spurposeofdoingtheresearch?A.Towarnofahealthrisk. B.Tofindoutpollutionsources.C.Totesthisnewmonitor. D.ToproveBaggy'sabilities.37.Accordingtothepassage,whichwordcanbestdescribeTomHunt?A.Modest. B.Generous. C.Creative. D.Outgoing.【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。主要講述了13歲的孩子TomHunt和他的爸爸通過(guò)在自己的寵物狗的脖子上戴污染監(jiān)測(cè)器來(lái)記錄地面附近的污染物水平；監(jiān)測(cè)儀顯示，接近地面的空氣污染水平更高，這有助于強(qiáng)調(diào)嬰兒和幼兒可能面臨更高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)發(fā)展肺部問(wèn)題的擔(dān)憂?！敬鸢浮緽【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。本題題干意為：她的衣領(lǐng)上戴著監(jiān)視器，Baggy可以…。根據(jù)文章第二段Baggywearsapollutionmonitoronhercollarsoshecantakedatameasurementsclosetotheground.Baggy在她的衣領(lǐng)上戴著污染監(jiān)測(cè)器，這樣她就可以在接近地面的地方進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)測(cè)量?？芍髦廴颈O(jiān)測(cè)器可以記錄污染物的水平。故答案為B項(xiàng)?！敬鸢浮緿【解析】推理判斷題。本題題干意為：我們從Baggy收集到的數(shù)據(jù)中可以了解到什么？根據(jù)文章第二段Hermonitorhasshownthatairpollutionlevelsarehigherclosertogroundlevel,whichhashelpedhighlightconcernsthatbabiesandyoungkidsmaybeathigherriskofdevelopinglungproblems.她的監(jiān)測(cè)儀顯示，接近地面的空氣污染水平更高，這有助于突顯嬰兒和幼童罹患肺部疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高的擔(dān)憂?？芍咏孛娴目諝馕廴舅礁?。故答案為D項(xiàng)?！敬鸢浮緼【解析】推理判斷題。本題題干意為：進(jìn)行這項(xiàng)研究Tom的意圖是？根據(jù)文章第四段Tomhassincereportedtheshockingfindingstothegovernmentinanattempttoemphasizethatbabiesareathigherriskofdevelopingasthma（哮喘）.湯姆已經(jīng)令人震驚的發(fā)現(xiàn)報(bào)告給政府,試圖強(qiáng)調(diào),嬰兒患哮喘的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高?？芍猅om研究的目的是對(duì)健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)提出警告。故答案為A項(xiàng)。37.【答案】C【解析】推理判斷題。本題題干意為：根據(jù)文章，哪個(gè)詞最能描述湯姆·亨特?根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段“Tombuiltupapassionforenvironmentalprotectionataveryearlyage,"Mattadded.“Hebecameveryinterestedingadgets（小裝置）.Aboutoneyearago,hegotthisnewpieceoftechwhichislikeatesttube.OneSundayafternoon,wewentouttodosomemonitoring,andhesaid,whydon'tweputitonBaggy'scollarandlethermonitorthepollution？'Sowedidit."湯姆在很小的時(shí)候就對(duì)環(huán)境保護(hù)產(chǎn)生了熱情，馬特補(bǔ)充說(shuō)。他非常感興趣的產(chǎn)品(小裝置)。大約一年前，他得到了一個(gè)類(lèi)似試管的新技術(shù)。一個(gè)星期天的下午，我們出去做一些監(jiān)測(cè)，他說(shuō)，為什么我們不把它戴在Baggy的衣領(lǐng)上，讓她監(jiān)測(cè)污染?于是我們就這么做了?？芍猅om是非常的有創(chuàng)造力的。故答案為C項(xiàng)。Passage4（2019年北京）Theproblemofrobocallshasgottensobadthatmanypeoplenowrefusetopickupcallsfromnumberstheydon'tknow.Bynextyear，halfofthecallswereceivewillbescams(欺詐).Wearefinallywakinguptotheseverityoftheproblembysupportinganddevelopingagroupoftools，appsandapproachesintendedtopreventscammersfromgettingthrough.Unfortunately，it'stoolittle，toolate.Bythetimethese“solutions"(解決方案)becomewidelyavailable，scammerswillhavemovedontocleverermeans.Inthenearfuture，it'snotjustgoingtobethenumberyouseeonyourscreenthatwillbeindoubt.Soonyouwillalsoquestionwhetherthevoiceyou'rehearingisactuallyreal.That'sbecausethereareanumberofpowerfulvoicemanipulation(處理)andautomationtechnologiesthatareabouttobecomewidelyavailableforanyonetouse.Atthisyear'sI/OConference,acompanyshowedanewvoicetechnologyabletoproducesuchaconvincinghuman–soundingvoicethatitwasabletospeaktoareceptionistandbookareservationwithoutdetection.Thesedevelopmentsarelikelytomakeourcurrentproblemswithrobocallsmuchworse.ThereasonthatrobocallsareaheadachehaslesstodowithamountthanprecisionAdecadeofdatabreaches(數(shù)據(jù)侵入)ofpersonalinformationhasledtoasituationwherescammerscaneasilylearnyourmother'sname，andfarmore.Armedwiththisknowledge.they'reabletocarryoutindividuallytargetedcampaignstocheatpeople.Thismeans.forexample，thatascammercouldcallyoufromwhatlookstobeafamiliarnumberandtalktoyouusingavoicethatsoundsexactlylikeyourbankteller's，rickingyouinto"confirming"youraddress，mother'sname，andcardnumber.Scammersfollowmoney，socompanieswillbetheworsthit.Alotofbusinessisstilldoneoverthephone，andmuchofitisbasedontrustandexistingrelationships.Voicemanipulationtechnologiesmayweakenthatgradually.Weneedtodealwiththeinsecurenatureofourtelecomnetworks.Phonecarriersandconsumersneedtoworktogethertofindwaysofdeterminingandcommunicatingwhatisreal.Thatmightmeaneitherdevelopingauniformwaytomarkvideosandimages,showingwhenandwhotheyweremadeby.orabandoningphonecallsaltogetherandmovingtowardsdata-basedcommunications—usingappslikeFaceTimeorWhatsApp,whichcanbetiedtoyouridentity.Credibilityishardtoearnbuteasytolose,andtheproblemisonlygoingtoharderfromhereonout.38.Howdoestheauthorfeelaboutthesolutionstoproblemofrobecalls?A.Panicked. B.Confused. C.Embarrassed. D.Disappointed.39.takingadvantageofthenewtechnologies，scammercan______.A.aimatvictimsprecisely B.damagedatabaseseasilyC.startcampaignsrapidly D.spreadinformationwidely40.Whatdoesthepassageimply?A.Honestyisthebestpolicy.B.Technologiescanbedouble-edited.C.Therearemoresolutionsthanproblems.D.Credibilityholdsthekeytodevelopment.41.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.WheretheProblemofRobocallsIsRootedB.WhoIstoBlamefortheProblemofRoboeallsC.WhyRobocallsAreAbouttoGetMoreDangerousD.HowRobocallsAreAffectingtheWorldofTechnology【語(yǔ)篇解讀】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了自助語(yǔ)音電話給人們帶來(lái)的危險(xiǎn)的狀況.?！敬鸢窪【解析】觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Wearefinallywakinguptotheseverityoftheproblembysupportinganddevelopingagroupoftools,appsandapproachesintendedtopreventscammersfromgettingthrough.Unfortunately,it’stoolittle,toolate.Bythetimethese“solutions”becomewidelyavailable,scammerswillhavemovedontoclevermeans”可知，最后，我們通過(guò)支持和開(kāi)發(fā)一組旨在防止欺詐者通過(guò)的工具、應(yīng)用程序和方法，認(rèn)識(shí)到了問(wèn)題的嚴(yán)重性。不幸的是，我們的努力太少了，也太晚了。在這些“解決方案”被廣泛使用的時(shí)候，騙子將轉(zhuǎn)移到更巧妙的手段上。由此推知，作者認(rèn)為這些“解決辦法”對(duì)于解決問(wèn)題起不了什么作用，因此作者感到很“失望”。故D選項(xiàng)正確。39.【答案A【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Thereasonthatrobocallsareaheadachehaslesstodowithamountthanprecision.Adecadeofdatabreachesofpersonalinformationhasledtoasituationwherescammerscaneasilylearnyourmother’sname,andfarmore.Armedwiththisknowledge,they’reabletocarryoutindividuallytargetedcampaignstocheatpeople.Thismeans,forexample,thatascammercouldcallyoufromwhatlookstobeafamiliarnumberandtalktoyouusingavoicethatsoundsexactlylikeyourbankteller’s,trickingyouinto“confirming”youraddress,mother’sname,andcardnumber”可知，機(jī)器人通話之所以令人頭痛，與其說(shuō)與數(shù)量有關(guān)，不如說(shuō)與精確度有關(guān)。長(zhǎng)達(dá)十年的個(gè)人信息泄露已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致了這樣一種情況：騙子可以輕易地知道你母親的名字，甚至更多。有了這些知識(shí)，他們就能夠開(kāi)展有針對(duì)性的運(yùn)動(dòng)來(lái)欺騙人們。根據(jù)這些可知，利用這種新的技術(shù)，欺詐者們可以精確的確定他們行騙的目標(biāo)。故A選項(xiàng)正確。40.【答案B【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句可知，這項(xiàng)語(yǔ)音技術(shù)可以產(chǎn)生一個(gè)聽(tīng)起來(lái)和人類(lèi)非常相似的聲音，它可以和接待員進(jìn)行交談，進(jìn)行預(yù)訂。由此可知，這項(xiàng)新技術(shù)有其好的方面。根據(jù)第三段的敘述可知，欺詐者們可以利用這項(xiàng)新技術(shù)來(lái)進(jìn)行欺詐行為。由此推知，這項(xiàng)新技術(shù)既可以發(fā)揮好的作用，也可能為壞人所利用，產(chǎn)生不好的作用，因此可以說(shuō)它是一把雙刃劍。故B選項(xiàng)正確。41.【答案C【解析】主旨大意題。第一段提到：robocalls（機(jī)器人電話:自動(dòng)撥號(hào)播放錄音信息的推銷(xiāo)電話）在未來(lái)變得會(huì)越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重，不僅僅是出現(xiàn)在你的手機(jī)屏幕上的電話號(hào)碼令人懷疑，而且你會(huì)質(zhì)疑聽(tīng)到的聲音是否是真的。第二段介紹原因：語(yǔ)音操作與自動(dòng)化技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)使得機(jī)器人電話可以以假亂真。第三段介紹了語(yǔ)音操作和自動(dòng)化技術(shù)發(fā)展會(huì)使得機(jī)器人電話產(chǎn)生的問(wèn)題更加嚴(yán)重。最后兩段提出我們?cè)撊绾螒?yīng)對(duì)這些問(wèn)題。綜上，文章第一段點(diǎn)明文章中心：機(jī)器人電話問(wèn)題在未來(lái)會(huì)變得越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重。下文都是圍繞這一話題展開(kāi)的。故C選項(xiàng)適合作標(biāo)題。Passage5（2019年北京）Bytheendofthecentury，ifnotsooner，theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate，accordingtoanewstudy.Attheheartofthephenomenonlietinymarinemicroorganisms(海洋微生物)calledphytoplankton.Becauseofthewaylightreflectsofftheorganisms，thesephytoplanktoncreatecolourfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Oceancolourvariesfromgreentoblue，dependingonthetypeandconcentrationofphytoplankton.Climatechangewillfuelthegrowthofphytoplanktoninsomeareas，whilereducingitinotherspots，leadingtochangesintheocean'sappearance.Phytoplanktonliveattheoceansurface，wheretheypullcarbondioxide(二氧化碳)intotheoceanwhilegivingoffoxygen.Whentheseorganismsdie，theyburycarboninthedeepocean，animportantprocessthathelpstoregulatetheglobalclimate.Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean'swarmingtrend.Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth，sincetheyneednotonlysunlightandcarbondioxidetogrow，butalsonutrients.StephanieDutkiewicz，ascientistinMIT'sCenterforGlobalChangeScience，builtaclimatemodelthatprojectschangestotheoceansthroughoutthecentury.Inaworldthatwarmsupby3℃，itfoundthatmultiplechangestothecolouroftheoceanswouldoccur.Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittlephytoplanktoncouldbecomeevenbluer.Butinsomewaters，suchasthoseoftheArctic，awarmingwillmakeconditionsriperforphytoplankton，andtheseareaswillturngreener.“Notonlyarethequantitiesofphytoplanktonintheoceanchanging.”shesaid，“butthetypeofphytoplanktonischanging.”42.Whatarethefirsttwoparagraphsmainlyabout?A.Thevariouspatternsattheoceansurface.B.Thecauseofthechangesinoceancolour.C.Thewaylightreflectsoffmarineorganisms.D.Theeffortstofuelthegrowthofphytoplankton.43.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“vulnerable”inParagraph3probablymean?A.Sensitive. B.Beneficial C.Significant D.Unnoticeable44.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Phytoplanktonplayadecliningroleinthemarineecosystem.B.Dutkiewicz'smodelaimstoprojectphytoplanktonchangesC.PhytoplanktonhavebeenusedtocontrolglobalclimateD.Oceanswithmorephytoplanktonmayappeargreener.45.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage？A.ToassesstheconsequencesofoceancolourchangesB.ToanalysethecompositionoftheoceanfoodchainC.ToexplaintheeffectsofclimatechangeonoceansD.Tointroduceanewmethodtostudyphytoplankton【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文為說(shuō)明文。一項(xiàng)最新研究表明，由于氣候變暖，世界海洋將會(huì)變得更藍(lán)、更綠。這一現(xiàn)象是因?yàn)橐环N叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，因?yàn)楣饩€反射的作用，它們?cè)诤Ｑ蟊砻嫘纬闪宋孱伭膱D案。但是浮游植物很容易受到海洋變暖趨勢(shì)的影響。氣候變暖會(huì)改變海洋的主要特征，并影響浮游植物的生長(zhǎng)?！敬鸢浮緽【解析】段落大意題。第一段“Bytheendofthecentury.Ifnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.”可知，到本世紀(jì)末，一項(xiàng)新的研究表明，由于氣候變暖，如果不盡快的話，世界上的海洋將會(huì)變得更藍(lán)、更綠。結(jié)合第二段“Attheheartphenomenonlietinymarinemicroorganismscalledphytoplankton.Becaustofthewaylightreflectsofftheorganisms,thesephytoplanktonscreatecolourfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Oceancolourvariesfromgreentoblue,dependingonthetypeandconcentration”可知，這種現(xiàn)象的核心是一種叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，在光線的作用下在海洋表面形成了五顏六色的圖案。海洋的顏色從綠色到藍(lán)色不等，這取決于海洋的類(lèi)型和浮游植物濃度。由此可推斷出這兩段主要敘述了海洋生物是海洋顏色變化的原因。分析選項(xiàng)可知B符合題意，故選B。43.【答案】A【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線詞后的“Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth,sincetheyneednotonlysunshineandcarbondioxidetogrow,butalsonutrients.”可知，氣候變暖會(huì)改變海洋的主要特征，并會(huì)影響浮游植物的生長(zhǎng)。由此可判斷“Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean’swamningtrend”可知，浮游植物很容易受到海洋變暖趨勢(shì)的影響?？芍狝項(xiàng)正確。44.【答案】D【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittlephytoplanktoncouldbecomeevenbluer.Butinsomewaters,suchasthoseoftheArctic,awarmingwillmakeconditionsriperforphytoplankton,andtheseareaswillturngreener”,可知Dutkiewicz的模型預(yù)測(cè)，目前只有少量浮游植物的藍(lán)色區(qū)域可能會(huì)變得更藍(lán)。但是在一些水域，比如北極，氣候變暖會(huì)使浮游植物的生長(zhǎng)條件更加成熟，而這些水域會(huì)變得更綠了”。由此可推斷，浮游植物的生長(zhǎng)條件更加成熟，浮游動(dòng)植物就更多了，這些水域會(huì)變得更綠了。分析選項(xiàng)可知D項(xiàng)符合題意。45.【答案】C【解析】目的意圖題。第一段提出文章的主旨“Bytheendofthecentury.Ifnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.”可知到本世紀(jì)末。一項(xiàng)新的研究表明，由于氣候變暖，如果不盡快的話，世界上的海洋將會(huì)變得更藍(lán)、更綠。再結(jié)合第三段“Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean’swarningtrendWarmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth,…”可知，“浮游植物很容易受到海洋警告趨勢(shì)的影響，變暖改變了海洋的關(guān)鍵特征，并能影響浮游植物的生長(zhǎng)”?？芍疚闹饕忉寶夂蜃兓瘜?duì)海洋的影響。故選C。Passage6（2018年北京）Plastic-EatingWormsHumansproducemorethan300milliontonsofplasticeveryyear.Almosthalfofthatwindsupinlandfills(垃圾填埋場(chǎng)),andupto12milliontonspollutetheoceans.Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms.ResearchersinSpainandEnglandrecentlyfoundthatthewormsofthegreaterwaxmothcanbreakdownpolyethylene,whichaccountsfor40%ofplastics.Theteamleft100waxwormsonacommercialpolyethyleneshoppingbagfor12hours,andthewormsconsumedandbrokedownabout92milligrams,oralmost3%ofit.Toconfirmthattheworms’chewingalonewasnotresponsibleforthepolyethylenebreakdown,theresearchersmadesomewormsintopaste(糊狀物)andappliedittoplasticfilms.14hourslaterthefilmshadlost13%oftheirmass—apparentlybrokendownbyenzymes(酶)fromtheworms’stomachs.TheirfindingswerepublishedinCurrentBiologyin2017.FedericaBertocchini,co-authorofthestudy,saystheworms’abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.＂Waxisacomplexmixture,butthebasicbondinpolyethylene,thecarbon-carbonbond,isthereaswell,＂sheexplains,＂Thewaxwormevolvedamethodorsystemtobreakthisbond.＂JenniferDeBruyn,amicrobiologistattheUniversityofTennessee,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy,saysitisnotsurprisingthatsuchwormscanbreakdownpolyethylene.Butcomparedwithpreviousstudies,shefindsthespeedofbreakingdowninthisoneexciting.Thenextstep,DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown.Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes(腸道微生物)?Bertocchiniagreesandhopesherteam’sfindingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymetobreakdownplasticsinlandfills.Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply＂millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic.＂43.Whatcanwelearnaboutthewormsinthestudy?A.Theytakeplasticsastheireverydayfood.B.Theyarenewlyevolvedcreatures.C.Theycanconsumeplastics.D.Theywindupinlandfills.44.AccordingtoJenniferDeBruyn,thenextstepofthestudyisto.A.identifyothermeansofthebreakdownB.findoutthesourceoftheenzymeC.confirmtheresearchfindingsD.increasethebreakdownspeed45.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatthechemicalmight.A.helptoraisewormsB.helpmakeplasticbagsC.beusedtocleantheoceansD.beproducedinfactoriesinfuture46.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Toexplainastudymethodonworms.B.Tointroducethedietofaspecialworm.C.Topresentawaytobreakdownplastics.D.Toproposenewmeanstokeepeco-balance.【解析】本文為說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了一種吃塑料的蟲(chóng)子大蠟螟，它胃中的酶能夠降解塑料，這為解決塑料污染提供了新的途徑?！敬鸢浮緾【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段FedericaBertocchini,co-authorofthestudy,saystheworms’abilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfood—beeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.可知，研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，蠕蟲(chóng)分解日常食物的能力讓它們可以分解塑料，也就是說(shuō)它們可以消費(fèi)塑料。故選C?！敬鸢浮緽【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段Thenextstep,DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown.Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes(腸道微生物)?可知，下一步研究是辨清分解的原因，查明這種酶來(lái)源于哪里，是蟲(chóng)子自己產(chǎn)生的還是它腸道里的微生物產(chǎn)生的。故選B。45.【答案】D【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply＂millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic.＂可以推斷出，Bertocchini希望這種化學(xué)物質(zhì)將來(lái)能在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中使用，而不是僅僅依靠蠕蟲(chóng)來(lái)分解塑料。故選D。46.【答案】C【解析】寫(xiě)作意圖題。根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms.可知，有一種新的方法被用于分解塑料。再根據(jù)最后一段最后一句Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply＂millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic.＂可知，Bertocchini希望將這種方法推廣到工業(yè)中。由此可以推知寫(xiě)作意圖為介紹一種分解塑料的方法。故選C。PartII-模擬能力提升（北京各區(qū)模擬試題）Passage7（2022·北京海淀·二模）About20yearsago,DanielHoffman,aclassicallytrainedviolinistmetayoungmusicianplayinginthetownsquareinMarrakech,anancientcityinMorocco.TheycommunicatedinthelittleFrenchtheybothknew,buttheirmaincommonlanguagewasmusic.Onthebackofamotorbikeofthefe