上海名校秋季開(kāi)學(xué)摸底預(yù)測(cè)卷-新高考英語(yǔ)一輪總復(fù)習(xí)（上海專用）（解析版）

PAGE1PAGE2上海名校秋季開(kāi)學(xué)摸底預(yù)測(cè)卷（解析版）學(xué)校:___________姓名：___________班級(jí)：___________考號(hào)：___________GrammarSectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.（2023春·上海楊浦·高三上海市楊浦高級(jí)中學(xué)?？茧A段練習(xí)）Directions:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.Itcantakealittleimaginationtoseehowsomeinnovationsmightchangeaneconomy.NotsowiththelatestAltools.Itiseasy—fromawriter’sperspective,uncomfortablyso—1(think)ofcontextsinwhichsomethinglikeChatGPT,acleverchatbotwhich2(take)thewebbystormsinceitsreleaseinNovember2022,couldeitherdramaticallyboostahumanworker’sproductivityorreplacethemoutright.TheChatGPTinitsnamestandsfor“generativepre-trainedtransformer”,3isaparticularkindoflanguagemodel.4(feed)hugeamountsofhuman-createdtext,ChatGPTlooksforstatisticalregularitiesinthisdata,learnswhatwordsandphrases5(associate)withothersandthereforepredictwhatwordsshouldcomenextinanygivensentenceand6sentencesfittogether.Theresultisamachinethatcanpersuasivelymimic(模仿)humanlanguage.Thiscapacity7mimicryallowsChatGPTtowriteessaysandpoetry,thinkupjokes,formulatecode,andanswerquestionswhethertoachildoranexpert.Itsperformanceissoastonishing8manyoverthepastmonthshavebeenbothcelebratingandpanicking.“Essaysaredead,”wrotethecognitivescientistTimKietzmann.OthersclaimthatitwillfinishoffGoogleasasearchengine.Andtheprogram9thinksitmaybeabletoreplacehumansinjobsfrominsuranceagenttocourtreporter.Nevertheless,thereisan10(underlie)problemthatfacesanyformofartificialintelligence.Acomputermanipulates(處理)symbols.Itsprogramspecifiesasetofruleswithwhichtotransformonestringofsymbolsintoanother,ortorecognizestatisticalpatterns.Butitdoesnotspecifywhatthosesymbolsorpatternsmean.Toacomputer,meaningisirrelevantChatGPT”knows"whatappearsmeaningfultohumans,butnotwhatismeaningfultoitself【答案】1．tothink2．hastaken3．which4．Fed5．a(chǎn)reassociated6．how7．for8．that9．itself10．underlying【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了ChatGPT智能聊天機(jī)器人。1．考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意：這很容易——從作家的角度來(lái)看，這很不舒服——想象一下像ChatGPT這樣的智能聊天機(jī)器人，自2022年11月發(fā)布以來(lái)在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上風(fēng)靡開(kāi)來(lái)，可以顯著提高人類工作者的生產(chǎn)力，或者完全取代他們。此處。固定搭配be+adj.+todosth.“做某事是怎么樣的”，不定式作真正的主語(yǔ)。填tothink。2．考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。句意：這很容易——從作家的角度來(lái)看，這很不舒服——想象一下像ChatGPT這樣的智能聊天機(jī)器人，自2022年11月發(fā)布以來(lái)在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上風(fēng)靡開(kāi)來(lái)，可以顯著提高人類工作者的生產(chǎn)力，或者完全取代他們。根據(jù)sinceitsreleaseinNovember2022可知，此處使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞替代先行詞acleverchatbot在從句中作主語(yǔ)，助動(dòng)詞使用has。故填hastaken。3．考查定語(yǔ)從句。句意：ChatGPT顧名思義就是“生成式預(yù)訓(xùn)練轉(zhuǎn)換器”，這是一種特殊的語(yǔ)言模型。此處是非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞是ChatGPT，指物，關(guān)系代詞替代先行詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)，應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)。故填which。4．考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意：ChatGPT通過(guò)輸入大量的人工文本，在這些數(shù)據(jù)中尋找統(tǒng)計(jì)規(guī)律，學(xué)習(xí)哪些單詞和短語(yǔ)與其他單詞和短語(yǔ)相關(guān)，從而預(yù)測(cè)任何給定句子中接下來(lái)應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)哪些單詞，以及句子如何組合。feed與ChatGPT是邏輯動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，應(yīng)用過(guò)去分詞，作狀語(yǔ)。故填Fed。5．考查動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài)。句意：ChatGPT通過(guò)輸入大量的人工文本，在這些數(shù)據(jù)中尋找統(tǒng)計(jì)規(guī)律，學(xué)習(xí)哪些單詞和短語(yǔ)與其他單詞和短語(yǔ)相關(guān)，從而預(yù)測(cè)任何給定句子中接下來(lái)應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)哪些單詞，以及句子如何組合。句子陳述客觀事實(shí)，應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；associate與whatwordsandphrases是邏輯動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，be動(dòng)詞使用are。故填areassociated。6．考查賓語(yǔ)從句。句意：ChatGPT通過(guò)輸入大量的人工文本，在這些數(shù)據(jù)中尋找統(tǒng)計(jì)規(guī)律，學(xué)習(xí)哪些單詞和短語(yǔ)與其他單詞和短語(yǔ)相關(guān)，從而預(yù)測(cè)任何給定句子中接下來(lái)應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)哪些單詞，以及句子如何組合。此處是賓語(yǔ)從句，連接詞在從句中作方式狀語(yǔ)，應(yīng)用how引導(dǎo)。故填how。7．考查介詞。句意：這種模仿能力使ChatGPT能夠?qū)懳恼潞驮?shī)歌，想出笑話，編寫代碼，并回答孩子或?qū)＜业膯?wèn)題。固定搭配capacityfor“……的能力”。故填for。8．考查結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。句意：它的表現(xiàn)如此驚人，以至于在過(guò)去的幾個(gè)月里，許多人既在慶祝，又在恐慌。此處是so...that“如此……以至于……”，that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。故填that。9．考查反身代詞。句意：該程序本身認(rèn)為，它可能會(huì)取代人類從事從保險(xiǎn)代理人到法庭記錄員的工作。此處指代程序本身，應(yīng)用反身代詞itself。故填itself。10．考查形容詞。句意：然而，任何形式的人工智能都面臨著一個(gè)潛在的問(wèn)題。此處修飾名詞problem，應(yīng)用形容詞underlying“潛在的”，作定語(yǔ)。故填underlying。SectionBDirections:（2023春·上海·高三復(fù)旦附中?？茧A段練習(xí)）Directions:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A．stem

B．dot

C．a(chǎn)ttributable

D．exceeded

E.overlook

F.exposedG.drainage

H.emerging

I.sinking

J.access

K.establishedTheMega-CityEnvironmentMega-citiessufferfromacatalogofenvironmentalills.AWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)/UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgram(UNEP)studyfoundthatsevenofthecities-MexicoCity,Beijing,Cairo,Jakarta,LosAngeles,SaoPauloandMoscow-hadthreeormorepollutantsthat11theWHOhealthprotectionguidelines.All20ofthecitiesstudiedbyWHO/UNEPhadatleastonemajorpollutantthatwentbeyond12healthlimits.AccordingtotheWorldResourcesInstitute,“Millionsofchildrenlivingintheworld’slargestcities,particularlyindevelopingcountries,are13tolife-threateningairpollutiontwotoeighttimesabovethemaximumbasedonWHOguidelines.Indeed,morethan80percentofalldeathsindevelopingcountries14toairpollution-inducedlunginfectionsareamongchildrenunderfive.”InthebigAsianmega-citiessuchasNewDelhi,BeijingandJakarta,approximately20to30percentofallrespiratorydiseases15fromairpollution.Almostallofthemega-citiesfacemajorfreshwaterchallenges.Johannesburg,SouthAfrica,isforcedtodrawwaterfromhighlands370milesaway.InBangkok,saltwaterisinvadingaquifers(地下蓄水層).MexicoCityhasaserious16problembecauseofexcessivegroundwaterwithdrawal.Morethanabillionpeople,20percentoftheworld’spopulation,livewithoutregular17tocleanrunningwater.Whilepoorpeopleareforcedtopayhighfeesforprivatewater,manycitiessquandertheirresourcesthroughleakagesandillegal18.“Withthepopulationofcitiesexpectedtoincreasetofivebillionby2025,”saysKlausToepfer,executivedirectoroftheUNEP,“theurbandemandforwaterissettoincreaserapidly.Thismeansthatanysolutiontothewatercrisisiscloselylinkedtothegovernanceofcities.“Mega-cityresidents,crowdedintounsanitaryslums,arealsosubjecttoseriousdiseaseoutbreaks.Lima,Peru(withpopulationestimatedat9.4millionby2015)sufferedacholeraoutbreakinthelate1990spartlybecause,astheNewYorkTimesreported,”ruralpeoplenewtoLima...liveinhouseswithoutrunningwaterandusetheouthouses(屋外廁所)that19thehillsidesabove.“It’sworthlookingatsomeofthese20mega-citiesindetail,becausedailylifethereislikelytobethepatternforamajorityoftheworld’spopulation.Mostarealreadyexperiencingsevereenvironmentalproblemsthatwillonlybeworsenedbyrapidpopulationincreases.【答案】11．D12．K13．F14．C15．A16．I17．J18．G19．B20．H【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是說(shuō)明文。主要講述了大城市遭受著一系列的環(huán)境問(wèn)題。11．考查動(dòng)詞。句意：世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)/聯(lián)合國(guó)環(huán)境規(guī)劃署(UNEP)的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，其中7個(gè)城市——墨西哥城、北京、開(kāi)羅、雅加達(dá)、洛杉磯、圣保羅和莫斯科——有三種或三種以上的污染物超過(guò)了世衛(wèi)組織的健康保護(hù)準(zhǔn)則。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，句中缺少謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，所以應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞，根據(jù)后文“All20ofthecitiesstudiedbyWHO/UNEPhadatleastonemajorpollutantthatwentbeyond2healthlimits.”可知，此處是指“超過(guò)世衛(wèi)組織的健康保護(hù)準(zhǔn)則”之意，所以D項(xiàng)exceeded意為“超過(guò)”符合題意。故選D項(xiàng)。12．考查形容詞。句意：衛(wèi)生組織/環(huán)境規(guī)劃署研究的所有20個(gè)城市至少有一種主要污染物超過(guò)既定的健康限度。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空前是介詞，空后是名詞，所以空處應(yīng)填形容詞，根據(jù)句意此處表達(dá)“既定的健康限度”之意，所以K項(xiàng)established意為“已確立的”符合題意。故選K項(xiàng)。13．考查形容詞。句意：生活在世界各大城市，特別是發(fā)展中國(guó)家的數(shù)百萬(wàn)兒童暴露在威脅生命的空氣污染中，空氣污染比世衛(wèi)組織指南規(guī)定的最大污染水平高出2至8倍。根據(jù)后文“Indeed,morethan80percentofalldeathsindevelopingcountries4toairpollution-inducedlunginfectionsareamongchildrenunderfive.”可知，兒童是暴露威脅生命的空氣污染中，所以F項(xiàng)exposed意為“暴露的”符合句意。故選F項(xiàng)。14．考查形容詞。句意：事實(shí)上，在發(fā)展中國(guó)家，由空氣污染引起的肺部感染導(dǎo)致的所有死亡中，80%以上是5歲以下的兒童。根據(jù)后文“toairpollution-inducedlunginfections”可知，此處表達(dá)“引起的肺部感染”之意，所以C項(xiàng)attributable和空后的to構(gòu)成固定短語(yǔ)：attributableto意為“歸因于”符合題意。故選C項(xiàng)。15．考查動(dòng)詞。句意：在新德里、北京和雅加達(dá)等亞洲大城市，大約20%到30%的呼吸道疾病是由空氣污染引起的。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，本句缺少謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，所以空處應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞，根據(jù)句意可知表達(dá)“引起”之意，所以A項(xiàng)stem和空后的from構(gòu)成固定搭配：stemfrom意為“源于”符合題意。故選A項(xiàng)。16．考查形容詞。句意：由于過(guò)度抽取地下水，墨西哥城存在嚴(yán)重的下沉問(wèn)題。根據(jù)后文“becauseofexcessivegroundwaterwithdrawal”可知由于過(guò)度抽取地下水，所以它有下沉的危險(xiǎn)，所以I項(xiàng)sinking意為“下沉的”符合題意，作定語(yǔ)，修飾名詞problem。故選I項(xiàng)。17．考查名詞。句意：超過(guò)10億人（占世界人口的20%）生活在無(wú)法定期獲得清潔自來(lái)水的環(huán)境中。根據(jù)后文“Whilepoorpeopleareforcedtopayhighfeesforprivatewater”可知，此處表達(dá)“無(wú)法定期獲得清潔自來(lái)水”之意，所以J項(xiàng)access和后文的to構(gòu)成固定搭配：accessto意為“接近；有權(quán)利使用”符合題意。故選J項(xiàng)。18．考查名詞。句意：雖然窮人被迫為私人用水支付高額費(fèi)用，但許多城市卻因漏水和非法排水而浪費(fèi)資源。根據(jù)前文“manycitiessquandertheirresourcesthroughleakages”可知空處和空前的leakages并列，意思接近，所以G項(xiàng)drainage意為“排水”符合題意。故選G項(xiàng)。19．考查動(dòng)詞。句意：秘魯利馬（2015年人口估計(jì)為940萬(wàn)）在20世紀(jì)90年代末爆發(fā)了霍亂，部分原因是，正如《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》報(bào)道的那樣，“新來(lái)到利馬的農(nóng)村人……住在沒(méi)有自來(lái)水的房子里，使用散布在山坡上的屋外廁所?！狈治鼍渥咏Y(jié)構(gòu)可知，本句缺少謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，所以空處應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞，根據(jù)句意，此處表達(dá)“散布在山坡上的屋外廁所”之意，所以B項(xiàng)dot意為“星羅棋布于”符合題意。故選B項(xiàng)。20．考查形容詞。句意：我們有必要仔細(xì)研究一下這些新興的超級(jí)城市，因?yàn)槟抢锏娜粘Ｉ詈芸赡苁鞘澜缟洗蠖鄶?shù)人的生活模式。根據(jù)前文主要講述了秘魯利馬這些新興的超級(jí)城市，所以此處表達(dá)“新興的超級(jí)城市”之意，所以H項(xiàng)emerging意為“出現(xiàn)的，新興的”符合題意。故選H項(xiàng)。ReadingComprehension(21–35題，每題1分；36–50題，每題2分；共45分)SectionADirections:eachblankinthefollowingpassagemarkedB,CandD.ineachblankwiththeorphrasethatbestthecontext.（2023·上?！ど虾Ｊ忻褶k文綺中學(xué)校考三模）Theteenageyearsofanindividualismarkedbyevaluatingone’svalues,experiencingashiftinoutlooks,andatendencytoactrebellious.Itcanalsobeatimewhensomeonebecomesextremely21tonegativeinfluences,andisdrawntowardsdangeroussituations.Ontheotherhand,forparents,theperiodoftheirchildren’sadolescencemeansregularlyworryingabouttheirsafetyandformationasacitizen.Thus,amethodof

22teenagers’securityisneeded,andcurfews(宵禁)areoftenseenassuchameasure,sincetheyhaveprovedtheir23.Atthesametime,certainpeculiaritiesexistaboutestablishingcurfewsforchildren.TheissueofteenagecurfewsiswidelydebatedintheUnitedStates,wherethismethodisstillrather24,andinEuropeandemocracies,wherethismeasureisyetnotsowidelyused.Thefirstandforemostreasonforestablishingcurfewsischildren’ssecurity.25curfewsrequireteenagersunder17yearstostayoutofstreetsstartingfrom11p.m.ormidnight.Thisisbelievedtoprotectthemfromcrimescommittedafternightfall,aswellasfrombreakingthelaw,andthereexistsseriousevidence26thisbelief.Forexample,whenNewOrleansenabledadusk-till-dawncurfewin1994,theratesofjuvenilecrimewerereportedtofallmorethan20percent.Evenmoreimpressive27wererecordedinDallas,whichreporteda30-percentdecreaseinviolentjuvenilecrime,anda21-percentdecreaseintheoverallratesofcrimescommittedbyyoungpeople(TheNewYorkTimes).Ontheotherhand,curfewscanbeseenasapreventivemeasurethatrobyoungpeopleoftheirrights,28theirfreedom.ThisopinionisparticularlysupportedbythefactthatcurfewviolationsandtherespectivechargesareamongthemostoftencommittedjuvenilecrimesintheUnitedStates.29,therewerereportsclaimingthatpolicearrestedmorenon-whiteteenagersforcurfewviolations.Allthiscancauseateenagertobelievetheyhavecrossedapsychologicallinedividingthemas30;thus,suchteenagersmaystarttoseethemselvesasoutlaws,whichcan31committingmoreseriouscrimesthanacurfewoffense.Whatisimportantforaparenttorememberwhenestablishingacurfewfortheirchildrenisthatateenager’smisjudgedviewofcertain32maycausethemtomisbehaveinsomeotherway;thisisprovedbyresearchconductedbytheUniversityofMinnesota,accordingtowhichteenstendtoprotestagainstwhattheyseeas33.Consideringthis,parentsshould34theauthoritarianstyleofestablishingcurfews;instead,theyshouldhaveaconversationwiththeirteenagerthatwouldbeaimedatfindingidealconditionsforacurfewthatwould35bothsides.21．A．opposed B．subjected C．related D．restricted22．A．improving B．restoring C．ensuring D．expanding23．A．principle B．reference C．a(chǎn)pproach D．efficiency24．A．popular B．a(chǎn)bsent C．practical D．a(chǎn)ccessible25．A．Typical B．Evident C．Critical D．Specific26．A．inplaceof B．inhonorof C．incaseof D．infavorof27．A．results B．events C．patterns D．links28．A．protecting B．a(chǎn)cknowledging C．limiting D．liberating29．A．Bycontrast B．Inaddition C．Inconclusion D．Ingeneral30．A．winners B．criminals C．victims D．protectors31．A．takechargeof B．contributeto C．resultfrom D．dealwith32．A．rules B．charges C．crimes D．relations33．A．impolite B．unrealistic C．inadequate D．unfair34．A．a(chǎn)dopt B．a(chǎn)llow C．a(chǎn)void D．a(chǎn)ddress35．A．satisfy B．spare C．surround D．settle【答案】21．B22．C23．D24．A25．A26．D27．A28．C29．B30．B31．B32．A33．D34．C35．A【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇議論文。為了確保青少年的安全，美國(guó)對(duì)青少年實(shí)行了宵禁。宵禁降低了強(qiáng)少年的犯罪率，非常有效，但是在一定程度上限制了青少年的自由和權(quán)利。本文對(duì)宵禁這以舉措的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了論述。21．考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：這也可能是一個(gè)人變得非常受到負(fù)面影響的時(shí)候，并被危險(xiǎn)的情況所吸引。A.opposed反對(duì)；B.subjected使經(jīng)受；C.related聯(lián)系；D.restricted限制。由下文“andisdrawntowardsdangeroussituations”可知，被危險(xiǎn)的情況所吸引，自然容易受到負(fù)面影響，besubjectedto固定搭配，意為“遭受；受……影響”。故選B。22．考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：因此，需要一種確保青少年安全的方法，宵禁往往被視為這樣一種措施，因?yàn)樗鼈円呀?jīng)證明了自己的有效性。A.improving提高；B.restoring恢復(fù)；C.ensuring確保；D.expanding擴(kuò)大。由下文“teenagers’securityisneeded,andcurfews(宵禁)areoftenseenassuchameasure”可知，為了確保青少年安全的方法而采取了宵禁這種措施，故選C。23．考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：需要一種確保青少年安全的方法，宵禁往往被視為這樣一種措施，因?yàn)樗鼈円呀?jīng)證明了自己的有效性。A.principle原則；B.reference參考；C.approach方法；D.efficiency效率；成效。由上文“curfews(宵禁)areoftenseenassuchameasure,sincetheyhaveprovedtheir”可知，采取宵禁這種措施，是因?yàn)檫@種措施很有效，故選D。24．考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：青少年宵禁的問(wèn)題在美國(guó)引起了廣泛的爭(zhēng)論，在美國(guó)，這種方法仍然相當(dāng)流行，而在歐洲民主國(guó)家，這種措施還沒(méi)有得到廣泛使用。A.popular有名的；流行的；B.absent缺席的；C.practical實(shí)用的；D.accessible可接近的。由上文“TheissueofteenagecurfewsiswidelydebatedintheUnitedStates,”可知，青少年宵禁的問(wèn)題在美國(guó)引起了廣泛的爭(zhēng)論，這說(shuō)明在美國(guó)，這種方法很流行，故選A。25．考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：典型的宵禁要求17歲以下的青少年從晚上11點(diǎn)或午夜開(kāi)始不得上街。A.Typical典型的；B.Evident顯然的；C.Critical批評(píng)的；D.Specific具體的。由下文“curfewsrequireteenagersunder17yearstostayoutofstreetsstartingfrom11p.m.ormidnight.”可知，此處列舉典型例子具體介紹了宵禁的要求，故選A。26．考查介詞短語(yǔ)詞義辨析。句意：這被認(rèn)為可以保護(hù)他們免受夜幕降臨后的罪行，以及免受違法行為的傷害，并且有確鑿的證據(jù)支持這一觀點(diǎn)。A.inplaceof代替；B.inhonorof為了紀(jì)念；C.incaseof以防；D.infavorof支持。由下文“Forexample,whenNewOrleansenabledadusk-till-dawncurfewin1994,theratesofjuvenilecrimewerereportedtofallmorethan20percent.(例如，當(dāng)新奧爾良在1994年實(shí)行從黃昏到黎明的宵禁時(shí)，據(jù)報(bào)道青少年犯罪率下降了20%以上。)”可知，此處舉例子來(lái)支持宵禁是有效的這一觀點(diǎn)，故選D。27．考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：達(dá)拉斯的結(jié)果更令人印象深刻，報(bào)告顯示青少年暴力犯罪率下降了30%，青少年犯罪率整體下降了21%（紐約時(shí)報(bào)）。A.results結(jié)果；B.events事件；C.patterns類型；D.links聯(lián)結(jié)。由下文“whichreporteda30-percentdecreaseinviolentjuvenilecrime,anda21-percentdecreaseintheoverallratesofcrimescommittedbyyoungpeople(TheNewYorkTimes).”可知，報(bào)告顯示青少年暴力犯罪率下降了30%，青少年犯罪率整體下降了21%，這是達(dá)拉斯的調(diào)查結(jié)果，故選A。28．考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：另一方面，宵禁可被視為一種預(yù)防性措施，剝奪了年輕人的權(quán)利，限制了他們的自由。A.protecting保護(hù)；B.acknowledging承認(rèn)；C.limiting限制；D.liberating解放。由上文“Ontheotherhand,curfewscanbeseenasapreventivemeasurethatrobyoungpeopleoftheirrights”可知，有些人認(rèn)為宵禁限制了他們的自由，故選C。29．考查介詞短語(yǔ)詞義辨析。句意：此外，有報(bào)道稱，警方以違反宵禁為由逮捕了更多的非白人青少年。A.Bycontrast相比之下；B.Inaddition此外；C.Inconclusion總之；D.Ingeneral一般地。上文描述了宵禁限制了年輕人的自由這一缺點(diǎn)，此處描寫了宵禁的另一缺點(diǎn)——警方以違反宵禁為由逮捕了更多的非白人青少年，由此可知，空前句子和空后句子是并列關(guān)系，此處應(yīng)用inaddition，表示“此外”，故選B。30．考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：所有這些都可能導(dǎo)致青少年認(rèn)為他們已經(jīng)越過(guò)了將他們劃分為罪犯的心理防線；因此，這些青少年可能開(kāi)始將自己視為不法之徒，這可能導(dǎo)致犯下比宵禁更嚴(yán)重的罪行。A.winners獲勝者；B.criminals罪犯；C.victims受害者；D.protectors保護(hù)者。由下文“thus,suchteenagersmaystarttoseethemselvesasoutlaws,”可知，所有這些都可能導(dǎo)致青少年認(rèn)為他們已經(jīng)越過(guò)了將他們劃分為罪犯的心理防線，因此，這些青少年可能開(kāi)始將自己視為不法之徒，故選B。31．考查動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)詞義辨析。句意：所有這些都可能導(dǎo)致青少年認(rèn)為他們已經(jīng)越過(guò)了將他們劃分為罪犯的心理防線；因此，這些青少年可能開(kāi)始將自己視為不法之徒，這可能導(dǎo)致犯下比宵禁更嚴(yán)重的罪行。A.takechargeof控制；B.contributeto有助于；促使；C.resultfrom由……導(dǎo)致；D.dealwith解決。由上文“thus,suchteenagersmaystarttoseethemselvesasoutlaws”可知，這些青少年可能開(kāi)始將自己視為不法之徒，這促使他們犯下比宵禁更嚴(yán)重的罪行。故選B。32．考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：在為孩子設(shè)立宵禁時(shí)，父母需要記住的重要一點(diǎn)是，青少年對(duì)某些規(guī)定的錯(cuò)誤看法可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致他們?cè)谄渌矫嫘袨椴欢耍髂崽K達(dá)大學(xué)進(jìn)行的研究證明了這一點(diǎn)，根據(jù)這項(xiàng)研究，青少年傾向于抗議他們認(rèn)為不公平的行為。A.rules規(guī)則；B.charges收費(fèi)；C.crimes犯罪；D.relations關(guān)系。由上文“whenestablishingacurfewfortheirchildrenisthatateenager’smisjudgedviewofcertain”可知，此處指宵禁的一些規(guī)定，故選A。33．考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：在為孩子設(shè)立宵禁時(shí)，父母需要記住的重要一點(diǎn)是，青少年對(duì)某些規(guī)定的錯(cuò)誤看法可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致他們?cè)谄渌矫嫘袨椴欢?，明尼蘇達(dá)大學(xué)進(jìn)行的研究證明了這一點(diǎn)，根據(jù)這項(xiàng)研究，青少年傾向于抗議他們認(rèn)為不公平的行為。A.impolite不禮貌的；B.unrealistic不現(xiàn)實(shí)的；C.inadequate不足的；D.unfair不公平的。由上文“teenstendtoprotestagainstwhattheyseeas”可知，青少年會(huì)對(duì)他們認(rèn)為不公平的行為而抗議，故選D。34．考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：考慮到這一點(diǎn)，父母應(yīng)該避免建立宵禁的獨(dú)裁風(fēng)格；相反，他們應(yīng)該與孩子進(jìn)行對(duì)話，旨在為宵禁尋找雙方都滿意的理想條件。A.adopt采??；B.allow允許；C.avoid避免；D.address解決。由下文“theauthoritarianstyleofestablishingcurfews;instead”可知，父母應(yīng)該避免建立宵禁的獨(dú)裁風(fēng)格，故選C。35．考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：考慮到這一點(diǎn)，父母應(yīng)該避免建立宵禁的獨(dú)裁風(fēng)格；相反，他們應(yīng)該與孩子進(jìn)行對(duì)話，旨在為宵禁尋找雙方都滿意的理想條件。A.satisfy使?jié)M意；B.spare抽出，留出；C.

surround圍繞；D.settle定居；解決。由上文“theyshouldhaveaconversationwiththeirteenagerthatwouldbeaimedatfindingidealconditionsforacurfewthatwould”和下文“bothsides”可知，父母應(yīng)該與孩子進(jìn)行對(duì)話，旨在為宵禁尋找雙方都滿意的理想條件。故選A。SectionB Directions:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.（A）（2023春·上?！じ呷？茧A段練習(xí)）Researchersinthefieldofpsychologyhavefoundthatoneofthebestwaystomakeanimportantdecision,suchaschoosingauniversitytoattendorabusinesstoinvestin,involvestheutilizationofadecisionworksheet.Psychologistswhostudyoptimizationcompareactualdecisionsmadebypeoplewiththeoreticalidealdecisionstoseehowsimilartheyare.Supportersoftheworksheetprocedurebelievethatitwillyieldoptimal,thatis,thebestdecisions.Althoughthereareseveralvariationsontheexactformatthatworksheetcantake,theyareallsimilarintheiressentialaspects.Worksheetsrequiredefiningtheprobleminaclearandconcisewayandthenlistingallpossiblesolutionstotheproblem.Next,therelevantconsiderationsthatwillbeaffectedbyeachdecisionarelisted,andtherelativeimportanceofeachconsiderationorconsequenceisdetermined.Eachconsiderationisassignedanumericalvaluetoreflectitsrelativeimportance.Adecisionismathematicallycalculatedbyaddingthesevaluestogether.Thealternativewiththehighestnumberofpointsemergesasthebestdecision.Sincemostimportantproblemsaremultifaceted(多層面的),thereareseveralalternativestochoosefrom,eachwithuniqueadvantagesanddisadvantages.Oneofthebenefitsofapencilandpaperdecision-makingprocedureisthatitpermitspeopletodealwithmorevariablesthantheirmindscangenerallycomprehendandremember.Ontheaverage,peoplecankeepaboutsevenideasintheirmindsatonce.Aworksheetcanbeespeciallyusefulwhenthedecisioninvolvesalargenumberofvariableswithcomplexrelationships.Arealisticexampleformanycollegestudentsisthequestion“WhatwillIdoaftergraduation?”Agraduatemightseekapositionthatoffersspecializedtraining,pursueanadvanceddegree,ortravelabroadforayear.Adecision-makingworksheetbeginswithabriefstatementoftheproblemthatwillalsohelptonarrowit.Itisimportanttobeclearaboutthedistinctionbetweenlong-rangeandimmediategoalsbecauselong-rangegoalsofteninvolveadifferentdecisionthanshort-rangeones.Focusingonlongrangegoals,agraduatingstudentmightrevisethequestionaboveto“WhatwillIdoaftergraduationthatwillleadtoasuccessfulcareer?”36．Ofthefollowingsteps,whichoccursbeforetheothersinmakingadecisionworksheet?A．Listingtheconsequencesofeachsolution.B．Calculatinganumericalsummaryofeachsolution.C．Decidingwhichconsequencesaremostimportant.D．Writingdownallpossiblesolutions.37．Accordingtodecision-worksheettheory,anoptionaldecisionisdefinedasonethat________.A．hasthefewestvariablestoconsider B．usesthemostdecisionworksheetsC．hasthemostpointsassignedtoit D．isagreedbythegreatestnumberofpeople38．Theauthorstatesthat“Ontheaverage,peoplecankeepaboutsevenideasintheirmindsatonce”toexplainthat________.A．mostdecisionsinvolvesevensteps B．humanmentalcapacityhaslimitationsC．somepeoplehavedifficultymakingminoraswellasmajordecisions D．peoplecanlearntokeepmorethansevenideasintheirmindswithpractice39．Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?A．Atooltoassistinmakingcomplexdecisions.B．Acomparisonofactualdecisionsandidealdecisions.C．Researchonhowpeoplemakedecisions.D．Differencesbetweenlong-rangeandshort-rangedecisionmaking.【答案】36．A37．C38．B39．A【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。作者通過(guò)這篇文章主要向我們描述了心理學(xué)領(lǐng)域的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，做出一項(xiàng)重要決定的最好方法之一，比如選擇一所大學(xué)，或從事投資的企業(yè)，涉及使用一個(gè)決定工作表。36．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Worksheetsrequiredefiningtheprobleminaclearandconcisewayandthenlistingallpossiblesolutionstotheproblem.(工作表要求以清晰簡(jiǎn)潔的方式定義問(wèn)題，然后列出所有可能的解決方案)”可知，在制定決策工作表時(shí)，要列出問(wèn)題的所有可能解決方案。故選A。37．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Supportersoftheworksheetprocedurebelievethatitwillyieldoptimal,thatis,thebestdecisions.(工作表程序的支持者認(rèn)為，它將產(chǎn)生最優(yōu)的，即最好的決策)”和“Thealternativewiththehighestnumberofpointsemergesasthebestdecision.(得分最高的選項(xiàng)是最佳決策)”可知，根據(jù)決策工作表理論，最優(yōu)決策被定義為擁有分配給它的最多點(diǎn)數(shù)。故選C。38．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Oneofthebenefitsofapencilandpaperdecision-makingprocedureisthatitpermitspeopletodealwithmorevariablesthantheirmindscangenerallycomprehendandremember.(紙筆決策程序的好處之一是，它允許人們處理比他們的大腦通常能理解和記住的更多的變量)”可推知，作者指出“平均而言，人們可以同時(shí)在他們的頭腦中保留大約七個(gè)想法”來(lái)解釋人的心智能力是有限的。故選B。39．主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Researchersinthefieldofpsychologyhavefoundthatoneofthebestwaystomakeanimportantdecision,suchaschoosingauniversitytoattendorabusinesstoinvestin,involvestheutilizationofadecisionworksheet.(心理學(xué)領(lǐng)域的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，做出重要決定的最佳方法之一，比如選擇上一所大學(xué)或投資一家企業(yè)，涉及到?jīng)Q策工作表的使用)”及全文可知，這篇文章主要討論了輔助做出復(fù)雜決策的工具。故選A。（B）（2023·上?！つ涎笾袑W(xué)校考三模）WhatisPayQwiq?PayQwiqisafastandsecurepaymentservicethathelpsyougoquicklythroughtheTescocheckout.Itletsyouaddyourcreditordebitcarddetailstotheappsoyoucanuseyoursmartphonetopayforyourshoppingwithjustonescan.NotonlythatbutitcollectsyourClubcardpointsautomatically.Thismeansyoucannowgowallet-freeinallUKTescostores.Sowhynotgiveitago?Itonlytakesamomenttodownloadandyouwillreceivethesebenefits:CollectyourClubcardpointsautomaticallyPayforyourweeklyshopupto￡250UsepayQwiqoffline,evenwithnosignalTrackyourspendinginTescoSignuptoPayQwiqandcollect100extraClubcardpointsforeachweekyoupaywiththeapp,forupto5weeks—that’supto500extrapoints.Availabletonewcustomerswhosignupby3September2018andmakeallpaymentsby31October2018.Oneofferpercustomer.Onlyonequalifyingdealperweekwillcollecttheextrapoints.Additionalpaymentsinthesameweekwillnotreceiveextrapoints.ClubcardpointswillbeaddedtoafutureClubcardstatement.Howdoesitwork?HeadtotheAppStoreorGooglePlaytodownloadthePayQwiqapp.Assoonasyou’veaddedyourcarddetails,you’llbereadytoshopusingjustyourphone.Andthere’snoneedtoworryaboutyourbankdetailsbeingstoredonyourphone—they’reallsecurelyprotectedinourdatacenters.Sonotonlyitisquickerandeasier,it’ssafertoo.40．IfcustomersusePayQwiqinUKTescostores,theycan_______.A．getClubcardpointsautomatically B．payfortheirweeklyshopwithoutlimitC．budgettheireverydayspending D．win500extrapointsatatime41．Fromthepassagewecanlearnthat_______.A．usersmustsignupby3September2018B．usersneedn’taddtheirpaymentcardinformationC．PayQwiqcanguaranteebothconvenienceandsafetyD．PayQwiqcanbedownloadedonlyfromtheAppStore42．Whatisthepurposeofthispassage?A．TostresstheimportanceofPayQwiq. B．TopopularizetheuseofPayQwiq.C．TodescribethefeasibilityofPayQwiq. D．ToensurethesafetyofPayQwiq.【答案】40．A41．C42．B【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇應(yīng)用文。文章主要介紹了名為PayQwiq的支付服務(wù)，介紹了其提供的好處以及工作方式。40．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“NotonlythatbutitcollectsyourClubcardpointsautomatically.(不僅如此，它還會(huì)自動(dòng)收集你的會(huì)員卡積分)”可知，如果顧客在英國(guó)樂(lè)購(gòu)商店使用PayQwiq，他們可以自動(dòng)獲得會(huì)員卡積分。故選A。41．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Assoonasyou’veaddedyourcarddetails,you’llbereadytoshopusingjustyourphone.(一旦你添加了信用卡的詳細(xì)信息，你就可以只用手機(jī)購(gòu)物了)”以及最后一段“Andthere’snoneedtoworryaboutyourbankdetailsbeingstoredonyourphone—they’reallsecurelyprotectedinourdatacenters.(你也不必?fù)?dān)心你的銀行信息會(huì)被存儲(chǔ)在手機(jī)上——它們都在我們的數(shù)據(jù)中心得到安全保護(hù))”可知，PayQwiq既方便又安全。故選C。42．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“PayQwiqisafastandsecurepaymentservicethathelpsyougoquicklythroughtheTescocheckout.(PayQwiq是一種快速安全的支付服務(wù)，可以幫助您快速通過(guò)Tesco結(jié)賬)”結(jié)合文章主要介紹了名為PayQwiq的支付服務(wù)，介紹了其提供的好處以及工作方式?？赏浦@篇文章的目的是推廣PayQwiq的使用。故選B。（C）（2023·上?！けR灣高級(jí)中學(xué)?？既＃㎡nJune22,1927,CharlesLindberghflewintoDayton,OhiooftheUS,fordinneratOrvilleWright’shouse.Ithadbeenjustamonthsincetheyoungaviator(飛行家)completedthefirsteversolononstopcrossingoftheAtlantic,andhefeltheoughttopayhisrespectstothecelebratedpioneerofflight.Forty-twoyearslater,onJuly16,1969,Apollo11astronautNeilArmstrongwasallowedtobringapersonalguesttotheKennedySpaceCentertowitnessthelaunchofNASA’stoweringSaturnVrocket.Armstronginvitedhishero,CharlesLindbergh.Oneman,Lindbergh,couldbethelivinglinkbetweenthepilotofthefirstpoweredflightandthecommanderofthefirstmissiontoanotherworld.Inourcentury,forbetterorworse,progressisn’twhatitusedtobe.NorthwesternUniversityeconomistRobertGordonarguesthatby1970,allthekeytechnologiesofmodernlifewereinplace:electricity,mechanizedagriculture,highways,airtravel,telecommunications,andthelike.Afterthat,innovationandeconomicgrowthsimplycouldn’tkeepgoingatthebreakneckpacesetovertheprevious100years—aperiodGordoncalls“thespecialcentury.”Since1970theonlynotablecreationhasbeentheever-growingincreaseincomputingpowerintheformoftheInternetandourmobiledevices.Butinmostotherways,Gordonargues,thelivesofpeopleindevelopednationslookandfeelthesamein2019astheydidin1979or1989.Considerconsumerrobotics.There’senormouspotentialforrobotstohelpuswithhousework,education,entertainmentandmedicalcare.Buthomeroboticscompaniesseemtokeepfolding.Sofar,theonlycommerciallysuccessfulhomerobot,theRoombavacuumcleaner,hitthemarketin2002.Orconsideraccesstospace.In2007theXPRIZEFoundationoffered$30millioninprizestocommercialteamsthatwouldcompetetolandaroboticroveronthemoonby2018.Althoughfiveteamshadbuiltrovers,allhadtroubleraisingenoughmoneytobuylaunchcontracts.Meanwhilethelistofpotentiallyworld-changingtechnologiesthatgetlotsofpressinkbutremainstubbornlyintheprototype(雛形)phaseisverylong.Self-drivingcars,flyingcars,genetherapy,nuclearfusion.NeedIcontinue?Granted,theseareallhardproblems.Buthistorically,solvingthereallybigproblems—ruralelectrification,forexample—hasrequiredsustained,large-scaleinvestments,oftenwithprivatemarketsandtaxpayerssplittingtheburden.In