2022高考英語暑假閱讀理解講練(4)及答案

閱讀下列四篇短文，從每小題后所給的A,B,C或D四個選項中，選出最佳選項。Haveyouevernoticedthecolourofthewaterinariverorstreamafteraheavyrainfall?Whatdoyouthinkcausedthischangeincolour?Itissoilthathasbeenwashedintotheriverfromtheriverbankorfromthenearbyfields.

ComponentsofSoilSoilismadeupofanumberoflayers(層),eachhavingitsowndistinctivecolourandtexture.Theupperlayerisknowasthelitter.Itactslikeablanket,limitingtemperaturechangesandreducingwaterloss.Thetopsoillayerismadeupofsmallparticlesofrockmixedwithrottenplantandanimalmattercalledhumus(腐殖質),whichisblackandgivesthetopsoilitsdarkcolour.Thislayerisusuallyrichinnutrients,oxygen,andwater.Belowthetopsoilisthesubsoil,alayerthatcontainsmorestonesmixedwithonlysmallamountsoforganicmatter.Thislayerislighterincolourbecauseofthelackofhumus.Beneaththesoilliesalayerofbedrock.Soilformsfromthebottomup.Overtimebedrockisattackedbyrain,wind,frost,andsnow.Itisgraduallybrokendownintosmallerparticlesinaprocesscalledweathering.Plantsbegintogrow,androttenmaterialsenrichthetopsoil.MostofthesoilinEasternCanada,forexample,wasformedfromweatheredrockthatwasexposedwhentheicedisappeared12,000yearsago.

WaterBeneaththeSoilSurfacewatercollectsandflowsabovethegroundinlakes,ponds,andrivers.Onceinthesoilorrock,itiscalledgroundwater.Gravitypullsgroundwaterthroughthesoilinaprocesscalledpercolation(滲透).Eventuallythewaterreachesalayercalledthewatertable.Underthisisbedrockthroughwhichwatercannotpercolate.Aswaterpercolatesdownward,itdissolvesorganicmatterandmineralsfromthesoilandcarriesthemtodeeperlayers.Thiscausesaseriousproblembecauseplantsrequirethesenutrientsforgrowth.

SoilpHSoilcanbeacidic,neutral,orbasic.ThepHofthesoilisdeterminedbythenatureoftherockfromwhichitwasformed,andbythenatureoftheplantsthatgrowandrotinit.TheacidityofrainandsnowcanlowerthepHofthegroundwaterthatentersthesoil.Byburningfossilfuelssuchascoal,oilandgasoline,humanshavebeencontributingtohigherlevelsofacidityinmanysoils.Whenfossilfuelsareburned,gasesarereleasedintotheairandthenfallbacktoearthasacidrain.Acidsoilincreasestheproblemofcarryingnutrientstolowersoillevels.Asnutrientsareremoved,soilislessfertile.Plantsgrowmoreslowlyinacidicsoil,andalsobecomeeasilyattackedbydiseases.1.Thelayerofsoilthatprovidesnecessarynutrientsforplantgrowthiscalled.A.litterB.topsoilC.humusD.subsoil2.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A.Soilformsfromweatheredrockontheearthsurface.B.Thedeeperlayerofsoilisdarkerincolourthanthesurfacesoil.C.Airpollutionispartiallyresponsibleforacidsoil.D.Groundwatertendstocarryawaynutrientsforplantgrowth.3.Wecaninferfromthepassagethatthewatertablelies.A.betweenthetopsoillayerandthesubsoillayerB.inthesubsoillayerabovebedrockC.betweenthesubsoillayerandbedrockD.inthebedrocklayerbeneaththesubsoil4.Theunderlinedword“dissolve”isusedtoexpresstheideathatorganicmatterandmineralsfromsoilare.A.rushedawayintotheriverB.cleanedandpurifiedbywaterC.destroyedandcarriedawaybywaterD.mixedwithwaterandbecomepartofit【參考答案】1--4、BBCD【附】閱讀理解概述（4）題型探究探究點三語義推想題猜詞悟義是應用英語的重要力氣，也是高考閱讀理解中必考的題型。它不但需要精確無誤地理解上下文，而且要有較大的泛讀量，把握或生疏較多的課外詞匯?？忌鷳獙W會通過構詞、定義、同位、對比、因果、常識、同義、反義及上下文線索等確定詞義。一、題型特點與命題方式此類題型有漸漸增加的趨勢，尤其是猜想詞組、句義題。由于猜想詞組、句義題涉及題材背景、句子結構、文章主旨、作者的觀點態(tài)度等。聯(lián)系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答這類題的關鍵。近幾年閱讀理解的生詞率略有上升，加大了猜想力度。命題者著重考查考生利用同義或反義關系、構詞法、語法和語篇文脈等理解生詞的力氣?！绢}型特點】1．要求依據(jù)閱讀材料所供應的信息，結合中同學應有的常識和閱歷，正確推斷生詞詞組的含義或熟詞在特定語境中表達的具體含義以及一些句子的意思。2．要求猜想詞義的詞一般為實詞，可通過構詞法、定義、對比、因果、聯(lián)想、上下文等線索確定詞義。3．代詞復指理解題也是猜想詞義的?？碱愋?。用“規(guī)律關系梳理法”、“逆向尋蹤法”理清人物及事物之間的規(guī)律關系是關鍵所在?！驹O問形式】1．Theunderlinedword“...”inthesecond(third...)paragraphrefersto(means)________.2．Bysaying“...”inthefirst(second...)paragraph,theauthormeansthat________.3．Inparagraph...，“...”canbereplacedby“________”．4．Themeaningof“...”inparagraph...isrelatedto________.5．Whichofthefollowinghastheclosestmeaningto...(paragraph...)?6．Theunderlinedsentenceinthefirst(second...)paragraphprobablymeansthat________.二、解題思路與應試技巧做這種類型的題，要依據(jù)詞、詞組、句子所在的語境來推斷其意義。因此嫻熟把握一些猜詞技巧是做好這類題的關鍵。命題者在出這類題時慣用常規(guī)詞義來麻痹考生，我們要特殊留意熟詞生義，切不行脫離語境主觀臆斷。下面結合近幾年高考試題，對猜詞悟義的技巧加以解讀。1．依據(jù)定義或上下文解釋進行猜想有時短文中毀滅一個需要猜想其意義的詞或短語，下面接著毀滅其定義或解釋，這就是推斷該詞或短語意義的主要依據(jù)。例如：Itwillbeveryhardbutalsoverybrittle—thatis,itwillbreakeasily.從后面thatis(也就是說)的解釋中我們可以了解到brittle是“脆”的意思。Theherdsman,_wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.定語從句中l(wèi)ooksaftersheep就表明白herdsman的詞義為“牧羊人”。例1【2009·福建卷】…Inhisbook,hehadchallengedreaderstomakedeepcutsinpersonalemissionstokeeptheworldfromreachingextremelyimportanttipping_points,_suchasthemelting(溶化)oftheicesheetsinGreenlandorWestAntarctica.…Theunderlinedwords“tippingpoints”mostprobablyreferto“______”．A．freezingpointsB．burningpointsC．meltingpointsD．boilingpoints【解析】C依據(jù)后一句的suchasthemelting(溶化)oftheicesheetsinGreenlandorWestAntarctica.可知tippingpoints的意思是“融點”。2．依據(jù)同位關系進行猜想閱讀中毀滅的難詞有時后面緊跟一個同位語，對前面的詞進行解釋，這時可利用同位關系對前面或后面的詞義或句意進行猜想。例如：Theytraveledalongway,atlastgottoa_castle,_alargebuildinginoldtimes.同位語部分alargebuildinginoldtimes給出了castle的精確詞義，即古時候的“城堡”。Weareonthe_night_shift—frommidnightto8a．m.—thisweek.兩個破折號之間的短語很清楚地表明nightshift是“夜班”的意思。The“Chunnel”，atunnel(隧道)connectingEnglandandFrance,isnowcomplete.此句中atunnelconnectingEnglandandFrance是Chunnel的同位語。由此可知，The“Chunnel”就是英法之間的海底隧道。例2TheCoalitionfortheHomelessisanorganizationthatseekstoaddresstheneedsofthehomelesspopulationintheUnitedStates.Itisanetworkofoffices,someofwhichprovidefoodandhousesforthehomelesspopulation,andsomeofwhichfightforthepassingoflawsthatwouldgiveeveryAmericantherighttoaplacetocallhome.…Theword“address”inthefirstsentenceprobablymeans________.A．talkaboutB．dealwithC．fightforD．writeto【解析】B猜想詞義題。依據(jù)文中其次句“Itisanetworkofoffices,someofwhichprovidefoodandhousesforthehomelesspopulation...”，可知，該組織通過兩種方式解決美國無家可歸的人的住房問題，故可知B項正確。3．依據(jù)構詞法(合成、派生、轉化等)進行猜想在英語中，有很多詞可以在前面加前綴，或在后面加后綴，從而構成一個詞，乍看起來，這個詞可能是新詞，但把握了確定的構詞學問，就不難猜出它的詞義。例如：“Ourpartiesareaimedforchildren2to10，”Anacleriosaid,“andthey’reveryinteractive_andcreativeinthattheybuiltasenseofdramabasedonasubject.”文中interactive是由前綴inter-(相互的)和active(活動的，活躍的)而構成的，同時依據(jù)上下文的意思可以推斷，該詞的含義應是“互動的”。例3…Thenewtypeofpineapplewassellingfast,andtheDelMonteGoldpineapplerapidlybecameafixtureintheshoppingbasketofthehealthyeater...Theunderlinedword“fixture”probablyreferstosomething______.A．thatpeopleenjoyeatingB．thatisalwayspresentC．thatisdifficulttogetD．thatpeopleuseasagift【解析】B從文章意思可知，這種新型菠蘿很暢銷，當然成為了健康飲食人士購物筐中的?？?。另外依據(jù)構詞學問可知，該詞的詞根是fix，含有“固定”之意。4．依據(jù)因果關系進行猜想在一篇閱讀文章中，依據(jù)緣由可以猜想結果，依據(jù)結果也可以找出緣由。例如：Thelackofmovementcausedthemusclestoweaken.Sometimestheweaknesswaspermanent.Sotheplayercouldneverplaythesportagain.從后面的結果“永久不能再運動”，可以推想permanent的意思是“永久的，永久的”。Thelowtestscore,theythink,willmakeitimpossibleforthemtogetintoagoodcollege.Andwithoutadegreefromaprestigious_university,_theyfearthatmanyoflife’sdoorswillremainforeverclosed.同學認為考試分數(shù)低就不行能進入一所好高校，而沒有“名校”的畢業(yè)文憑，將來生活中的很多大門可能就會對他們永久關閉。由此推知aprestigiousuniversity應是指名校，即afamousuniversity。例4【2011·福建卷】．..Theproblemisthatifweinvestlittletimeinaperson,ourengagement_withthatpersonwilldecline(減弱)untileventuallyitdiesinto“someoneIonceknew”．...Theunderlinedword“engagement”inthesecondparagraphprobablymeans“________”．A．a(chǎn)ppointmentB．connectionC．interviewD．a(chǎn)greement【解析】B詞義猜想題。依據(jù)文中人們投入時間的多少將打算其關系的時長，可知投入時間少，我們和那個人的關系將被減弱，所以engagement是“關系”的含義，與B項全都。5．依據(jù)上下文的指代關系進行猜想文章中的代詞it,that,this,he,him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that還可以指一件事。有時代詞指代的對象相隔較遠，要認真查找；有時需要對前面提到的內容進行總結，才能得出代詞所指代的事。例如：However,thequestionthat“moonpeople”askedisstillaninterestingone.Agrowingnumberofscientistsareseriouslythinkingaboutit.it指的是月球人(moonpeople)所問的問題(thequestion)。例5【2011·福建卷】．..Togetridofalcoholfromthebodyisaveryslowprocessanditisnotpossibletospeeditupwithanymeasuresliketakingashowerorhavingacupofteaorcoffee....Theunderlinedword“it”inthesecondparagraphrefersto“________”．A．a(chǎn)lcoholB．a(chǎn)bsorptionC．bloodD．process【解析】D代詞指代題。依據(jù)“Togetridofalcoholfromthebodyisaveryslowprocessanditisnotpossibletospeeditupwithanymeasuresliketakingashowerorhavingacupofteaorcoffee.”可知排解身體內的酒精是一個格外緩慢的過程，所以也不行能通過任何手段如洗澡或者喝一杯茶或咖啡加速這個排解過程，這樣可以猜想出it指代排解身體內的酒精這一個過程，故選擇D。6．依據(jù)同義關系進行猜想當詞或短語之間有并列連詞and或or時，其連接的兩項內容在含義上是接近的或遞進的，由此確定同等關系中的某個生詞所屬的義域，由此可推知其大致意思。Althoughheoftenhadtheopportunity,Mr.Trittwasneverabletostealmoneyfromacustomer.Thiswouldhaveendangeredhispositionatthebank,andhedidnotwanttojeopardizehisfuture.作者為避開重復使用endanger一詞，用其同義詞jeopardize來替代它，由此推知其詞義為“使……陷入危急，危及，危害”。Doctorsbelievethatsmokingcigarettesisdetrimentaltoyourhealth.Theyalsoregarddrinkingasharmful.句中detrimental是個生詞，但推斷出harmful替代detrimental后，不難推斷出其詞義為“不利的，有害的”。例6【2009·重慶卷】．..Whenthingsaregettinghard,avoiceinsidemyheadtellsmethatIcan’tachievesomething.Then,thereareotherdistractions,_suchasfamilyorhobbies....Whatdoestheunderlinedword“distractions”probablyreferto?A．Waysthathelponetofocus.B．Wordsthathelponetofeellesstense.C．Activitiesthatturnone’sattentionaway.D．Habitsthatmakeithardforonetorelax.【解析】C由前面的other可知distractions與第一句意思基本相同，第一句話表達的是讓人留意力分散的事情，結合上下文可知答案為C。7．依據(jù)轉折或對比關系進行猜想依據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如but,however,otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義來確定另一句的含義。另外，分號也可以表示轉折、對比或不相干的意義。例如：Sheisusuallypromptforallherclass,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass.but一詞表轉折，因此but前后的意思正好相反。后半句的意思是她今日“第一節(jié)上了一半才來”，因此反向推理，可得出她平常一向“準時”的結論。8．通過上下文理解猜想詞義通過上下文的具體信息猜想詞義是目前高考閱讀理解題中最常見的一種命題形式。例8【2011·課標全國卷】．..Thefamily’soldfarmhousehasbecomeachickenhouse,itsresidentsarrivingnextmonth....Whatdoestheword“residents”inparagraph1probablyreferto?A．chickensB．tomatoesC．gardensD．people【解析】A詞義理解題。聯(lián)系句子Thefamily’soldfarmhousehasbecomeachickenhouse，itsresidentsarrivingnextmonth.我們知道，這里所說的“房子的居住者”就是這些小雞?！?022四川省資陽市第一次診斷性考試】Analcoholbreathtest(ABT)isoftenusedbythepolicetofindoutwhetherapersonisdrunkwhiledriving.IntheUnitedStates,thelegalbloodalcohollimitis0.08%forpeopleaged21yearsorolder,whilepeopleunder21arenotallowedtodriveacarwithanylevelofalcoholintheirbody.A“positive”testresult,aresultoverthelegallimit,allowsthepolicetoarrestthedriver.However,manypeoplewhotestedpositiveonthetesthaveclaimedthattheyonlydranka“non-alcoholic”energydrink.CanoneoftheseenergydrinksreallycausesomeonetotestpositiveonanABT?ResearchersinMissourisetupanexperimenttofindout.First,theamountofalcoholin27differentpopularenergydrinkswasmeasured.Allbutonehadanalcohollevelgreaterthan0.005%.Innineofthe27drinks,thealcohollevelwasatleast0.096%.ThescientiststheninvestigatedthepossibilitythatthesesmalllevelsofalcoholcouldbediscoveredbyanABT.TheyaskedtestsubjectstodrinkafullcanorbottleofanenergydrinkandthengaveeachsubjectanABToneminuteand15minutesafterthedrinkwasfinished.For11ofthe27energydrinks,theABTdidfindthepresenceofalcoholifthetestwasgivenwithinoneminuteafterthedrinkwastaken.However,alcoholcouldnotbediscoveredforanyofthedrinksifthetestwasgiven15minutesafterthedrinkwasconsumed.Thisshowsthatwhenthetestistakenplaysanimportantroleinthetestresult.Thesoonerthetestisconductedaftertheconsumptionofthesedrinks,themorelikelyapositivealcoholreadingwillbeobtained.39.Whatisthelegalalcohollevelfora20-year-olddriverintheUS?A.0.000%. B.0.005%. C.0.080%. D.40.WhatisthepurposeoftheMissouriexperiment?A.Towarnpeopleofthedangersofdrinkingenergydrinks.B.Tointroduceanewmethodofcalculatingbloodalcohollevels.C.TodiscovertherelationbetweenenergydrinksandABTtestresults.D.TochangethecurrentlegalalcohollimitfordriversintheUnitedStates.41.Theunderlinedword“subjects”inParagraph2refersto_____.A.thethingsthatarebeingdiscussed B.areasofknowledgestudiedinschoolC.thepersoninanexperiment D.thepeoplewhobelongtoacountry42.WhichofthefollowingaffectstheABTtestresultmostforenergydrinkconsumers?A.Theageofthepersonwhotakesthetest.B.Theplacewherethetestisgiven.C.Theequipmentthatthetestuses.D.Thetimewhenthetestistaken.【參考答案】39、AC 41-45CD【2022四川省資陽市第一次診斷性考試】DAnAmericaneducationalexpert,FrederickM.Hess,saysthatalongsummervacationdoesn’tmakesenseintoday’sworld.Thissummer,50millionkidswillspendmuchtimetalkingonline,watchingTV,playingvideogamesandaskingolderbrothersorsisterstotakethemtothesupermarket.Theywillalsobeputtingtheiracademicfuturesatrisk.Duringmuchofthe20thcentury,manyAmericansworkedinfactoriesthatdidnotneedacollegedegreebutstillofferedahighsalary.Also,inthe19thcentury,therewasnoaircondition.Andpoorhygiene(衛(wèi)生)meantthatcrowdedschoolshadhealthrisks.Thingshavechanged.Fortoday’sstudents,academicskillsarekeytofuturesuccess.Manycountriesdon’tgivekidsanAmerican-stylesummervacation.Theyoffernomorethansevenconsecutive(連續(xù)的)weeksofvacation.