長(zhǎng)難句共享備課講稿

GRE閱讀長(zhǎng)難句閱讀是寫作的逆過程ideasentenceWRITINGREADING原始論文與ETS修改后長(zhǎng)難句難度來源不會(huì)斷句不知主次詞義粘連修飾復(fù)雜專業(yè)詞匯同一個(gè)單詞的不同詞性mapfashionpromptnovelEveryAugust,CodyandAllyvacationinHiawathaNationalForest,wheretheyenjoyhiking,fishing,andcamping.基本句型SVSVOSV(be)PSVOOSVOCSubject主語(yǔ)Predicate述部（謂語(yǔ)）描述主語(yǔ)做什么或者是什么主謂主謂賓主系表主謂雙賓主謂賓補(bǔ)長(zhǎng)難句基本閱讀方法先主句，后從句謂語(yǔ)的確定方法長(zhǎng)名詞的處理方法標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的處理方法主句謂語(yǔ)確定：n+1法則每個(gè)句子（主句/從句）必有謂語(yǔ)主句主語(yǔ)+1個(gè)從句（1個(gè)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞）+主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（第2個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞）主句主語(yǔ)+n個(gè)從句（n個(gè)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞）+主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（第n+1個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：分詞(doing,done)，不定式(todo)Tosaythatthechildlearnsbyimitationandthatthewaytoteachistosetagoodexampleoversimplifies.TosayXoversimplifies.Thechildlearnsbyimitation.Thewaytoteachistosetagoodexample.2Butthoseofuswhohoped,withKolb,thatKolb’snewlypublishedcompleteeditionofProust’scorrespondencefor1909woulddocumenttheprocessingreaterdetailaredisappointed.Thoseofusaredisappointed.WehopedwithKolb,X.Kolb’snewlypublishedcompleteeditionofProust’scorrespondencefor1909woulddocumenttheprocessingreaterdetail.3Adesiretothrowoverrealityalightthatneverwasmightgivewayabruptlytothedesireonthepartofwhatwemightconsideranovelist-scientisttorecord

exactlyandconcretelythestructureandtextureofaflower.Adesiretothrowoverrealityalightthatneverwasmightgivewayabruptly

tothedesireonthepartofwhatwemightconsideranovelist-scientisttorecord

exactlyandconcretelythestructureandtextureofaflower.Adesiretothrowoverrealityalightthatneverwas

mightgivewayabruptlytothedesireonthepartofwhatwemightconsideranovelist-scientisttorecord

exactlyandconcretelythestructureandtextureofaflower.Adesiretothrowoverrealityalightthatneverwas

mightgivewayabruptlytothedesireonthepartofwhatwemightconsideranovelist-scientisttorecord

exactlyandconcretelythestructureandtextureofaflower.Adesiremightgivewayabruptlytothedesire.adesiretothrowoverrealityalightthedesireonthepartofXtorecord

exactlyandconcretelythestructureandtextureofaflower.Thelightneverwas.WemightconsiderXanovelist-scientist.4Perhapsthefactthatmanyofthesefirststudiesconsideredonlyalgaeofasizethatcouldbecollectedinanet(netphytoplankton),apracticethatoverlookedthesmallerphytoplankton(nannoplankton)thatwenowknowgrazersaremostlikelytofeedon,ledtoade-emphasisoftheroleofgrazersinsubsequentresearch.Perhapsthefactthatmanyofthesefirststudiesconsideredonlyalgaeofasizethatcouldbecollectedinanet(netphytoplankton),apracticethatoverlookedthesmallerphytoplankton(nannoplankton)thatwenowknowgrazersaremostlikelytofeedon,ledtoade-emphasisoftheroleofgrazersinsubsequentresearch.Thefactledtoade-emphasisoftheroleofgrazersthatmanyofthesefirststudiesconsideredonlyalgaeofasizethatcouldbecollectedinanetapracticethatoverlookedthesmallerphytoplanktonthatwenowknowgrazersaremostlikelytofeedon名詞的修飾前二后六n.限定詞a,an,thesome,afewmy,Lily’s形容詞beautiful,sexy,noisy介詞短語(yǔ)onthedesk,fromChina分詞短語(yǔ)livingnextdoor不定式短語(yǔ)形容詞短語(yǔ)difficultforyou定語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)從句前置定語(yǔ)后置定語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)名詞短語(yǔ)NP1ofNP2onNP3inNP4 NP1ofNP2ofwhySVO NP1ofNP2,

doneby…,toNP3

NP1’sNP2toNP3aboutNP4 HisNP1ofNP2overNP3處理：逐級(jí)提取核心名詞10[But]aftermorethanacenturyofinvestigation,therelationoftheseandotherphenomena,knowncollectivelyasthesolar-activitycycle,toterrestrialweatherandclimateremainsunclear.[But]aftermorethanacenturyofinvestigation,therelationoftheseandotherphenomena,knowncollectivelyasthesolar-activitycycle,toterrestrialweatherandclimateremainsunclear.詞性變化后，介詞何去何從？及物動(dòng)詞加of，不及物動(dòng)詞保留原介詞RelateAtoB=>therelationofA

toB9GenerationsofteachershaveassignedThoreau'sbookWalden(1854),whichrecountshisexperimentinlivinginsolitaryharmonywithnature,asanillustrationoftheintensitywithwhichnineteenth-centuryAmericaprotestedtheintrusionintopastoralharmonyoftheforcesofindustrializationand

urbanization.GenerationsofteachershaveassignedThoreau'sbookWalden(1854),whichrecountshisexperimentinlivinginsolitaryharmonywithnature,asanillustrationoftheintensitywithwhichnineteenth-centuryAmericaprotestedtheintrusionintopastoralharmonyoftheforcesofindustrializationand

urbanization....asanillustrationoftheintensitywithwhichnineteenth-centuryAmericaprotestedthe

intrusion

intopastoralharmonyoftheforcesofindustrializationand

urbanization.Nineteenth-centuryAmericaprotestedthattheforcesofindustrializationandurbanizationintruded

into

pastoralharmony.7Betweentheearly1870’sandthe1890’s,themountingagrariandiscontentinAmericaparalleledthealmostuninterrupteddeclineinthepricesofAmericanagriculturalproductsonforeignmarkets.Betweentheearly1870’sandthe1890’s,themountingagrariandiscontentinAmericaparalleledthealmostuninterrupteddeclineinthepricesofAmericanagriculturalproductsonforeignmarkets.Betweentheearly1870’sandthe1890’s,themountingagrarian

discontentinAmericaparalleledthealmostuninterrupteddecline

inthepricesofAmericanagriculturalproductsonforeignmarkets.5Thedisjunctionbetweeneducationalobjectivethatstressindependenceandindividualityandthosethatemphasizeobediencetorulesandcooperationwithothersreflectsa_______thatarisefromthevaluesonwhichtheseobjectivesarebased.2conflictredundancygainpredictabilitywisdom6Inmanysciencefictionfilms,theoppositionofgoodandevilisportrayedasa___betweentechnology,whichis___,andtheerrantwillofadepravedintellectual.fusion...usefulstruggle...dehumanizingparallel...unfetteredconflict...beneficentsimilarity...malevolent8AcritiqueoftheHandlins’interpretationofwhylegalslaverydidnotappearuntilthe1660’ssuggeststhatassumptionsabouttherelationbetweenslaveryandracialprejudiceshouldbereexamined,andthatexplanationsforthedifferenttreatmentofBlackslavesinNorthandSouthAmericashouldbeexpanded.AcritiqueoftheHandlins’interpretationofwhylegalslaverydidnotappearuntilthe1660’ssuggests

thatassumptionsabouttherelationbetweenslaveryandracialprejudiceshouldbereexamined,andthatexplanationsforthedifferenttreatmentofBlackslavesinNorthandSouthAmericashouldbeexpanded.11TheabsenceofrecordedsunspotactivityinthenoteskeptbyEuropeanobserversinthelateseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturieshasledsomescholarstopostulateabriefcessationofsunspotactivityatthattime(aperiodcalledtheMaunderminimum).TheabsenceofrecordedsunspotactivityinthenoteskeptbyEuropeanobserversinthelateseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturieshasledsomescholarstopostulateabriefcessationofsunspotactivityatthattime(aperiodcalledtheMaunderminimum).12Intheperiodsofpeakzooplanktonabundance,thatis,inthelatespringandinthesummer,Haneyrecordedmaximumdailycommunitygrazingrates,fornutrient-poorlakesandboglakes,respectively,of6.6percentand114percentofdailyphytoplanktonproduction.Intheperiodsofpeakzooplanktonabundance,thatis,inthelatespringandinthesummer,Haney

recordedmaximumdailycommunitygrazingrates,fornutrient-poorlakesandboglakes,respectively,of6.6percentand114percentofdailyphytoplanktonproduction.13Forexample,thespiralarrangementofscale-bractcomplexesonovule-bearingpinecones,wherethefemalereproductiveorgansofconifersarelocated,isimportanttotheproductionofairflowpatternsthatspiraloverthecone'ssurfaces,therebypassingairbornepollenfromonescaletothenext.Forexample,thespiralarrangementofscale-bractcomplexesonovule-bearingpinecones,wherethefemalereproductiveorgansofconifersarelocated,isimportanttotheproductionofairflowpatternsthatspiraloverthecone'ssurfaces,therebypassingairbornepollenfromonescaletothenext.14MauriceBardeche,inMarcelProust,romancier,hasshowntheimportanceinthedraftsofRemembranceofspontaneousandapparentlyrandomassociationsofProust’ssubconscious.15Thisisunlikelytohappen,butitwarnsusthatperhapsthemostsalutaryfeatureofthepapyrusscrapisitsmessageoftheextremedifficultyofclassifyingandcategorizingrigidlythedevelopmentofacreativeartist.16TheemploymentofyoungwomenintextilemillsduringtheIndustrialRevolutionwaslargelyanextensionofanolderpatternofemploymentofyoung,singlewomenasdomestics.17Buttherecentdiscoveryofdetailedsimilaritiesintheskeletalstructureoftheflippersinallthreegroupsunderminestheattempttoexplainawaysuperficialresemblanceasduetoconvergentevolution—theindependentdevelopmentofsimilaritiesbetweenunrelatedgroupsinresponsetosimilarenvironmentalpressures.長(zhǎng)難句中標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的處理逗號(hào)破折號(hào)括號(hào)引號(hào)分號(hào)逗號(hào)1.表示并列TheGRErevisedgeneraltestincludesAnalyticalWriting,Verbal,andQuantitative.Sheisanadamant,braveGREtesttaker.2.分割主句和修飾XXX,XXX,XXX.XXX,XXX.XXX,XXX.XXX,XXX,XXX.處理：后讀23.AlthoughGutmanadmitsthatforcedseparationbysalewasfrequent,heshowsthattheslaves’preference,revealedmostclearlyonplantationswheresalewasinfrequent,wasverymuchforstablemonogamy.42.Althoughthesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengths,wheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcentrated,topassthrough,theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wavelength,infraredemissionsradiatedfromtheearth’ssurface,radiationthatwouldotherwisebetransmittedbackintospace.破折號(hào)分割主句和修飾XXX–XXX–XXX.XXX–XXX.處理：后讀24.Gutmanarguesconvincinglythatthestabilityoftheblackfamilyencouragedthetransmissionof--andsowascrucialinsustaining--theblackheritageoffolklore,music,andreligiousexpressionfromonegenerationtoanother,aheritagethatslaveswerecontinuallyfashioningoutoftheirAfricanandAmericanexperiences.括號(hào)解釋說明XXX(XXX)XXX.處理：后讀124.Undertheforceofthisview,itwasperhapsinevitablethattheartofrhetoricshouldpassfromthestatusofbeingregardedasofquestionableworth(becausealthoughitmightbebothasourceofpleasureandameanstourgepeopletorightaction,itmightalsobeameanstodistorttruthandasourceofmisguidedaction)tothestatusofbeingwhollycondemned.124.Undertheforceofthisview,itwasperhapsinevitablethattheartofrhetoricshouldpassfromthestatusofbeingregardedasofquestionableworth(becausealthoughitmightbebothasourceofpleasureandameanstourgepeopletorightaction,itmightalsobeameanstodistorttruthandasourceofmisguidedaction)tothestatusofbeingwhollycondemned.名詞化nominalizationofn.=adj.ofimportance=importantTheOfficialGuideisofimportancetotheGREtesttakers.TheOfficialGuideisimportanttotheGREtesttakers.ofsignificance=significantofvalue=valuable:Yuanisateacherofvaluetoourschool.ofservice=helpful:

Iamgladtobeofservice.引號(hào)引語(yǔ)或強(qiáng)調(diào)處理：去掉引號(hào)82.Openacknowledgementoftheexistenceofwomen’soppressionwastooradicalfortheunitedstatedinthefifties,andBeauvoir’sconclusion,thatchangeinwomen’seconomiccondition,thoughinsufficientbyitself,“remainsthebasicfactor”inimprovingwomen’ssituation,wasparticularlyunacceptable.82.Openacknowledgementoftheexistenceofwomen’soppressionwastooradicalfortheUnitedStatedinthefifties,andBeauvoir’sconclusion,thatchangeinwomen’seconomiccondition,thoughinsufficientbyitself,“remainsthebasicfactor”inimprovingwomen’ssituation,wasparticularlyunacceptable.98.FriedrichEngels,however,predictedthatwomenwouldbeliberatedfromthe“social,legal,andeconomicsubordination”ofthefamilybytechnologicaldevelopmentsthatmadepossibletherecruitmentof“thewholefemalesexintopublicindustry”.分號(hào)相當(dāng)于句號(hào)，連接語(yǔ)義相關(guān)但語(yǔ)法不相關(guān)的兩個(gè)完整句子處理：當(dāng)成兩句話21.Assheputitinthecommonreader,“itissafetosaythatnotasinglelawhasbeenframedoronestonesetuponanotherbecauseofanythingChaucersaidorwrote;andyet,aswereadhim,weareabsorbingmoralityateverypore.”117.Forthewomanwhoisapractitioneroffeministliterarycriticism,thesubjectivityversusobjectivity,orcritic-as-artist-or-scientist,debatehasspecialsignificance;forher,thequestionisnotonlyacademic,butpoliticalaswell,andherdefinitionwillcourtspecialriskswhicheversideoftheissueitfavors.句內(nèi)邏輯關(guān)系對(duì)比因果并列并列并列找同義或語(yǔ)法平行37Asmyownstudieshaveadvanced,ihavebeenincreasinglyimpressedwiththefunctionalsimilaritiesbetweeninsectandvertebratesocietiesandlesssowiththestructuraldifferencesthatseem,atfirstglance,toconstitutesuchanimmensegulfbetweenthem.37Asmyownstudieshaveadvanced,Ihavebeenincreasinglyimpressedwiththefunctionalsimilaritiesbetweeninsectandvertebratesocietiesandlesssowiththestructuraldifferencesthatseem,atfirstglance,toconstitutesuchanimmensegulfbetweenthem.46StudiesbyHargraveandGeenestimatednaturalcommunitygrazingratesbymeasuringfeedingratesofindividualzooplanktonspeciesinthelaboratoryandthencomputingcommunitygrazingratesforfieldconditionsusingtheknownpopulationdensityofgrazers.47Thehydrologiccycle,amajortopicinthisscience,isthecompletecycleofphenomenathroughwhichwaterpasses,beginningasatmosphericwatervapor,passingintoliquidandsolidformasprecipitation,thencealongandintothegroundsurface,andfinallyagainreturningtotheformofatmosphericwatervaporbymeansofevaporationandtranspiration.66FalloisproposedthatProusthadtriedtobeginanovelin1908,abandoneditforwhatwastobealongdemonstrationofSaint-Beuve’sblindnesstotherealnatureofgreatwriting,foundtheessaygivingrisetopersonalmemoriesandfictionaldevelopments,andallowedthesetotakeoveritasteadilydevelopingnovel.73Therehavebeenattemptstoexplainthesetaboosintermsofinappropriatesocialrelationshipseitherbetweenthosewhoareinvolvedandthosewhoarenotsimultaneouslyinvolvedinthesatisfactionofabodilyneed,orbetweenthosealreadysatiatedandthosewhoappeartobeshamelesslygorging.73Therehavebeenattemptstoexplainthesetaboosintermsofinappropriatesocialrelationshipseither

between

thosewhoareinvolvedand

thosewhoarenotsimultaneouslyinvolvedinthesatisfactionofabodilyneed,orbetween

thosealreadysatiatedand

thosewhoappeartobeshamelesslygorging.78Moreprobableisbirdtransport,eitherexternally,byaccidentalattachmentoftheseedstofeathers,orinternally,bytheswallowingoffruitandsubsequentexcretionoftheseeds.78Moreprobableisbirdtransport,eitherexternally,byaccidentalattachmentoftheseedstofeathers,or

internally,bytheswallowingoffruitandsubsequentexcretionoftheseeds.79Along-heldviewofthehistoryofEnglishcoloniesthatbecametheUnitedStateshasbeenthatEngland’spolicytowardthesecoloniesbefore1763wasdictatedbycommercialinterestsandthatachangetoamoreimperialpolicy,dominatedbyexpansionistmilitaristobjectives,generatedthetensionsthatultimatelyledtotheAmericanRevolution.85Thus,whatincontrasttothepuritancoloniesappearstoDavistobepeculiarlysouthern-acquisitiveness,astronginterestinpoliticsandthelaw,andatendencytocultivatemetropolitanculturalmodels-wasnotonlymoretypicallyEnglishthantheculturalpatternsexhibitedbypuritanMassachusettsandConnecticut,butalsoalmostcertainlycharacteristicofmostotherearlymodernBritishcoloniesfromBarbadosnorthtoRhodeIslandandNewHampshire.85Thus,whatincontrasttothepuritancoloniesappearstoDavistobepeculiarlysouthern-acquisitiveness,astronginterestinpoliticsandthelaw,andatendencytocultivatemetropolitanculturalmodels-wasnotonlymoretypicallyEnglishthantheculturalpatternsexhibitedbypuritanMassachusettsandConnecticut,butalsoalmostcertainlycharacteristicofmostotherearlymodernBritishcoloniesfromBarbadosnorthtoRhodeIslandandNewHampshire.109Shewishedtodiscardthetraditionalmethodsandestablishedvocabulariesofsuchdanceformsasballetandtoexploretheinternalsourcesofhumanexpressiveness.115Theywerefighting,albeitdiscreetly,toopentheintellectualworldtothenewscienceandtoliberateintellectuallifefromecclesiasticalphilosophyandenvisionedtheirworkascontributingtothegrowth,notofphilosophy,butofresearchinmathematicsandphysics.115Theywerefighting,albeitdiscreetly,toopentheintellectualworldtothenewscienceand

toliberateintellectuallifefromecclesiasticalphilosophyand

envisionedtheirworkascontributingtothegrowth,notofphilosophy,butofresearchinmathematicsandphysics.115Theywerefighting,albeitdiscreetly,to

opentheintellectualworldtothenewscienceand

toliberateintellectuallifefromecclesiasticalphilosophyand

envisionedtheirworkascontributingtothegrowth,not

ofphilosophy,but

ofresearchinmathematicsandphysics.句內(nèi)邏輯關(guān)系對(duì)比因果并列因果提取結(jié)果，接受原因邏輯關(guān)系：因果明顯因果because(of),since,for,as,dueto,owingto,inthatso,sothat,asaresult,therefore,thereby,hence,consequently,accordingly,thus隱含因果隱含因果導(dǎo)致(C=>E):leadto,cause,result,resultin,giveriseto,render,stimulate,spur,spark,fuel,motivate,prompt,promote來自(E=>C):comefrom,resultfrom,originate,derivefrom,initiatefrom,stemfrom,beattributableto,beresponsiveto,relyon,dependon反映(E=>C):reflect,present,suggest,show,imply,demonstrate考慮到(#C,E):given,considering,onaccountof,inviewof,thanksto,accordingto條件句(#C,E):if,when,while,once,as,assoonas,aslongas19Hardy’sweaknessderivedfromhisapparentinabilitytocontrolthecomingsandgoingsofthesedivergentimpulsesandfromhisunwillingnesstocultivateandsustaintheenergeticandriskyones.19Hardy’sweaknessderivedfromhisapparentinabilitytocontrolthecomingsandgoingsofthesedivergentimpulsesand

fromhisunwillingnesstocultivateandsustaintheenergeticandriskyones.25Thispreferenceforexogamy,Gutmansuggests,mayhavederivedfromWestAfricanrulesgoverningmarriage,which,thoughtheydifferedfromonetribalgrouptoanother,allinvolvedsomekindofprohibitionagainstunionswithclosekin.54Eventherequirementthatbiomaterialsprocessedfromthesematerialsbenontoxictohosttissuecanbemetbytechniquesderivedfromstudyingthereactionsoftissueculturestobiomaterialsorfromshort-termimplants.54Eventherequirementthatbiomaterialsprocessedfromthesematerialsbenontoxictohosttissuecanbemetbytechniquesderivedfromstudyingthereactionsoftissueculturestobiomaterialsorfromshort-termimplants.43Therolethoseanthropologistsascribetoevolutionisnotofdictatingthedetailsofhumanbehaviorbutoneofimposingconstraints-waysoffeeling,thinking,andactingthat"comenaturally"inarchetypalsituationsinanyculture.43Therolethoseanthropologistsascribetoevolutionisnotofdictatingthedetailsofhumanbehaviorbutoneofimposingconstraints-waysoffeeling,thinking,andactingthat"comenaturally"inarchetypalsituationsinanyculture.建議，命令，要求建議：move,propose,suggest,recommend,advise,vote命令：decide,order,demand,require要求：ask,desire,request,beg接從句要做成shoulddo的形式，should省略Thedoctorsuggestedthathe(should)trytolosehisweight.Heinsistedthatwe(should)tellhimthenews.Theadviceisthatwe(should)leaveatonce.Hisideathatwe(should)visitGreatWallwaswarmlywelcomed.53Mypointisthatitscentralconsciousness-itsprofoundunderstandingofclassandgenderasshapinginfluencesonpeople’slives-owesmuchtothatearlierliteraryheritage,aheritagethat,ingeneral,hasnotbeensufficientlyvaluedbymostcontemporaryliterarycritics.53Mypointisthatitscentralconsciousness-itsprofoundunderstandingofclassandgenderasshapinginfluencesonpeople’slives-owesmuchtothatearlierliteraryheritage,aheritagethat,ingeneral,hasnotbeensufficientlyvaluedbymostcontemporaryliterarycritics.對(duì)比直接對(duì)比not…but(rather),whereas,incontrast讓步轉(zhuǎn)折but,yet,however,nevertheless,notwithstanding,despite,although,though,albeit對(duì)比找反義29Althoughqualitativevarianceamongnerveenergieswasneverrigidlydisproved,thedoctrinewasgenerallyabandonedinfavoroftheopposingview,namely,thatnerveimpulsesareessentiallyhomogeneousinqualityandaretransmittedas"commoncurrency"throughoutthenervoussystem.29Althoughqualitativevarianceamongnerveenergieswasneverrigidlydisproved,thedoctrinewasgenerallyabandonedinfavoroftheopposingview,namely,thatnerveimpulsesareessentiallyhomogeneousinqualityandaretransmittedas"commoncurrency"throughoutthenervoussystem.33IfonebeginsbyexaminingwhyancientsrefertoAmazons,itbecomesclearthatancientGreekdescriptionsofsuchsocietiesweremeantnotsomuchtorepresentobservedhistoricalfact-realAmazoniansocieties-butrathertooffer“morallessons”onthesupposedoutcomeofwomen’sruleintheirownsociety.33IfonebeginsbyexaminingwhyancientsrefertoAmazons,itbecomesclearthatancientGreekdescriptionsofsuchsocietiesweremeantnotsomuchtorepresentobservedhistoricalfact-realAmazoniansocieties-butrathertooffer“morallessons”onthesupposedoutcomeofwomen’sruleintheirownsociety.35Thephysicistrightlydreadspreciseargument,sinceanargumentthatisconvincingonlyifitispreciselosesallitsforceiftheassumptionsonwhichitisbasedareslightlychanged,whereasanargumentthatisconvincingthoughimprecisemaywellbestableundersmallperturbationsofitsunderlyingassumptions.35Thephysicistrightlydreadspreciseargument,sinceanargumentthatisconvincingonlyifitispreciselosesallitsforceiftheassumptionsonwhichitisbasedareslightlychanged,whereasanargumentthatisconvincingthoughimprecisemaywellbestableundersmallperturbationsofitsunderlyingassumptions.38Althoughfictionassuredlyspringsfrompoliticalcircumstances,itsauthorsreacttothosecircumstancesinwaysotherthanideological,andtalkingaboutnovelsandstoriesprimarilyasinstrumentsofideologycircumventsmuchofthefictionalenterprise.72Thissuccessionwasbasedprimarilyonaseriesofdepositsandeventsnotdirectlyrelatedtoglacialandinterglacialperiods,ratherthanonthemoreusualmodernmethodofstudyingbiologicalremainsfoundininterglacialbedsthemselvesinterstratifiedwithinglacialdeposits.72Thissuccessionwasbasedprimarilyonaseriesofdepositsandeventsnotdirectlyrelatedtoglacialandinterglacialperiods,ratherthanonthemoreusualmodernmethodofstudyingbiologicalremainsfoundininterglacialbedsthemselvesinterstratifiedwithinglacialdeposits.74ManycriticsofEmilyBronte’snovelwutheringheightsseeitssecondpartasacounterpointthatcommentson,ifitdoesnotreverse,thefirstpart,wherea"romantic"readingreceivesmoreconfirmation75GrantedthatthepresenceoftheseelementsneednotargueanauthorialawarenessofnovelisticconstructioncomparabletothatofHenryJames,theirpresencedoesencourageattemptstounifythenovel’sheterogeneousparts.特殊連詞Grantedthat=AlthoughProvidedthat=IfTheotherbanksaregoingtobeveryeagertohelp,providedthattheyseethathehasaspecificplan.Giventhat=SinceGiventhatvirtuallyeverystockwentdownin2008,nearlyallbuyrecommendationsturnedouttobe,attheleast,premature.99Itwasnotthechangeinofficetechnology,butrathertheseparationofsecretarialwork,previouslyseenasanapprenticeshipforbeginningmanagers,fromadministrativeworkthatinthe1880’screatedanewclassof"dead-end"jobs,thenceforthconsidered"women’swork."100Theincreaseinthenumbersofmarriedwomenemployedoutsidethehomeinthetwentiethcenturyhadlesstodowiththemechanizationofhouseworkandanincreaseinleisuretimeforthesewomenthanitdidwiththeirowneconomicnecessityandwithhighmarriageratesthatshranktheavailablepoolofsinglewomenworkers,previously,inmanycases,theonlywomenemployerswouldhire.110Althoughithasbeenpossibletoinferfromthegoodsandservicesactuallyproducedwhatmanufacturesandservicingtradesthoughttheircustomerswanted,onlyastudyofrelevantpersonaldocumentswrittenbyactualconsumerswillprovideaprecisepictureofwhowantedwhat.111Withregardtothislastquestion,