2025屆高考英語二輪專題復習與測試專題一閱讀理解第三講主旨大意題-辨主干細加工

第三講主旨大意題——辨主干細加工一、題型特點需了解[題型分析]主旨大意題旨在考查考生歸納概括以及辨別主要信息和次要信息的能力，是閱讀理解中的高難度題。概括全文大意最簡單的方法就是把每段的大意串起來考慮。該類題主要考查標題歸納題、文章大意題和段落大意題。常見的設問方式有：1．Thebesttitleofthepassageis_____________．2．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?3．Thepassageismainlyabout_____________．4．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?5．Whatisthemainideaofthesecondparagraph?6．Whatisthefirst/second/...paragraphmainlyabout?[選項特征]1．正確選項特征涵蓋性強覆蓋全文或全段主要內(nèi)容。常含有抽象名詞或概括性詞語，一般不出現(xiàn)細節(jié)信息精確性強所使用的概括性語言不會改變意思表達的程度及色彩。不含過分肯定或絕對意義的詞范圍恰當范圍既不太大，也不太小2.干擾選項特征以偏概全概括的范圍過于狹窄，只闡述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容、某些局部信息或文章主題的某一個方面斷章取義以文章中的個別信息或個別字眼作為選項的內(nèi)容，或者以次要的事實或細節(jié)替代全文的主要觀點移花接木命題者有意把屬于A的特征放在B上主題擴大歸納、概括的范圍過大，超過文章實際所討論的內(nèi)容似是而非題目中的關鍵詞好像在文章中提到了，但認真分析后發(fā)現(xiàn)它與文章的內(nèi)容毫無聯(lián)系二、方法技巧要知曉題型一標題歸納題該類題目要求考生在理解文章的基礎上，結合文章的體裁和結構，從所給的選項中選出適合文章的標題。注意標題的特點：精準性、概括性和新穎性。[典例1](2024·全國甲卷閱讀B)Animalscanexpresstheirneedsusingalotofways.Forinstance,almostallanimalshavedistinctvocals(聲音)thattheyrelyontoeitheraskforhelp,scareawayanydangerousanimalsorlookforshelter.Butcatsarespecialcreatureswhopossessamazingvocalizationskills.Theyareabletohaveentireconversationswithhumansusingmeowsandyou'reabletointerpretit.Ifapetcatishungry,itwillkeepmeowingtoattractattentionandfindfood.However,whenacatislookingforaffection,theytendtoproducestretchedandsoftmeows.Meowingstartsassoonasababycatisbroughttolifeandusesittogetthemother'sattentionandbefed.Catshavemanyheightenedsenses,buttheirsenseofsmellisquiteimpressive.Theyusetheirnosestoassesstheirenvironmentandlookoutforanysignsofdanger.Theywillsniffoutspecificareasbeforetheychooseaplacetorelax.However,anotherwaythecatsareabletodistinguishbetweensituationsisbylookingforfamiliarsmells.Yourcatwilllikelysmellyourfaceandstorethesmellinitsmemoryanduseittorecognizeyouinthefuture.That'swhymostpetcatsareabletotellimmediatelyiftheirownerswerearoundanyothercats,whichtheydon'tusuallylike.Dogsareknownfortheirimpressivefetchinghabit,butcatstakethisbehaviorupanotch.Manycatswillfindrandomobjectsoutsideandbringthemtotheirowners.Thisisaveryoldhabitthat'sbeenpresentinallkindsofpredators(食肉動物).Catsbringgiftsfortheirownerstoshowtheyloveyou.Theseadorablelittlehuntersarejustdoingsomethingthatit'sbeenintheirnaturesincethebeginningoftime.Sojustgoalongwithit!27．Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A．TipsonFindingaSmartCatB．UnderstandingYourCat'sBehaviorC．HaveFunwithYourCatD．HowtoKeepYourCatHealthy[解析]第一步：閱讀題干，找出關鍵詞asuitabletitleforthetext。第二步：根據(jù)關鍵詞，定位到原文第一段的主題句“Butcatsarespecialcreatureswhopossessamazingvocalizationskills.”，可知該段介紹了貓的驚人的發(fā)聲技能；定位到原文第二段的主題句“Catshavemanyheightenedsenses,buttheirsenseofsmellisquiteimpressive.”，可知該段介紹了貓的嗅覺敏銳，能夠區(qū)分不同的環(huán)境；定位到原文第三段的主題句“Dogsareknownfortheirimpressivefetchinghabit,butcatstakethisbehaviorupanotch.”，可知該段介紹了貓的令人印象深刻的取物習慣。采用主題句法，這些都屬于對貓的行為的介紹。第三步：比對選項得出答案。[答案]B技法點撥：題型二文章大意題文章大意題是考查考生深層理解文章以及在速讀中準確定位文章主旨大意的能力。文章中的每一段都是圍繞某一主題展開的，把每個段落的主題句綜合起來就可以概括出全文的中心思想。[典例2](2024·新高考全國卷Ⅱ閱讀C)Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitcomestofood.However,mostproduceatthestorewentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.Whilefarmer'smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.BMFisanindoorgardensystem.Itcanbesetupforafamily.Additionally,itcouldservealargeraudiencesuchasahospital,restaurantorschool.Theinnovativedesignrequireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweeklysupplyoffreshgreens.Specifically,it'safarmthatreliesonnewtechnology.ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.Afterharvest,userssimplyreplacetheplantswithanewpre-seededpod(容器)togetthenextgrowthcyclestarted.Moreover,havingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereit'seatenmeanszeroemissions(排放)fromtransportingplantsfromsoiltosalad.Inaddition,there'snoneedforpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollutetraditionalfarmsandthesurroundingenvironment.BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment，”saidaBMFemployee.31．Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A．BMF'smajorstrengths.B．BMF'sgeneralmanagement.C．BMF'sglobalinfluence.D．BMF'stechnicalstandards.[解析]第一步：閱讀題干，找出關鍵詞thetextmainlytalkabout。第二步：根據(jù)關鍵詞，定位到原文第一段第三句、第二段第一、二句、第三段第一句、第四段第一句以及第五段第一句可知，借助段落主題句歸納，文章從各個方面凸顯了巴比倫微農(nóng)場公司的優(yōu)勢，如縮短食物運輸距離、節(jié)約用水、無農(nóng)藥使用、減少碳排放等。第三步：比對選項得出答案。[答案]A技法點撥：題型三段落大意題段落大意題主要考查考生用準確的、簡練的語言把一個段落的主要意思明確而完整地表達出來的能力。考生在做題時要特別注意“首尾兼顧”，即所問段落的首句和尾句。一是因為它們往往體現(xiàn)主旨要義，二是因為利用這些信息可以迅速提煉段落結構框架，在框架下的主旨判斷，其準確性更高。[典例3](2024·新高考全國卷Ⅰ閱讀B片段)LeighTindale'sdogCharliehadaseriousheartcondition.AfterCharliehadaheartattack,Tindalesays,shewaspreparedtoputhimtosleep,butFarber'streatmentseasedherdog'ssufferingsomuchthatshewasabletokeephimaliveforanadditionalfivemonths.AndPriscillaDewingreportsthatherhorse,Nappy,“movesmoreeasilyandridesmorecomfortably”afterachiropracticadjustment.26．Whatdoesthisparagraphmainlytalkabout?A．Stepsofachiropractictreatment.B．Thecomplexityofveterinarians'work.C．Examplesofrareanimaldiseases.D．Theeffectivenessofholisticmedicine.[解析]第一步：閱讀題干，找出關鍵詞thisparagraphmainlytalkabout。第二步：根據(jù)關鍵詞，定位到原文可知，本段沒有主題句，本段主要介紹了兩個動物經(jīng)過法伯的治療后，病情有所好轉。由此可知，本段主要介紹了法伯的整體醫(yī)學療法所取得的效果。第三步：比對選項得出答案。[答案]D技法點撥：A體裁主題語境難度議論文追求幸福★★★★☆(2024·廣東六校9月聯(lián)考)Whatdoyouwantfromlife?Perhapsyouwanttospendmoretimewithyourfamily,orgetamoresecurejob,orimproveyourhealth.Butwhydoyouwantthosethings?Chancesarethatyouranswerwillcomedowntoonething:Happiness.Yetthereissomeevidencethattoomuchpursuitofhappinessisassociatedwithagreaterriskofdepression.Modernconceptionsofhappinessareprimarilypractical,focusingonwhatwemightcallthetechniquesofhappiness.Theconcernisnotwhathappinessis,buthowtogetit.Butmaximizingpleasureisn'ttheonlyoption.Everyhumanlife,eventhemostfortunate,isfilledwithpain.Painfulloss,painfuldisappointments,thephysicalpainofinjuryorsickness,andthementalpainoflong-sufferingboredom,loneliness,orsadness.Painisanunavoidableconsequenceofbeingalive.Allthegoodthingsinlifeinvolvesuffering.Writinganovel,runningamarathon,orgivingbirthallcausesufferinginpursuitofthefinal,joyousresult.Thereareotherfactorsaswell.IntheeyesofAristotle,wegethappinessbyexercisingouruniquehumancapabilitiestothinkandreason.Butthinkingandreasoningareasmuchsocialactivitiesastheyareindividual.Happinessrequiresothers;itisnotanemotionalstatesomuchasitistheexcellenceoftherelationswecultivatewithotherpeople.Buteventhatcannotguaranteehappiness.Aristotlerecognisedthatourhappinessishostage(人質(zhì))tofortune.Eventsbeyondanyindividual'scontrol—war,poverty,andglobalpandemics—willoftenmakehappinessimpossible.Happinessisnotamentalstatethatcanbepermanentlywon,butinsteadit'sapracticewhichwehone(磨煉),imperfectly,incircumstancesonlypartlyofourmaking.Recognisingthiswillnotsecureagoodlife,butitwillavoidtheillusory(虛幻的)hopeofpermanentcontentment.Nolifeworthlivingshouldmeettheonlystandard.Instead,aimwithAristotletoembracethosefaultsandtoflowerinspiteofthem.【語篇解讀】文章對追求幸福進行了闡述，最終得出的結論是：人們對幸福的追求并不是完美的。1．Wherecanyoufindnegativeeffectsoffocusingtoomuchon“happiness”？A．Inparagraph2. B．Inparagraph3.C．Inparagraph4. D．Inparagraph5.A細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Yetthereissomeevidencethattoomuchpursuitofhappinessisassociatedwithagreaterriskofdepression.”可知，在第二段可以找到過于關注“幸福”的負面影響。2．Howdoestheauthorprovethatpainisanunavoidableresultofbeingalive？A．Bymakingcomparisons.B．Byanalyzingcauses.C．Bygivingexamples. D．Bytellingstories.C推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Painfulloss,painfuldisappointments,thephysicalpainofinjuryorsickness,andthementalpainoflong-sufferingboredom,loneliness,orsadness...”可知，作者通過舉例來證明痛苦是活著不可避免的情緒狀態(tài)。3．WhatisAristotle'sviewonhappiness?A．Happinessisastableemotionalstate.B．Goodpersonalrelationshipsleadtohappiness.C．Takingpartinsocialactivitiesguaranteeshappiness.D．Happinesspromotesindependentthinkingandreasoning.B細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“Happinessrequiresothers...wecultivatewithotherpeople.”可知，在亞里士多德看來，幸福并不是個體的情感狀態(tài)，因此我們需要與他人培養(yǎng)良好的關系。4．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．Happinessiswhathumanspursueforever.B．Happinessliesintheprocessofpursuingit.C．Ourpursuitofhappinessmaybeimperfect.D．Depressionandhappinessareequallyimportant.C主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，文章指出現(xiàn)如今人們過分追求幸福而產(chǎn)生負面影響，過分追求幸福、將幸福最大化并不會帶來真正的快樂。因此，人們對幸福的追求并不是完美的。B體裁主題語境難度說明文牡蠣回歸大自然★★★★☆(2024·青島二模)Thestudentsstandonapier(碼頭)overtheHarlemRiverinNewYorkCity.Theystaredownintothebrownwater.Theirteacher,Mr.Rodman,pullsalongropeoutoftheriver.Fastenedtotheendoftheropeisametalcageandinsideareoysters(牡蠣).Takingturns,thestudentsmeasurealltheoysters,andthencomparenotes.Thebiggestoysterisover2incheslong,muchbiggerthanahealthysizeforitsage!Theyalsomeasurethelevelofoxygen.Asmoreoystersgrow,thewatershouldbecomeclearerandholdmoreoxygen.Also,otheranimalsshouldmovein.Oystersaresoft-bodiedanimals,andsharetheunderwatercommunitywithplants,fish,andotherlife.Theyarefoodforcrabsandotheranimals.Asnewoystersgrow,theyattachtheirshellstoolderones,formingbigreefswithmanysmallspaceswhereotheranimalslive.Oysterseatalgae(藻類).Ifalgaegrowtoofast,theycandecreaseoxygenfromthewater—andevenfishneedoxygentobreathe!Butwhathappenedtotheoysters100yearsagoinNewYorkHarbor?Beforethen,lotsofoysterslivedinthesewaters.Theywereshippedtorestaurantsaroundtheworld.Bytheearly1900s,peoplewereeatingthemfasterthantheycouldgrow.Pollutionwaspouringintothewaters.Theharborbecameseriouslypolluted.Sincethe1970s,newlawshavehelpedreducepoisonouswaste.Somefishstartedtoswimthroughagain.Butoysterswerestillmissing—untilrecently.TheBillionOysterProjectbeganin2014tohelpbringoystersbacktoNewYorkHarbor.Theprojecthasrecruited(招募)morethan6，500studentsatmorethan100middleschoolsandhighschoolstohelpgrow,distribute,andstudytheoysters.Finally,thestudentsputtheoystersbackinthecage.Mr.Rodmanlowersthecageintotheriver.Inafewmonths,theywillcheckthecageagain.Whentheoystersarebigenough,theywillbemovedtojoinahealthyreefinthemiddleoftheharbor.【語篇解讀】文章介紹了牡蠣在水中起到的作用以及牡蠣在紐約港消失的原因，現(xiàn)在人們正在努力讓這些大自然的助手回歸。5．WhydostudentscometothepierovertheHarlemRiver?A．Todoresearch.B．Togofishing.C．Tobuyoysters.D．Tocleanuptheriver.A細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容可知，學生們在碼頭測量牡蠣尺寸，水中氧氣含量，由此可知學生們在進行研究。6．Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A．Whatoystersarelike.B．Howoystersgetfed.C．Whyalgaegrowfast.D．Whatroleoystersplay.D段落大意題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Oysterseatalgae.Ifalgaegrowtoofast,theycandecreaseoxygenfromthewater—andevenfishneedoxygentobreathe！”可知，本段主要介紹了牡蠣在水中所起到的作用。7．WhatcanwelearnaboutoystersinNewYorkHarbor?A．People'sloveofeatingoystersboostedtheirnumbers.B．Moreoystersthanbeforelivedinwatersinthe1900s.C．Pollutedwaterwaspartlytoblameforthemissingofoysters.D．Newlawsinthe1970swerecrucialtooysters'recovery.C推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段內(nèi)容可推知，受到污染的影響，牡蠣在紐約港仍不見蹤影。8．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．OystersRaisedinNewYorkHarborB．TheHarlemRiverPollutedHeavilyC．Nature'sHelpfulCrewBroughtBackD．TeacherDevotedtoWildlifeProtectionC標題歸納題。通讀全文可知，文章介紹了牡蠣在水中的作用及其回歸，因此C項最適合作文章標題。專題強化練(八)A(2024·杭州一模)AtSt.FrancisHighSchoolinLaCanada,Calif,there'ssomethingtobesaidaboutmathteacherJimConnor.Truthis,Connorcanbeabitofadrudge.Butthe70-year-oldVietnamvetsayshe'snotheretoentertainhisstudents.“Itdrivesmecrazywhenpeoplesayschoolshouldbefun，”hesays.“Imean,it'sniceifitcouldbe,butyoucan'tmakeschoolfun.”Andforyears,thekidsthoughtthat'salltherewastohim—untillastNovember,whenseniorPatMcGoldricklearnedtheydidn'tknowthehalfofhim.PatwasinchargeofastudentblooddriveandhadjustcometoChildren'sHospitalLosAngelesforameeting.Andhesaysitwasweird:wheneverhetoldsomeonehewenttoSt.FrancisHighSchool,theyallsaid，“Oh,youmustknowJimConnor.Isn'thewonderful？”“Itwasdisbelief,really，”Patsays.“Itwasalmostkindoffindingthisalterego(另一面)thathehas.”Insidetheblooddonorcenter,Patfoundaplaque(牌子)listingallthetopblooddonorsatthehospital,includingtherecordholder,JimConnor.Thenhelearnedsomethingevenmoreunbelievable:thatwheneverConnorisn'ttorturingkidswithcalculus(微積分),he'sonawholeothertangent—cuddlingsickbabies.Threedaysaweekforthepast20years,Jimhasvolunteeredatthehospital,steppingintobecomeinvolvedinanactivitywhenparentscan'thold,feedandcomforttheirchildren.“Theytendtocalmforhim，”NurseErinsays.“Theytendtorelaxwithhim.Theyfallasleepwithhim.”“Ijustlikethemandrelatetothemsomehow，”Connorsays.Connorhasneverbeenmarried;hehasnokidsofhisown.Buthehasfallenhardforthesebabies.“I'vealwaysrespectedhim,butnowit'stoanevendifferentdegree—reallytothepointwhereItrytoemulate(努力趕上)him，”Patsays.“He'stheepitome(典范)ofamanofservice.”【語篇解讀】本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了加州拉肯亞達的圣弗朗西斯高中數(shù)學老師吉姆·康納的故事。1．Whatdowelearnfromparagraph2?A．Schoolcanneverbefun.B．Connorishighlydemanding.C．Connor'sstudentsdrivehimcrazy.D．Connorthinkseducationisforall.B細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中康納所說的話可知，康納對學生要求很高。2．WhatdidPatfindoutaboutMr.Connor?A．Mr.Connordonatedbloodaswellashistime.B．Mr.Connorwasawardedforhislovetowardbabies.C．Mr.Connorusedtobeaverystrictteacher.D．Mr.Connorhadauniqueteachingphilosophy.A細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段內(nèi)容可知，康納先生不僅捐了血，還貢獻了自己的時間在醫(yī)院做志愿者。3．WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutMr.Connor?A．Heworkstwoshiftseverydayforaliving.B．Hehashisalteregointheeyesofhisstudentsallthetime.C．Hehastheabilitytoconnectwiththosekidsheholds.D．Hefallshardforthosesickkidssohedecidednottohavehisown.C細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第六段和第七段內(nèi)容可知，康納先生有能力和那些被他抱著的孩子們交流。4．Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A．BondingwithBabiesinNeedofLoveB．ARealLessonIsLifeThroughLearningCalculusC．EverybodyKeepsSomethingUnderHisHatD．ToughTeacherHasaSoftHeartD標題歸納題。根據(jù)第二段后三句可知，康納對學生要求很高，是一名嚴格的老師；根據(jù)第五、第六段內(nèi)容可知，康納先生不僅捐血，還會做志愿者照顧孩子，有一顆柔軟的心。由此可知，D項最適合作文章標題。B(2024·江門一模)NewwordsemergeinEnglishallthetime.Infact,inrecentyearsmorenewwordsandphrasesareenteringthelanguagethaneverbefore,partlyduetotheincreasedwillingnessoflexicographers(詞典編纂者)toincludetheminthedictionaries.JohnAlgeowhostudiesthehistoryoflanguagesays，“Asourculturechanges,thelanguagechanges.Americancultureisgoingthroughatimeofrapidchange.”Technologyismovingfast,whichhasabigeffectonlanguage.Thecomputerworldproduceshundredsofnewwords.Newtermsalsocomefrombusiness,medicine,andotherfields.ManynewEnglishwordscomefromotherlanguages.DavidJosthelpscreatetheAmericanHeritageDictionary.“Weconstantlyborrowwordsfromothercultures，”hesays.“Thiswillgoonforeverincultures.”“PeopleinmanypartsoftheworldspeakEnglishnow.Thatisanotherreasonwhysomanynewwordsareenteringthelanguage，”saysAlgeo.TheAmericanDialectSocietyhasacontesteachyear.Thesocietyselectsa“newwordoftheyear”，whichgainshighlevelofpopularityonmediaforsomedays.Lastyearthewinnerwas“informationsuperhighway”，referringtoawholesetofelectronicnetworkofinformationandpeoplegettingaccesstothisnetworkbycomputer.Newwordsoftencomeinseveralforms,suchastheback-formation(likeenthusefromenthusiasm),theclipping(likezoofromzoologicalgarden),andthecompounding,etc.Overtime,oneformtendstowinout.Takethecompoundingforinstance.“Domesticpartners”hasbeengrowingpopularlately,eventhoughmanytermshavebeenusedtodescribecoupleswholivetogetherbutarenotmarried.“Anewwordrarelycanbetracedtoonesource，”saysAlgeo.“Severalpeopletendtocreateanewwordwhenaneedforoneexists.”“Mostnewwordshavealimitedlife‘span’，”saylanguageexperts.Onlyafewwillsurvivethroughthenext100years.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了隨著英語中新詞的不斷出現(xiàn)，英語進入了快速發(fā)展和變化的階段。5．WhatmighthaveleasteffectonEnglishlanguage?A．Culture. B．Technology.C．Otherlanguages. D．Languagecontests.D細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Asourculturechanges,thelanguagechanges.”、第三段第一句“Technologyismovingfast,whichhasabigeffectonlanguage.”和第四段第一句“ManynewEnglishwordscomefromotherlanguages.”可知，文化、科技和其他語言都對英語有很大影響。6．Whatdoesthewriterwanttodemonstratebymentioning“domesticpartners”？A．Itisacompoundingword.B．Newwordsoftencomeinseveralforms.C．Overtime,oneformtendstowinout.D．Anewwordrarelycanbetracedtoonesource.C推理判斷題。根據(jù)畫線詞前兩句可知，作者提到“家庭伴侶”是為了證明隨著時間的推移，一種構詞形式往往會勝出。7．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．Newwordsoccurallofasudden.B．Newwordswillbecomeoldorextinct.C．InformationtechnologyhelpstheAmericanDialectSociety.D．AmericanculturechangesrapidlyaswellasEnglishlanguage.B細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段內(nèi)容可知，新詞會變老或消失。8．What'sthebesttitleofthispassage?A．NewWordsDevelopingNaturallyB．EnglishLanguageChangingRapidlyC．EnglishVocabularyinaStateofDevelopmentD．NewWordsInfluencingEnglishLanguageC標題歸納題。通讀全文可知，文章介紹了不斷發(fā)展變化的英語詞匯。C(2024·大同模擬)Theimpactoftheman-madeclimatecrisisonAntarcticaisscientificallyundeniable:stableiceshelvesareretreating,airtemperatureincreasedby3degreesCelsius.Krill(磷蝦)numbersaredeclining,meltingiceiscontributingtosealevelrise,andsealsaregettingdisplaced.“Antarcticbiodiversitycoulddeclinesubstantiallybytheendofthecenturyifwecontinuewithbusinessasusual，”JasmineRachaelLee,leadauthoroftheUniversityofQueenslandstudysays.PublishedinthejournalPLOSBiology,thestudyfindspopulationdeclinesarelikelyfor65%ofthecontinent'splantsandwildlifebytheyear2100.Themostvulnerable(脆弱的)speciesistheEmperorpenguins.InOctober2022,theU．S.FishandWildlifeServicelistedEmperorpenguinsasathreatenedspeciesundertheEndangeredSpeciesAct(ESA),asexpertspredicttheflightlessseabirdwillseea26%to47%dipinitspopulationby2050.“ThislistingreflectsthegrowingextinctioncrisisandhighlightstheimportanceoftheESAandeffortstoconservespeciesbeforepopulationdeclinesbecomeirreversible(不可逆轉的)，”saidServiceDirectorMarthaWilliamsatthetime.AsidefromEmperorpenguins,otherAntarcticspecies,liketheAdéliepenguinsanddrysoilnematodes,werealsohighlyvulnerable.WeurgentlyneedacombinationofglobalandlocalconservationactiontobestconserveAntarcticspecies.Globalactionandglobalvoicesaretohelprelieveclimatechange—becausethebiggestthreattoAntarcticaiscomingfromoutsideofit.Andthenweneedlocalactionstohelpprotectbiodiversityagainstlocalthreatsandgivethemthebestchanceofadaptingtoclimatechange.Thiswillhelptosaveouriconic(代表性的)speciesliketheEmperorpenguinsandallofAntarctica'suniqueandhighlyadaptedinhabitants.Itwillalsohelphumankind,aswerelyheavilyonthepricelessservicestheAntarcticprovidesinregulatingourclimateandcapturingsealevelinitsicesheets.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章說明了到2100年，南極洲65%的植物和野生動物將減少，現(xiàn)有的保護工作不足以保護南極的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，我們迫切需要全球行動，來保護南極物種。9．Whatcanwelearnfromparagraph1?A．Theimpactofclimatecrisisisusuallydenied.B．Conservationeffortsarebadlyneeded.C．AirtemperatureonAntarcticincreases3℃annually.D．Sealevelriseresultsinseabirdslosingtheirhabitats.B推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Antarcticbiodiversitycoulddeclinesubstantiallybytheendofthecenturyifwecontinuewithbusinessasusual”可知，保護工作是迫切需要的。10．WhyistheEmperorpenguinsmentionedinparagraph2?A．ToserveasacalltoprotectwildlifeonAntarctic.B．Toreflectthegrowingpopulationofwildspecies.C．ToprovetheeffectivenessoftheEndangeredSpeciesAct.D．Tohighlightthesevereimpactofrisingtemperature.A細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句中的“Thislistingreflectsthegrowingextinction...irreversible”可知，帝企鵝列入名單是一個行動號召，以此讓我們保護南極洲的野生動物。11．Whatisprobablythebestconservationpolicy?A．ReducingthechancesofmakingatriptoAntarctic.B．Makingjointeffortstorelieveclimatechange.C．Attemptingtoprovideessentialnutrientstotheecosystem.D．ContinuingtocarryforwardtheEndangeredSpeciesAct.B細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Weurgentlyneedacombinationofglobalandlocalconservationaction...helprelieveclimatechange”可知，我們迫切需要全球和地方的聯(lián)合保護行動，這有助于緩解氣候變化。12．Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A．PlantsandWildlifeonAntarcticaWillDeclineQuicklyB．AntarcticSpeciesAreVulnerabletoHumanThreatsC．MoreActionsShouldBeTakentoProtectWildlifeonAntarcticaD．TheBestConservationStrategyWillBeCarriedOutSoonC標題歸納題。通讀全文可知，文章說明了到2100年，南極洲65%的植物和野生動物將減少，因此我們要采取更多的行動來保護南極的野生物種，C項最適合作文章標題。專題強化練(九)A(2024·廣州越秀區(qū)模擬)TherearedayswhenIfinditnecessarytostepoutsidemyclassroomandchecktobesurethatmynameisstillintheTEACHERspaceovermydoor.SometimesIfeelthatIamastudentinmyclassroomratherthantheteacher.Seatedintheclassroom,mysixthgradestudentseachheldadifferenttoolinthehand.Thestudentsdiscussedhowwordsareliketools—theyhavetheabilitytobuildortodestroy,andtheydiscoveredhowtherighttoolusedattherighttimefortherightjobcanproducegreatresults.Iwatchedandlistenedwithasenseofsatisfaction.Theygotit!Afewdayslater,oneofmystudents,Laura,hadanunexpectedoutburstinclass.Sherefusedtoworkwithhergroup.Iaskedhertoexcuseherselfandtogotoournextdoorteamcenter.Shemarchedfromthebackoftheroomtoourclassroomdoor—shootingmeanangrylook,andthenproceededtoslamthedoorassheleftfortheteammeetingroom.Minuteslater,Istoodoverher.Beingextremelyangryaboutherdisrespectfulbehavior,Iwassharpinmytoneandharshwithmywords.WhenIpausedforherresponse,shestated，“You'reusingyourtoolagainstme.”Iwasspeechless.Therearetimeswhenyouareatacriticalcrossroadswithastudentandtheroadyouchoosewillmakeallthedifference.Iknewatthatmomenttherightthingtodowastokneeldownnexttoherchair,andsoftlysay，“You'reright,Laura.Ihaveusedmywordsunwiselyandunkindly.Willyouforgiveme？”Shelookedmeintheeyeandsimplysaid，“Yes,Iforgiveyou,Mrs.Ekre.I'msorry,too.”Attheendoftheyear,shewrotemeabeautifulletter,attachedtowhichwasasmallkey—atool,shesaid,foralanguageartsteacherwhotaughtherhowimportantwordscanbe.ItservesasmyreminderofalessonItaughtasateacherbutoneIreallylearnedfrommystudent.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了作者作為老師的一次授課經(jīng)歷，讓自己意識到老師也可以從學生那里學到一些東西的故事，同時也暗示了言語的力量之大。1．Whydoesthewriterfeelsheisastudent?A．Herstudentsoftenchallengeher.B．HernameisnotintheTEACHERspace.C．Herstudentstransformherideas.D．Sheabusesherpowerasateacher.C推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“ItservesasmyreminderofalessonItaughtasateacherbutoneIreallylearnedfrommystudent.”并結合作者在教學中與勞拉發(fā)生的不愉快的經(jīng)歷可知，勞拉的行為讓作者意識到老師也可以從學生那里學習，所以作者覺得自己是一名學生。2．WhatmadethewriterspeechlesswhendealingwithLaura?A．Laura'sangrylook.B．Laura'sabruptexplosion.C．Laura'sslammingthedoor.D．Laura'saccusationagainsther.D細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“WhenIpausedforherresponse,shestated，‘You'reusingyourtoolagainstme.’”可知，勞拉指控作者用言語對付她，這讓作者無言以對。3．Whichwordscanbestdescribethewriter?A．Caringbutstubborn.B．Tolerantandopen-minded.C．Strictandchangeable.D．Sincereandflexible.B推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中作者和勞拉的對話可知，作者向學生勞拉誠摯地道歉并征得她的原諒，由此可以看出作者的寬容與豁達。4．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．Thepowerofwords.B．Theimportanceofteaching.C．Thevalueofforgiveness.D．Thebeautyofunderstanding.A主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句并結合全文可知，言語是一種工具，可能會傷人，但也能安慰人，所以勞拉在給老師的信中說到言語很重要，由此可推知，本文主要講述的是言語的力量。B(2024·山東省實驗中學一模)Weallknoweatingultra-processedfoodsthatmakeourliveseasier—suchassauces,andfrozenpizza—isn'tgoodforourhealth.Studieshavefoundtheycanraiseourriskofobesity,heartproblems,diabetesandcancer.Theymayevenshortenourlives.Now,anewstudyhasrevealedeatingmoreultra-processedfoodsmaycontributetooverallcognitivedecline,includingthebrainexecutivefunctioning—theabilitytoprocessinformationandmakedecisions.“Whileinneedoffurtherstudy,thenewresultsarequitecompellingandemphasizethecriticalroleforpropernutritioninpreservingandpromotingbrainhealthandreducingriskforbraindiseases，”saidTanzi,professoratHarvardMedicalSchool.Hewasnotinvolvedinthestudybuthesaidinhisbook，“They,are,veryhighinsugar,saltandfat,promotingsystemicinflammation(發(fā)炎),perhapsthemostmajorthreattohealthyaging.Meanwhile,sincetheyareconvenientandquick,theyalsoreplacefiberfoodsimportantformaintainingthehealthandbalanceofbacteriainyourgut，”headded，“whichisparticularlyimportantforbrainhealthandreducingriskofage-relatedbraindiseaseslikeAlzheimer.”Thestudy,presentedatthe2022Alzheimer'sAssociationInternationalConference,followedover10，000Braziliansfor10years.“InBrazil,ultra-processedfoodsmakeup25%to30%oftotalcalorieintake.ItisnotverydifferentfrommanyotherWesterncountries，”saidcoauthorDr.Suemoto.Ultra-processedfoodsaredefinedasindustrialformulationsoffoodsubstancescontaininglittleornowholefoodsandtypicallyincludeflavorings,coloringsandotherchemicaladditives,accordingtothestudy.“Peopleconsumingover20%ofdailycaloriesfromprocessedfoodshada28%fasterdeclineinglob