2024秋高中英語Unit15LearningSectionⅣLesson4學(xué)案含解析北師大版必修5

PAGEUnit15LearningSectionⅣLesson4Ⅰ.重點(diǎn)單詞1．a(chǎn)cquirevt.獲得，得到2．hinkingn.思索，考慮3．rankn.職銜4．worthyadj.值得的5．a(chǎn)pprovev.贊成；認(rèn)可；同意6．urgevt.力勸，劇烈要求7．inspirev.啟發(fā)；鼓舞8．conventionaladj.傳統(tǒng)的，保守的9．civilisationn.文明10．vitaladj.極其重要的11．imagen.景象，形象；比方12．unwillingadj.不情愿的13．shadown.陰影；影子14．religionn.宗教→religiousadj.宗教的15．defencen.保衛(wèi)，愛護(hù)→defendv.保衛(wèi)，愛護(hù)16．ignorevt.忽視，不顧→ignorancen.忽視17．a(chǎn)ssumptionn.假定，假設(shè)→assumevt.假定，假設(shè)18．beneficialadj.有用的，有益的→benefitn.好處，好處v.對(duì)……有益Ⅱ.核心短語1．o_start_with首先2．be/get_accustomed_to習(xí)慣于……3．go_against違反4．come_to_one's_defence為某人辯護(hù)5．end_to往往會(huì)，傾向于6．make_assumptions_about對(duì)……作出假設(shè)7．(be)basedon以……為基礎(chǔ)8．putforward提出9．a(chǎn)pproveof贊成，贊許10．inotherwords換句話說11．bevitalto對(duì)……重要12．bebeneficialto對(duì)……有益Ⅲ.經(jīng)典句式1．with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語Atthattime,peoplebelievedmoreinreligionthaninfactsandpeoplelikeGalileoGalilei(1564—1642),whoprovedscientificideassuchas“theEarthisnotthecentreoftheuniverse”，wereoftenpunishedbythechurchwithnoonecomingtotheirdefence.在當(dāng)時(shí)，人們更多地信任宗教，而不是事實(shí)。像伽利略·伽利萊(1564—1642)這樣證明白諸如“地球不是宇宙的中心”等科學(xué)觀點(diǎn)的人常常被教會(huì)懲處，而沒有人來為他們辯護(hù)。2．what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句作challenge的賓語。Thechurchandmanypeopletendedtoignorethefactsandwereunwillingtochallengewhat_they_had_always_comfortably_believed.教會(huì)和很多人往往會(huì)忽視事實(shí)，他們不愿向自己始終信任的事實(shí)發(fā)出挑戰(zhàn)。3．“Itis＋adj.＋that從句”，其中it作形式主語，真正的主語為that從句。It_is_not_surprising_thatpeoplewantedtobelievetheseancientviewsastheyhadbeenputforwardbythegreatphilosopherAristotle(384—322BC)．人們情愿信任這些古老的見解，這毫不驚奇，因?yàn)槟鞘呛甏蟮恼軐W(xué)家亞里士多德(公元前384—公元前322)提出來的。1.v.＋ption＝n.①assumption假定；臆斷②presumption假設(shè)③consumption消費(fèi)量④description描寫⑤subscription訂閱2．be＋pp＋to①beaccustomedto習(xí)慣于②berelatedto和……有聯(lián)系③beaddictedto沉溺于……④beopposedto反對(duì)⑤bedevotedto獻(xiàn)身于課文預(yù)讀“Whoquestionsmuch,shalllearnmuch,andremembermuch.”—FrancisBacon(1561—1626)Itseemsobviousnowhowweacquire①knowledgeandunderstanding.Tostartwith②，youneedquestions.Then,tofindanswers,youobserve③theworldaroundyouandstudythefacts.Afterthatyouconsiderpossibleanswersandtesteachtofindtherightones.Althoughtodaywearemoreaccustomedto④typingafewkeywordsintoasearchengineandwaitingfortheInternettospittheanswerout⑤forus,modernscientistsandthinkersarestillsolvingtheworld'sproblemswiththistypeofanalysis—luckilyforus.However,inthe17thcenturywhenFrancisBaconsuggestedthatthistypeofthinking⑥wasthewaytogainknowledge,hewasgoingagainst⑦theviewsoftheday.Baconheldanimportantrank⑧underKingJames(1566—1625)ofEnglandbuthistrueinterestwasnotthedaytodaybureaucratic⑨detailsofthegovernment,buttheworthy⑩searchforknowledge.Thiswascertainlynottheinterestofmostpeopleinhisday.Atthattime,peoplebelievedmoreinreligion?thaninfactsandpeoplelikeGalileoGalilei(1564—1642),whoprovedscientificideassuchas“theEarthisnotthecentreoftheuniverse”，wereoftenpunishedbythechurchwithnoonecomingtotheirdefence?.Thechurchandmanypeopletendedto?ignore?thefactsandwereunwilling?tochallengewhattheyhadalwayscomfortablybelieved.Theypreferredtomakeassumptions?abouttheworldbasedon?theexperienceofothers.Infact,whenGalileiprovedthattheEarthwasnotthecentreoftheuniverse,insteadofbelievinghim,peoplechosetobelieveviewsthatwerealmost2000yearsold?、賏cquire/?'kwaI?/vt.獲得，得到※句中It作形式主語，how引導(dǎo)的從句為真正的主語。②tostartwith(＝tobeginwith)首先，第一③observe/?b'z??v/v.視察；遵守(規(guī)則，法律等)④beaccustomedto習(xí)慣于(to為介詞)⑤spitsth.out把……吐出※Although引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。⑥thinking/'θI?kI?/n.思索，考慮※when引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾the17thcentury，that引導(dǎo)的從句作suggested的賓語。⑦goagainst違反(某人的希望、信念、期望等)；對(duì)(某人)不利beagainst反對(duì)befor贊成⑧rank/r??k/n.職銜⑨bureaucratic/?bj??r?'kr?tIk/adj.官僚的⑩worthy/'w??ei/adj.值得的beworthyeq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(ofbeingdone值得被做,tobedone值得被做))?religion/rI'lId??n/n.宗教?defence/dI'fens/n.保衛(wèi)，愛護(hù)indefenceof保衛(wèi)……?tendto往往會(huì)，傾向于?ignore/Iɡ'n??/vt.忽視，不顧?unwilling/?n'wIlI?/adj.不情愿的※這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，其次個(gè)and連接的是并列謂語，what引導(dǎo)的從句作challenge的賓語。?assumption/?'s?mp??n/n.假定，假設(shè)?(be)basedon以……為基礎(chǔ)※when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句。[第1～2段譯文]“擅長(zhǎng)提問的人學(xué)到的更多，并且記住的更多?！薄ヌm西斯·培根(1561—1626)我們?nèi)绾潍@得學(xué)問及如何理解現(xiàn)在好像自不待言。首先，你須要提出問題。然后，為了找到答案，你視察自己四周的世界并探討事實(shí)。之后，你考慮可能的答案，并且一一加以測(cè)試來找出正確的答案。盡管我們現(xiàn)在更習(xí)慣于在搜尋引擎里敲進(jìn)幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞，等待互聯(lián)網(wǎng)為我們吐出答案，然而對(duì)我們來說幸運(yùn)的是，當(dāng)代的科學(xué)家和思想家還是用這種分析的方法來解決世界上的問題。然而，在17世紀(jì)，當(dāng)弗蘭西斯·培根提出這種思索方式是獲得學(xué)問的途徑時(shí)，他背離了當(dāng)時(shí)的觀念。在英國(guó)詹姆士國(guó)王(1566—1625)統(tǒng)治時(shí)期，培根是一位身居要職的官員，但是他真正的愛好不是政府每日的繁文縟節(jié)，而是對(duì)學(xué)問的崇高追求。這當(dāng)然不是他那個(gè)時(shí)代大多數(shù)人的愛好。那時(shí)，人們更多地信任宗教，而不是事實(shí)。像伽利略·伽利萊(1564—1642)這樣證明白例如“地球不是宇宙的中心”等科學(xué)觀點(diǎn)的人常常被教會(huì)懲處而無人為他們辯護(hù)。教會(huì)和很多人往往會(huì)忽視事實(shí)，不情愿去挑戰(zhàn)他們始終深信不疑的東西。他們寧愿以其他人的閱歷為依據(jù)對(duì)世界做出假設(shè)。事實(shí)上，當(dāng)伽利萊證明地球不是宇宙的中心時(shí)，人們不信任他的話，而寧愿去信任存在了將近兩千年的觀點(diǎn)！?putforward提出※句中It作形式主語，真正的主語是that引導(dǎo)的從句；as引導(dǎo)緣由狀語從句。?feelv.覺得，感到feellikedoing...想做某事?approveof贊成，贊許approve/?'pru?v/v.贊成；認(rèn)可；同意[第3～4段譯文]人們情愿信任這些古老的觀點(diǎn)并不驚奇，因?yàn)檫@些觀點(diǎn)是宏大的哲學(xué)家亞里士多德(公元前384—公元前322)提出來的。他說地球肯定是宇宙的中心，因?yàn)閺母杏X上講地球是靜止不動(dòng)的。伽利萊不同意這種說法。起初，人們贊同他的探討并敦促他接著進(jìn)行，但是后來當(dāng)他證明亞里士多德錯(cuò)了的時(shí)候，他們就生氣了，把他關(guān)進(jìn)了監(jiān)獄。他們不情愿挑戰(zhàn)他們始終認(rèn)為正確的東西。這也表明人們是多么不情愿去探究自己對(duì)事物的理解或教化自己。在今日，這仍舊是事實(shí)。人們認(rèn)為，假如某個(gè)重要的和受敬重的人說某事是正確的，那它肯定是正確的。但盡管亞里士多德是一位偉人，他激勵(lì)了很多杰出的科學(xué)家和哲學(xué)家，但他有時(shí)也會(huì)出錯(cuò)。伽利萊也犯過錯(cuò)誤。雖然他現(xiàn)在以“天文學(xué)之父”而著名，但是他認(rèn)為地球圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的軌跡是一個(gè)精確的圓圈。他是錯(cuò)誤的。因此，我們對(duì)四周世界的理解是不斷發(fā)展和改變的。換句話說，我們每天都在學(xué)習(xí)更多東西，誰也不能閑情逸致地說：“我們什么都知道?！盵第5段譯文]我們要感謝歷史上偉人的才智，它讓我們懂得，我們不是什么都懂，或許恒久不會(huì)什么都懂，假如我們什么都懂，那將意味著世界上沒有問題了。因此，我們今日擁有這么多的學(xué)問和對(duì)世界的理解，是因?yàn)橛信喔唾だR這樣的人。為了發(fā)覺建立今日文明的學(xué)問王國(guó)，他們英勇地從傳統(tǒng)思想的陰影中走出來。這些人懂得學(xué)問和理解是要奮斗的東西；有人或許會(huì)說，相較于世界上全部的金錢，對(duì)一個(gè)人來說，它們更重要；對(duì)人類來說，更有益?！叭康恼胬硪坏┍话l(fā)覺都很簡(jiǎn)單被人理解，問題是要有人去發(fā)覺真理?！薄だ浴べだR(1564—1642)課文理解TaskOne：FastReadingMatchtheparagraphswiththeirmainideas.Para.1A．Peoplebelievedinwhatsomeoneimportantandrespectedsaid.Para.2B．Peopletrytosolvetheworld'sproblemswithanalysis.Para.3&4C．Peoplethankedthegreatmenwhostudiedinascientificway.Para.5D．Peoplebelievedinreligioninancienttimes.答案：Para.1BPara.2DPara.3&4APara.5CTaskTwo：CarefulReadingⅠ.JudgethefollowingstatementsTrueorFalse.1．PeopleareusedtoturningtotheInternetforhelpwhentheyhavequestionsnowadays.(T)2．MostpeopleinBacon'stimewereinterestedinthesearchforknowledgeasBacon.(F)3．PeoplebelievedthattheEarthwasthecentreoftheuniverseuntilGalileiprovedAristotlewaswrong.(F)4．GalileiprovedthattheEarthwasn'tthecentreoftheuniverse,buthealsomadeamistake.(T)5．Wewouldgetmoreknowledgeabouttheworldsincemenneverstopthinkingandresearching.(T)Ⅱ.Readthetextandthenchoosethebestansweraccordingtothetext.1．Whatisthefirststeptoacquireknowledgeandunderstanding?A．Tofindanswers.B．Tostudythefacts.C．Totestanswers.D．Toputforwardquestions.答案：D2．Whosolveproblemsbythinkingandanalyzingaccordingtothepassage?A．Peoplenowadays.B．Peopleinthe17thcentury.C．Modernscientistsandthinkers.D．ThegreatphilosopherAristotle.答案：C3．Peopleinthe17thcenturydidn'tbelieveGalileoGalileibecause________.A．theybelievedmoreinreligionB．theEarthwasstandingstillC．BaconputforwardtheviewthattheEarthmustbethecentreoftheuniverseD．Galileicouldn'tprovehisviewthattheEarthwasnotthecentreoftheuniverse答案：A4．What'stheaimofthewriterwhenAristotleandGalileiarereferredtointhefourthparagraph?A．Aristotlewaswrong.B．It'sunbelievableforgreatmentobewrong.C．Galileiwaswrong.D．Everyonecanbewrongattimes.答案：D5．What'sthemainideaofthesentence“Alltruthsareeasytounderstandoncetheyarediscovered;thepointistodiscoverthem.”？A．Alltruthsareeasytodiscover.B．It'smostimportanttodiscovertruths.C．It'smoreimportanttounderstandtruthsthantodiscoverthem.D．Ifwewanttodiscovertruths,weshouldfirstunderstandthem.答案：BTaskThree：Micro-writingReadthetextcarefullyandfillinthefollowingblanks.“Who__1__(question)much,shalllearnmuch,andremembermuch，”saidFrancisBacon.Nowitseemsobvioushowweacquireknowledgeand__2__(understand).However,inthe17thcentury,peoplebelievedmoreinreligionthaninfacts.As__3__result,peoplewhoproved__4__(science)ideaswereoftenpunished.Manypeopletended__5__(ignore)thefactsandwereunwillingtochallengewhattheyhadbelieved.Tilltoday,peoplestillfeelthatifsomeoneimportantand__6__(respect)saysthatsomethingisright,thenitmustbeso.__7__sometimesgreatmensuchasAristotleandGalileimightmakemistakes.Thereforeourunderstandingoftheworldaroundusis__8__(constant)growingandchanging.Inother__9__(word),welearnmoreeverydayandnoneofuscansimplysay,“Weknowitall”．“Alltruthsareeasytounderstand__10__theyarediscovered;thepointistodiscoverthem，”saidGalileoGalilei.1．questions2.understanding3.a4.scientific5．o_ignore6.respected7.But8.constantly9.words10．once1eq\a\vs4\al(acquirevt.獲得，得到)(教材P42)Itseemsobviousnowhowweacquireknowledgeandunderstanding.我們?nèi)绾潍@得學(xué)問和理解現(xiàn)在好像自不待言。acquireknowledge/experience獲得學(xué)問/閱歷acquireagoodknowledgeof學(xué)會(huì)，精通acquireahabitof養(yǎng)成……的習(xí)慣acquireatastefor起先喜愛[即學(xué)即用](1)Meanwhile,theyexchangeideasandfeelingswitheachother,throughwhichtheyprobablyacquiremoreknowledge.與此同時(shí)，他們彼此溝通思想和感情，這樣他們可能獲得更多的學(xué)問。(2)Heacquiredatasteforbrandyatthattime.他在那個(gè)時(shí)候養(yǎng)成了喝白蘭地的嗜好。(3)Onlywhenyouhaveacquired_a_good_knowledge_ofgrammarcanyouwritecorrectly.只有當(dāng)你擁有了完善的語法學(xué)問，你才能正確地寫作。(4)Weshouldtrytoacquire_a_good_habit_oftakingnotes.我們應(yīng)當(dāng)努力養(yǎng)成做筆記的好習(xí)慣。(5)Hischaracteracquired_him_a_good_reputation.他的品行使他得到好名聲。2eq\a\vs4\al(worthyadj.值得的；有價(jià)值的)(教材P42)BaconheldanimportantrankunderKingJames(1566—1625)ofEnglandbuthistrueinterestwasnotthedaytodaybureaucraticdetailsofthegovernment,buttheworthysearchforknowledge.在英國(guó)詹姆士國(guó)王(1566—1625)統(tǒng)治時(shí)期，培根是一位身居要職的官員，但是他真正的愛好不是政府每日的繁文縟節(jié)，而是對(duì)學(xué)問的崇高追求。表示“值得”的句型：(1)beworth＋n.＝beworthyof＋n.(2)beworthdoing＝beworthyeq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(ofbeingdone,tobedone))(3)It'sworthwhiledoing/todosth.[即學(xué)即用](1)TheChinesecommunityiswellworthavisit.＝TheChinesecommunityiswellworthyofavisit.華人社區(qū)特別值得去參觀一下。(2)Thearticleisworthyofcarefulstudy.＝Thearticleisworthyofbeing_studied(study)carefully.＝Thearticleisworthyo_be_studied(study)carefully.＝Thearticleisworthstudying(study)carefully.＝It'sworthwhilestudying/to_study(study)thearticlecarefully.這篇文章值得細(xì)致研讀。[名師點(diǎn)津](1)表示“很值得做……”，要用bewellworthdoing...；(2)worth一般只作表語；而worthy和worthwhile既可作表語又可作定語。3eq\a\vs4\al(ignorevt.忽視，不顧)(教材P42)Thechurchandmanypeopletendedtoignorethefactsandwereunwillingtochallengewhattheyhadalwayscomfortablybelieved.教會(huì)和很多人常常忽視事實(shí)，不情愿去挑戰(zhàn)他們始終深信不疑的東西。(1)ignorantadj.無知的，不知道的beignorantof/about...對(duì)……不了解；對(duì)……無知(2)ignorancen.無知；不知情beinignoranceof/aboutsth.不知道某事[即學(xué)即用](1)Isaidhellotoher,butsheignoredmecompletely.我向她打招呼，她卻根本不理我。(2)Theoldmanisignorantaboutmoderntechnology.這位老人對(duì)現(xiàn)代科技一竅不通。(3)Thetouristignored_the_warningandgotoffthecarinBadalingWildlifeZoo,causingthetragedy.那位游客不聽警告，在八達(dá)嶺野生動(dòng)物園下車，結(jié)果釀成悲劇。(4)單句語法填空①Iamquiteignorantof/aboutwhattheyintendtodo.②Hisfailureresultedfromhisignorance(ignore)．4教材P42Atfirst，peopleapprovedofhisstudiesandurgedhimtocontinue，butlaterwhenheprovedAristotlewrong，theygrewangryandputhiminprison.起初，人們贊同他的探討并敦促他接著進(jìn)行，但是后來當(dāng)他證明亞里士多德錯(cuò)了的時(shí)候，他們就生氣了，把他關(guān)進(jìn)了監(jiān)獄。●(一)approvev.贊成；認(rèn)可；批準(zhǔn)(1)approveof(doing)sth.贊成(做)某事approvesth.批準(zhǔn)，通過某事(2)approvaln.贊成；贊許；批準(zhǔn)meetwithone'sapproval得到某人的批準(zhǔn)winone'sapproval贏得某人的支持withoutapproval未經(jīng)許可[即學(xué)即用](1)Nowpeopleapproveoflivingalow－carbonlife.現(xiàn)在人們贊成過低碳生活。(2)Thecommitteeapprovedtheplanatthemeetingyesterday.昨天在會(huì)上委員會(huì)通過了該項(xiàng)安排。(3)Itmadenodifferencethatourtravellingplandidn'twin_parents'_approval.我們的旅行安排沒有獲得父母的支持，但是不會(huì)有影響的。(4)Itishopedthenewlawagainstsmokingwill_be_approvedbythecommittee.有關(guān)禁煙的新法律有望會(huì)得到委員會(huì)的批準(zhǔn)?！?二)urgev.力勸；劇烈要求n.迫切愿望；劇烈要求(1)urgesb.todosth.督促某人做某事urgesth.on/uponsb.大力舉薦；竭力主見odoing...督促/慫恿……做……urgethat...主見……；力勸……(2)haveanurgetodosth.渴望做某事[即學(xué)即用](1)Theteacherurgedon/uponusthenecessityofpractice.老師向我們強(qiáng)調(diào)練習(xí)的必要性。(2)ThevacationiscomingandIhaveanurgetotravel.假期快到了，我迫切想去旅行。(3)Themanagementurgedthatthecostofproduction(should)befurtherreduced.管理部門敦促進(jìn)一步降低生產(chǎn)成本。(4)單句語法填空①Iurgehimo_write(write)anovelaboutthelifethatwelivetogetherinthecountry.②Iurgedthatwe(should)_take(take)immediatemeasurestopreventsuchthinghappeningagain.③Heurgedon/uponhispupilstheimportanceofhardwork.④Hehasanurgetobecomeafilmstar.[聯(lián)想歸納]urge后跟that從句時(shí)，從句中運(yùn)用虛擬語氣，謂語動(dòng)詞為should＋動(dòng)詞原形，should可省略。5inspirev.鼓舞，激勵(lì)；使產(chǎn)生感覺或情感；給予靈感，激發(fā)想法；啟發(fā)；啟示(教材P43)ButeventhoughAristotlewasagreatmanwhoinspiredmanygreatscientistsandphilosophersafterhim,hewaswrongattimes.盡管亞里士多德是一位偉人，他激勵(lì)了很多杰出的科學(xué)家和哲學(xué)家，但他有時(shí)也會(huì)出錯(cuò)。(1)inspiresb.withsth.(＝inspiresth.insb.)激起/喚起某人的(感情、思想等)inspiresb.todosth.鼓舞某人去做某事(2)inspiredadj.受到鼓舞的inspiringadj.鼓舞人心的(3)inspirationn.激勵(lì)；靈感[即學(xué)即用](1)Weneedanewcaptain—someonewhocaninspiretheteam.我們須要一位能夠鼓舞士氣的新隊(duì)長(zhǎng)。(2)Hisencouragingremarksinspiredmewithconfidence.他令人鼓舞的話語喚起了我的自信。(3)Manyartistsgettheirinspirationfromnature.很多藝術(shù)家從大自然中獲得靈感。(4)單句語法填空①Ihopethissuccesswillinspireyouo_make(make)greaterefforts.②Thegoodnewsinspireduswithprideandcourage.＝Thegoodnewsinspiredprideandcourageinus.③Theshortnovelhasbroughtmeacreativeinspiration(inspire)．④ZangKejiawrotesomeveryinspiring(inspire)poems.6教材P43Thesemenknewthatknowledgeandunderstandingarethingstofightfor；morevitaltoaman，andmorebeneficialtomankind，somemightsay，thanallthemoneyintheworld.這些人懂得學(xué)問和理解是要奮斗的事情；有人會(huì)說，相較于世界上全部的金錢，對(duì)一個(gè)人來說，它更重要，對(duì)人類來說，它更有益?！?一)vitaladj.極其重要的bevitalto/for對(duì)……極為重要It'svitaltodosth.做某事極其重要It'svitalthat...(should)do...……至關(guān)重要留意：vital可用作定語和表語。用作表語時(shí)，后面可接介詞for或to引導(dǎo)的短語，表示“對(duì)……極其重要”。[即學(xué)即用](1)Considerationforotherpeopleisvitalforallofus.對(duì)我們?nèi)咳藖碚f，體諒他人至關(guān)重要。(2)單句語法填空①What'sworse,somedrivers,cyclistsandpedestriansdon'tthinkitisvitalo_obey(obey)trafficrules.②Itisvitalthateveryone(should)_receive(receive)goodeducation.●(二)beneficialadj.有益的，有利的，有幫助的(1)bebeneficialto...對(duì)……有益(2)benefitv.有益于，得益于；n.好處，好處benefitfrom/by...從……中受益forthebenefitofsb.(＝forsb.'sbenefit)為了某人的利益；為幫助某人beofbenefitto...對(duì)……有益[即學(xué)即用](1)Sunshineandfreshairarebeneficialtoyourrecoveryfromillness.陽光和簇新空氣對(duì)你病情的復(fù)原有益。(2)Whenpeopleofferyouwordsofpraise,itmaynotalwaysbeforyourbenefit.當(dāng)人們贊揚(yáng)你的時(shí)候，可能并不總是對(duì)你有利。(3)Bothsideshavebenefitedfromthetalks.雙方都已經(jīng)從會(huì)談中受益。(4)單句語法填空①Usingcomputershasabeneficial(benefit)effectonchildren'slearning.②Youwillbenefitfromhardworkandpoorconditions.③Theorganizationwasfoundedforthebenefitofthedisabled.7eq\a\vs4\al(assumevt.假定，假設(shè)；認(rèn)為)(教材P43)WhydidAristotleassumethatthesunmovedaroundtheEarth?為什么亞里士多德認(rèn)為太陽圍著地球轉(zhuǎn)？(1)assume...tobe...認(rèn)為……是……assume(that)．..認(rèn)為……Itis(generally)assumedthat...人們(普遍)認(rèn)為……(2)assumptionn.假定，假設(shè)makeanassumption認(rèn)為，假定ontheassumptionthat...假定……，假設(shè)……(3)assuming(that)．..假定……[即學(xué)即用](1)Wecannotassumeanythinginthiscase.在這種情形下我們無法做任何揣測(cè)。(2)Itisgenerallyassumedthatstressiscausedbytoomuchwork.普遍認(rèn)為，壓力是工作過重所致。(3)Theprojectwaspredicatedontheassumptionthattheeconomywasexpanding.這一安排是以經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的設(shè)想為依據(jù)的。(4)Itisreasonabletoassume(that)thehousepriceswillcontinuetogoup.認(rèn)為房?jī)r(jià)會(huì)接著上漲是有道理的。(5)單句語法填空①Theyboughtthesecond－h(huán)andhouseontheassumption(assume)thattheformerownerwouldpaintit.②Wemustassumehimo_be(be)innocentuntilheisprovedguilty.③Assuming(assume)thatyouareright,whatshouldwedonext?[聯(lián)想歸納]在英語中，有些看上去是現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞的詞，事實(shí)上卻常用作介詞或連詞。與assuming類似的詞還有：①consideringprep.&conj.鑒于，考慮到②givenprep.鑒于，考慮到③includingprep.包括，包含④supposingconj.假設(shè)，假如⑤provided/providingconj.假如，假如⑥concerningprep.關(guān)于1eq\a\vs4\al(beaccustomedto習(xí)慣于)(教材P42)AlthoughtodaywearemoreaccustomedtotypingafewkeywordsintoasearchengineandwaitingfortheInternettospittheansweroutforus,modernscientistsandthinkersarestillsolvingtheworld'sproblemswiththistypeofanalysis—luckilyforus.雖然我們現(xiàn)在更習(xí)慣在搜尋引擎里輸入幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞，然后等待互聯(lián)網(wǎng)吐出答案，然而幸運(yùn)的是，現(xiàn)代的科學(xué)家和思想家們?nèi)耘f在用這種分析方法來解決世界上的問題。(1)get/become/growaccustomedto(doing)sth.＝be/get/becomeusedto(doing)sth.習(xí)慣于(做)某事(2)accustomvt.使習(xí)慣于accustomsb./oneselfto(doing)sth.使某人/自己習(xí)慣于做某事[即學(xué)即用](1)ThisisnotthekindoftreatmentIamaccustomedto.這不是我習(xí)慣的那種待遇。(2)Shewasapersonaccustomedtohavingeighthours'sleepanight.她是那種習(xí)慣每晚睡八個(gè)小時(shí)的人。(3)Hehadtoaccustomhimselftothecoldweather.他不得不使自己習(xí)慣于寒冷的天氣。(4)單句語法填空①Hereyesquicklybecameaccustomed(accustom)tothedark.②Somepeoplearereallynotusedtousing(use)creditcards.③Shefounditnecessarytoaccustomherchildtogetting(get)upearly.[聯(lián)想歸納]請(qǐng)識(shí)記含有介詞to的常見短語：①stickto堅(jiān)持②lookforwardto盼望③devoteoneselfto致力于④getdownto著手⑤leadto導(dǎo)致；通往⑥objectto反對(duì)⑦payattentionto留意2eq\a\vs4\al(tendto往往會(huì)，傾向于；照看，護(hù)理)(教材P42)Thechurchandmanypeopletendedtoignorethefactsandwereunwillingtochallengewhattheyhadalwayscomfortablybelieved.教會(huì)和很多人往往會(huì)忽視事實(shí)，不情愿去挑戰(zhàn)他們始終深信不疑的東西。(1)tendvt.照管；護(hù)理(＝takecareof/lookafter)tendtodosth.有做某事的傾向；有做某事的趨勢(shì)tendto/towardssth.趨向；走向；趨于……(2)tendencyn.趨勢(shì)；傾向haveatendencytodo/forsth.有(做)某事的趨勢(shì)[即學(xué)即用](1)Wheninagroup,Itendtoactasthespokesmanofthatgroup.在小組探討時(shí)我常常表現(xiàn)得像那個(gè)組的發(fā)言人。(2)Foryearshetendedherinherpainfulillness.多年來她始終受到病痛的熬煎，都是他在照料。(3)Thereisagrowingtendencyforpeopletoworkathomeinsteadofinoffices.人們?cè)诩依锒皇窃谵k公室里工作的趨勢(shì)日益增長(zhǎng)。(4)單句語法填空①Itendo_sacrifice(sacrifice)myowninterestforthegroupbenefit.②Shespendshersparetimeending(tend)(to)heroldmother.③Roughlyspeaking,theendency(tend)ofthemarketisstilluncertain.3eq\a\vs4\al(putforward提出；將鐘表撥快；將……提前；舉薦)(教材P42)ItisnotsurprisingthatpeoplewantedtobelievetheseancientviewsastheyhadbeenputforwardbythegreatphilosopherAristotle(384—322BC)．人們情愿信任這些古老的見解并不驚奇，因?yàn)槟鞘呛甏蟮恼軐W(xué)家亞里士多德(公元前384—公元前322)提出來的。putaway儲(chǔ)存，收起來放好putdown寫下；鎮(zhèn)壓putoff推遲puton穿上；上演，裝出(某種樣子)；增加(體重)putout撲滅，熄滅putup掛起，舉起；貼；給……供應(yīng)住宿putupwith忍受[即學(xué)即用](1)CanIputyou/yournameforwardforgolfclubsecretary?我舉薦你(提名讓你)擔(dān)當(dāng)高爾夫球俱樂部的秘書好嗎？(2)Theyputupaboardwheretheycouldputupnotices.他們掛起了一塊木板，在上面可以張貼通知。(3)Motheropenedthedrawertoput_awaycookers.媽媽打開抽屜將餐具收進(jìn)去放好。(4)Neverput_offtilltomorrowwhatmaybedonetoday.今日事，今日畢。(5)Idon'tknowhowyouput_up_withtheirconstantquarreling.我不知道你是怎么忍受他們無休止的爭(zhēng)吵的。1教材P42ItisnotsurprisingthatpeoplewantedtobelievetheseancientviewsastheyhadbeenputforwardbythegreatphilosopherAristotle384—322BC.人們情愿信任這些古老的見解并不驚奇，因?yàn)槟鞘呛甏蟮恼軐W(xué)家亞里士多德公元前384—公元前322提出來的。Itisnotsurprisingthat...表示“……不足為奇”。it為形式主語，真正的主語是that從句。(1)“It's＋adj.＋that...”常用來表示“……令人感到……”。用于該句型的常見形容詞有：necessary,strange,clear,possible,natural,important,likely,obvious等。(2)it作形式主語的句型還有：·It＋be＋過去分詞(said,reported等)＋that...·It＋不及物動(dòng)詞(seem,appear等)＋that...·It＋be＋名詞短語(apity,nowonder等)＋that...[即學(xué)即用](1)Itisnotsurprisingthatyourcousinhasn'tpassedtheexam.你堂兄沒通過這次考試不足為奇。(2)Itisreportedthatthefallofthelandslidehascausedtwohundreddeaths.據(jù)報(bào)道，山體滑坡已致200人死亡。(3)It_is_strange_thatnobodyknowswherehehasgone.很驚奇沒有人知道他去了哪兒了。(4)It_is_amazing_thattheboyisabletosolvetheproblemsoquickly.這個(gè)男孩能快速解決這個(gè)問題，真令人驚訝。(5)It_is_a_pity_thatyoudidn'tattendmybirthdaypartylastnight.很缺憾你昨天晚上沒有參與我的生日聚會(huì)。2(教材P42)Atthattime,peoplebelievedmoreinreligionthaninfactsandpeoplelikeGalileoGalilei(1564—1642),whoprovedscientificideassuchas“theEarthisnotthecentreoftheuniverse”，wereoftenpunishedbythechurchwithnoonecomingtotheirdefence.那時(shí)，人們更多地信任宗教，而不是事實(shí)，像伽利略·伽利萊(1564—1642)這樣證明白諸如“地球不是宇宙的中心”等科學(xué)