江西省南昌市心遠(yuǎn)中學(xué)2024-2025學(xué)年九年級上學(xué)期期末考試英語試題（含答案無聽力聽力音頻及原文）

2024-2025學(xué)年第一學(xué)期期末階段性學(xué)習(xí)質(zhì)量檢測初三英語試卷說明：1.本卷共六題，82小題，全卷滿分120分，考試時(shí)間120分鐘。2.本卷分為試題卷和答題卡，答案要求寫在答題卡上，不得在試卷上做答，否則不給分一、聽力理解A)請聽下面5段對話。每段對話后有一小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。聽完每段對話后，你都將有10秒鐘的時(shí)間回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對話讀兩遍。1.WhatisthemostdifficultforBob?A.Listening.B.Reading.C.Writing.2.WhydoesJimliketheSpringFestival?A.Becausehecansetofffireworks.B.Becausehecanwearnewclothes.C.Becausehecanreceivelotsofluckymoney.3.HowmayDalegotothelibrary?A.Bysubway.B.Onfoot.C.Bybike.4.Whomadethemachine?A.Ascientist.B.Ateacher.C.Afarmer.5.Whatdoestheboymean?A.Kateisusuallylate.B.Kateisalwaysontime.C.Katedidn’tarrivelatethistime.B)請聽下面4段對話。每段對話后有幾個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。聽每段對話前，你將有時(shí)間閱讀各個小題，每小是5秒鐘；聽完后，各小題給出5秒鐘的作答時(shí)間。每段對話讀兩遍。請聽第1段對話，回答第6、7小題。6.WheredidVera’sauntlivebefore?A.InNewYork.B.InCalifornia.C.InLosAngeles.7.HowoftendoesVeravisitherauntnow?A.Onceayear.B.Twiceayear.C.Onceeverytwoyears.請聽第2段對話，回答第8、9小題。8.WhendoesMarkusuallygetuponSundays?A.At6o’clock.B.At8o’clock.C.At10o’clock.9.WhomdoesMarksometimesplaybasketballwithafterschool?A.Hisbrother.B.Hisclassmates.C.Hiscousin.請聽第3段對話，回答第10至第12小題。10.Whatcoloristhejacket?A.Red.B.Blue.C.Brown.11.Whosejacketisit?A.Sam’s.B.Mike’s.C.Nick’s.12.WhatcanweknowaboutNick?A.Nickisn’tatschooltoday.B.Nickneverwearsjackets.C.Nick’sfavoritecolorisblue.請聽第4段對話，回答第13至第15小題。13.WhatkindofmusicisAlfred’sfavorite?A.Rock.B.Countrymusic.C.Popmusic.14.Whereisthebandfrom?A.Australia.B.TheUK.C.TheUSA.15.Whatcanwegetfromtheconversation?A.Alfredlikesthebandthemost.B.Jeanlikesmusicthathascertainenergy.C.Thereisgoingtobeaconcertthisevening.C)請聽下面一段獨(dú)白，根據(jù)獨(dú)白內(nèi)容完成下列句子，每個空格不超過3個單詞。將答案填寫到答題卡的相應(yīng)位置。聽獨(dú)白前你將有50秒鐘的時(shí)間閱讀句子內(nèi)容。獨(dú)白讀兩遍。16.Withthehelpof________,astudentcanliveinaforeigncountry.17.Theexchangestudentcanlivewithahostfamily,oftenfor________monthstoayear.18.Exchangestudentscanlearnaboutanother________intheseprograms.19.Beinganexchangestudentcanhelpyou________withdifferentpeople.20.Studentscancallthetelephonenumber—________tojoinintheprogram.二、單項(xiàng)填空請閱讀下面各小題，從題中所給的A、B、C、D四個選項(xiàng)中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。1.Afterworkinghardtogether,ourschoolfootballteamfinallywona________inthefootballgame.Achance B.course C.victory D.period2.Ifyouwanttokeepthepetdog,youshouldknowit________alotofcareandattention.A.requires B.achieves C.creates D.produces3.Nowadays,WeChatpaymentis________usedbypeopleinourcountry,andIthinkmoreandmorepeopleinothercountrieswilluseit.A.suddenly B.politely C.secondly D.widely4.—Doyouprefershoppingonlineorshoppinginstores?—Ofcourse,shoppingonline.Becausethepricesseemmuch________.A.lower B.thelowest C.higher D.thehighest5.—Didyouhearsomeonecallyou,Mary?—No,David________thedrumssoloudlythatIheardnothing.A.isbeating B.wasbeating C.willbeat D.beats6.JohnwatchedanactionmovieonTVuntil12:00lastnight,sohefeelsvery________now.A.lonely B.sleepy C.nervous D.bored7.Youwon’tfullyexperiencethecustomsofaforeigncountry________yougothereinperson.A.assoonas B.aslongas C.because D.unless8.—It’sreportedthatthe9thAsianWinterGames________inHarbinin2025.—Whatsurprisingnews!A.hold B.areholding C.willbeheld D.willhold三、完形填空A)請先閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后從各小題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項(xiàng)中選出可以填入相應(yīng)空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。Everythingthathappensholdssomekindoflessonforyou.Itdependsonhowyou____9____eachthingandmakeitwork,eveniftherearesomedifficultiesalongtheway.Infact,everyonegoesthroughthingsthateither____10____themormakethembetterandstronger.____11____,I’veexperiencedmanythingsinmylifethathavemademebecomeabetterandstrongerperson.Oneofthemhaschangedme____12____whoIwastowhoIamtoday.Ithappenedduringmyschooldays.Iwasborninarichfamilyandallmypalswererich,too.Oneday,wemetagirlcalledSarainourschool.Shedidn’thaveenough____13____andhadtoeatfreeschoolmeals.Once____14____shewantedtoshareatablewithusforlunch,wemadebadcomments(評論)aboutherclothes.Imadeherknowourwonderfullunchesandlaughedather____15____forbeingsopoor.Thismadehercry.Anotherday,I____16____hershoppinginacheapshop.Imadefunofheragain.Oneevening,whenIsawherwaitingforthebusatabusstop,Iwenttoherandtoldherthatmymotherwouldpick____17____upinanexpensivecarandthatweusuallywentshoppingingreatshops.My____18____madehercryagain.Mymothersawallthis,scolded(責(zé)罵)meandthen____19____toteachmealesson.Fromthenextday,Ididn’thavethewonderfulfood.WhenItriedtositwithmyclassmates,theymadefunofme.Iwas____20____atthatmoment.Afterschool,mymotherdidn’tpickmeupandIhadtotakeabus.Afterseveraldays,Ibegantorealizethepoorgirl’s____21____.IsaidsorrytoSaraandourrelationshipbecameclose.ThisthingmademerealizethatIwasso____22____.NowIknowthateveryoneshouldtrytounderstandothersandthatweshould____23____makefunofothers.9.A.dealwith B.lookfor C.talkabout D.giveup10.A.treat B.beat C.accept D.remind11.A.Luckily B.Suddenly C.Especially D.Differently12.A.with B.about C.from D.over13.A.time B.money C.abilities D.backgrounds14.A.when B.although C.until D.if15.A.country B.village C.school D.family16.A.kept B.suggested C.found D.believed17.A.me B.us C.her D.them18.A.classmates B.words C.secrets D.scores19.A.disliked B.remembered C.planned D.refused20.A.careless B.proud C.excited D.silent21.A.feeling B.meaning C.training D.saying22.A.wise B.brave C.wrong D.lonely23.A.seldom B.never C.always D.oftenB)選詞填空請先閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后用方框中所給的詞的適當(dāng)形式填空，每個詞限用一次。developmentplaceregardtheirsinceimportantproducethinanotherhistorymuseumChinaisthefirstcountrytoproduceporcelain(瓷器)intheworld,sotheporcelainhas____24____name—china.Nowadays,Chineseporcelainisregardedasoneofthemost____25____inventionsinChinesehistory,apartfromthe“FourGreatInventions”.Jingdezhenis____26____as“thePorcelainCapitalofChina”.Jingdezhenisalsoasynonym(代名詞)forChineseporcelain.Theporcelainindustryexperiencedalong-term____27____inJingdezhen.Jingdezhenhasbeenproducingporcelainsforover1,800years____28____theEasternHanDynasty(25~220).InFiveDynasties(907~960),JingdezhenwasthefirstplaceintheSouthChina____29____whiteporcelainsandhasmadeagreatachievement.Thewhiteporcelainisaswhiteasthejade(玉),asbrightasamirrorandas____30____aspaper.The____31____ofJingdezhenporcelaincarving(雕刻術(shù))candatebacktomorethan1,000yearsago.Peopleoftenputporcelainstatues(雕塑)oflions,elephantsorotherauspiciousbeasts(瑞獸)at____32____homes.TheporcelainmadeinJingdezhenwasbroughttoEuropefromthe17thcenturyandcanbeseeninmanylarge____33____inEuropetoday.What’smore,JingdezhenhasbecomethemostimportantChineseporcelainproductionareaandthemostfamous____34____forChineseporcelainhistory,anditisalsoknownasthe“l(fā)ivingmuseumofChineseporcelain”.四、閱讀理解A)請閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容從每小題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。AManystudentsfindit’sdifficulttolearnEnglish.Someofthemevenwanttogiveup.Theywonderhowtheycanlearnitwell.HerearefourEnglishclassesinYucaiTrainingCenter.Havealook!Maybetheycanhelpyoutoimproveit.Formoreinformation,youcanreadtomorrow’snewspaperorcontact(聯(lián)系)Mr.Zhengare-mailhimatMikeEnglish@126.com.Class1:ForlisteningTime:7:00p.m.—8:30p.m.onWednesdaysTeacher:LinTao(CHN)Price:￥100for3weeksIntroduction:Thisclasswillgiveyousomehelpfuladvicetopracticelistening.Class2:ForspeakingTime:7:30p.m.—9:30p.m.everyTuesdayTeacher:JohnSmith(Canada)Price:￥150foramonthIntroduction:Inthisclass,youwilllearnhowtotalkwithothersinEnglishandhowtosingEnglishsongs.Class3:ForreadingTime:8:00p.m.—10:00p.m.onMondaysTeacher:JeffGreen(theUK)Price:￥180for6weeksIntroduction:We’lltellyousomeusefulreadingstrategiesandskills.Somefordailyreadingandsomeforexamreading.Class4:ForwritingTime:7:00pm.—9:00p.m.everyThursdayTeacher:RoseBrown(Australia)Price:￥120for4weeksIntroduction:Roseisanexperiencedteacher.Shehasherspecialwaysforyoutoimproveyourwriting.Sheisalsoheretobeyourpenpal.35.Howmuchshouldyoupayifyouwanttojoinalltheclassesinthistrainingcenter?A.￥180. B.￥480. C.￥550. D.￥650.36.Whencanyouhavewritingclasses?A.At8:30a.m.everyThursday. B.At8:00p.m.onThursdays.C.At7:30p.m.everyMonday. D.At9:00p.m.onWednesdays.37.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtotheadabove?A.IfyoujoinClass1,youcanhavelisteningclassesfor8hoursintotal.B.TherearetwowaystogetmoreinformationaboutthefourEnglishclasses.C.TheteacherfromCanadacanteachyouhowtoimproveyourspokenEnglish.D.Youcanonlylearnsomeusefulreadingstrategiesandskillsforexamreading.BWalkingonthestreet,youmighthearsomepeoplespeakingChinesealoud.Turningtotheright,youseeaSichuan-stylerestaurantfullofforeigners.Afterwalkingintoastore,youseethatHuaweismartphonesareonsale.Butyou’renotinChina—you’reinManchesterinBritain.Infact,youmightseesimilarthingsinmanyothercities.Chineseproductshavebeengoingallovertheworld.ChinesefoodhasbeenenjoyedinWesterncountriesforalongtime.Tomeetlocalpeople’stastes,Chineserestaurantshavemadesomechangestothedishes.“Oneexampleisthemeat,”saidYinHang,aChinesestudentwhoisstudyinginAustralia.“Weliketoeatmeatwiththebone(骨頭)in,butpeopleheredon’t.SothelocalChineserestaurantsprovidebigpiecesofmeatwithoutbones,evenforfish.”SomeChinesebrandsarealsobecomingmorepopular.ItisreportedthatinmanycitiesinEurope,manystoressellTCLtelevisions,HaierfridgesandLenovocomputers.MorethanhalfofUS-owneddrones(無人機(jī))areChinesemodels,accordingtoChinaDaily.They’renotonlymadeinChina,butalsodesignedanddevelopedinthecountry.Inthepast,mostWesternpeoplethoughtChineseproductswerecheapandunreliable.Butnow,thingshavechangedgreatly.MorepeopletrustChinesebrands.“MadeinChina”becomescool.“TheyarebeautifulandoffersomethingspecialthatAmericanphonesdon’thave,”anarticleonCNNoncesaidaboutChinesesmartphones.Asitissaid,Chinesegovernmenthasbeentryingitsbesttoimproveitsnationalbrandsofallkindstomeettheneedsofmodernlife.38.Whereisthepassageprobablyfrom?A.Astorybook. B.Anewspaper. C.Aschoolnotice. D.Ascienceresearch.39.WhatdoChineserestaurantsdoinWesterncountriestomeetlocalpeople’stastes?A.Changeallthecooks.B.Cutthepricesofthedishes.C.Providebigpiecesofmeatwithbones.D.Havemadesomechangestothedishes.40.HowmanyChinesebrandsarementionedinthepassage?A.Two. B.Three. C.Four. D.Five.41.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“They”inParagraph4referto?A.Chinesebrands. B.Chineseproducts.C.Americanphones. D.Chinesesmartphones.42.Whatdoesthewriterwanttotellusinthepassage?A.Australianslikeeatingmeatwithbonesin.B.PeopleinWesterncountrieslikeChinesefood.C.AlloftheUS-owneddronesaremadeinAmerica.D.ChineseproductsarepopularinmanyWesterncountries.CFormorethan30years,ZhuYanjun,the50-year-oldmanfromasmallvillageinGansuProvince,hadbeenamigrantworker(農(nóng)民工)indifferentcitieslikemanyotherworkersfromChina;butwhatmadehim________washisstrongpassion(熱情)forreadingpoemsandbooks.InearlyFebruary,2023,Zhubecamewellknownwhenhegotthesecondplaceintheannual(全年的)ChinesePoetryCompetitionhostedbyCCTV.Zhu’spassionforreadingcamefromhisChineselanguageteacherinmiddleschoolwhohaspublishedmanyarticlesinmagazines“Ialsowantedtopublishstories,soIstartedtoreadandborrowbooksfromrelativesandclassmates,”hesaid.BorninavillageinJingningCounty,GansuProvince,Zhuhadneverlefthishometownfromayoungage.Aftergraduatingfrommiddleschool,hebecameamigrantworker.Zhuworkedinmorethan10cities,yetnomatterwherehewas,hewenttolocalbookstoresandtookanotebookwithhiminordertowritedownparagraphsfromthebooksandrecitethem.Overtheyears,hehasreadthousandsofpoemsandcanrecitemorethan1,000ofthem.“ThereisanoldChinesesaying:Reading10,000booksisnotasgoodastraveling10,000miles,”saidZhu.“However,forme,althoughIhavebeentomanydifferentcities,itisnotfortravelbuttomakealiving.SoIimprovemyselfbyreadingbooksandpoems.”ReadingpoetryhelpsZhustaycalmandheneversaysanythingabouthardwork.“WheneverIfaceanydifficulties,IthinkofaChairmanMao’squotation—Nothingintheworldisdifficultfortheonewhosetshismindtoit,”hetoldChinaDaily.Becauseofhisgoodperformanceatthepoetrycompetition,thegovernmentinJingningCountydecidedtoaskhimtoworkatthelocalculturalcenter.HestartedtoworkthereonMarch10.43.Whichwordsuitsbestinthe“__________”inParagraph1?A.creative. B.energetic. C.different. D.familiar.44.WhichofthefollowingistherightorderofZhuYanjun’slifeexperience?①ZhuworkedattheculturalcenterinJingningcounty.②Zhucamesecondinthe2023ChinesePoetryCompetition.③Zhugraduatedfrommiddleschoolandbecameamigrantworker.④Zhuworkedinmorethan10citiestomakealiving.A.③②④① B.③①②④ C.③④①② D.③④②①45.WhatlessoncanwelearnfromZhuYanjun?A.Nevergivingup. B.Findingagoodteacher.C.Traveling10,000miles. D.Attendingpoetrycompetitions.46.Whichofthefollowinghasthesimilarmeaningto“Nothingintheworldisdifficultforonewhosetshismindtoit”?A.Everydoghasitsday. B.Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.C.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway. D.Thegrassisalwaysgreenerontheotherside.47.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.Anewstar. B.Readingforadream.C.Aspecialpoet. D.Travelingandreading.DThesunsetsonafieldinsouthernEngland.Whenitrisesagainthefollowingmorning,thatfieldhasbeenchangedintoahugeworkofart.Alargepartofthecrop(莊稼)hasbeenpressedintoapatternofcircles,squaresandothershapes.Farmershavereportedfindingstrangecirclesintheirfieldsforcenturies.Theearliestmentionofacropcircledatesbacktothe1500s.Cropcircles,however,didn’tgetattentionuntil1980,whenafarmerinEnglanddiscoveredthreecirclesinhisfield.Theworldfirstbegantolearnaboutcropcircles.Bythe1990s,cropcircleshadbecomesomethingofatouristattraction.In1990alone,morethan500circlesappearedinEurope.Withinthenextfewyears,therewerethousands.Cropcirclescancomeinmanydifferentshapes,changinginsize.Mostearlycropcirclesweresimple.Butafter1990,thecircleschanged.Cropscanbemadetolooklikejustaboutanything—smilingfaces,flowersorevenwords.Peoplehavelongbeenwonderingwhoorwhatiscreatingthesecropcircles.Possiblythemostwidelyknownideaisthatcropcirclesaretheworkofvisitorsfromotherplanets.Probablythemostscientificopinionsaysthatcropcirclesarecreatedbyvortices(渦旋).Theyforcetheairdowntotheground,whichpressesthecropsdown.Dr.TerenceMeaden,anexpert,sayswhenthedust(沙塵)getscaughtupinavortex,itcanappeartoglow(發(fā)光),whichmayexplaintheUFO-likeglowinglightsmanypeoplehaveseen.48.Howdoesthewriterintroducethetopicofthepassage?A.Bytellingastory. B.Byaskingaquestion.C.Bygivingacomparison(比較). D.Bydescribingascene(場景).49.Whendidtheworldbecomeinterestedincropcircles?A.Inthe1500s. B.After1980. C.In1900. D.After1990.50.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutcropcirclesinParagraph4?A.Earlycropcircleswereverysmallinsize.B.Largecropcircleswereusuallyroundinshape.C.Cropcirclesofallkindsbegantoappearafter1990.D.Flower-shapedcropcircleswerefirstfoundinthe1500s.51.WhichpointdoyouthinkDr.TerenceMeadenwouldagreewith?A.Cropcirclesmaybeman-made.B.Cropcirclescouldbemarksleftbyaliens.C.TheUFO-likelightcouldbecausedbydust.D.Vorticesaresuretocreateperfectlyshapedcropcircles.52.Whatwouldbethebeststructureofthepassage?A. B. C. D.B)請先閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容從下面的七個選項(xiàng)中選擇五個還原到文中，使短文意思通順、結(jié)構(gòu)完整，并在答題卡上將其序號涂黑。一空一句。Musicisanimportantpartofourlives.Wemeetmusicalmosteverywhere,fromcarridesandhomes,toworkouts(鍛煉)inthegym,oreventhemoviesandTVshowswewatch.Mostpeopleenjoylisteningtomusicandoftenstatethattheycan’tlivewithoutit.Butwhyisthat?____53____Itimprovessleepquality.____54____Lowandsoftmusicworksjustaswellassleepingmedicine.Researchhasfoundthatlisteningtomusicatdifferenttimesdevelopsbettersleeppatternsforpeopleandevencreatesmorebettersleep.____55____Haveyoueverwonderedwhythereisalwaysmusicplayinginthegymorwhypeoplecan’tgoonrunswithouttheirheadphones?Simplyput,musicservesastheinterestforworkingoutharder.It’salsoshownthatlisteningtomusiccanincreaseendurance(耐力).Itcutsdownstressandanxiety.Areyoueverworriedoranxiousaboutsomethinganddon’tknowwhattodo?____56____Ithasgoodeffectsespeciallywhentheyexperiencehighlystressfulorpainfulevents.Itmayhelpwithmemory.Whenstudyingordoingthehomework,doyoueverfindyourselfmovingyourheadalongwithsomemusic?Researchshowsthatmusicenjoymenthelpswithlearningandmemory.Itimprovesyourmood(情緒).____57____Studiesshowthatmusichelpsputpeopleinabettermoodandhelpsthemkeepintouchwiththeirfeelings.Whetheryou’verealizeditornot,listeningtoyourfavoritesongsprovidesyourmindandbodywithmuchmorethantheenjoymentofthesongs.Sokeeponlistening!A.Ithelpswithexercising.B.Musicisanecessarypartofhumanlife.C.Listeningtomusiccancalmpeopledown.D.Ifyou’refeelingdown,musicmaybetheperfecttreatment.E.Itbringsgeneralpleasuretoourlivesinseveraldifferentfields.F.Itprovidesseveraladvantagesofhealththatmanypaynoattentionto.G.Listeningtomusichasbeenshowntotreatcertainsleeplessness,especiallyforcollegestudents.五、補(bǔ)全對話請閱讀下面對話，根據(jù)對話內(nèi)容從下面的七個選項(xiàng)中選擇五個填入空白處，使對話通順、合理，意思完整，一空一句。(PeterandRubyaretalkingintheclassroom.Peter=P,Ruby=R)P:Hello,Ruby!IheardyouwenttotheUSAlastyear.R:Yeah!Istayedthereforabouttwomonth.P:Soundsgood.____58____Canyougivemesomeadvice?R:OK!Withpleasure.P:____59____R:BothareOK.Butdon’tarriveearly.P:Isee.____60____R:Well,ifyouareover15minuteslate,youaresupposedtocallthehostandtellhimorherthatyouaregoingtobelate.P:Allright.ShouldIbringanygifts?R:Sure.Flowersarealwayspopulargifts.P:____61____R:Justremember:WheninRoman,doastheRomansdo.P:____62____Icanwatchtheotherguestsanddowhattheydo.A.Igotit.B.You’reexpectedtobeontime.C.Butifthetrafficisterrible,whatshouldIdo?D.ShouldIarriveontimeor5to10minuteslate?E.Thenmynextquestion:WhatshouldIdoatdinner?F.I’msohappythatIcaneatdeliciousturkeyattheparty.G.Well,I’mgoingthereonmystudentexchangeprogramnextmonth.六、書面表達(dá)63.時(shí)間管理是一門學(xué)問。作為初三畢業(yè)班的學(xué)生，很多學(xué)生覺得自己的時(shí)間不夠用，或者無法合理地分配時(shí)間。你可能也遇到過同樣的問題。請你根據(jù)以下要點(diǎn)和要求，以“Myideasaboutmanagingtime”為題，用英語寫一篇短文，向?qū)W校?？⒄Z專欄投稿。寫作要點(diǎn)：1.Whatisyouropinionontimemanagement?2.Howdoyoumanageyourtime?3.Whatimprovementsdoyouthinkyoustillneedtomake?要求：1.短文應(yīng)包括所有的寫作要點(diǎn)，條理清楚，行文連貫，可適當(dāng)發(fā)揮；2.短文中不得出現(xiàn)真實(shí)人名和地名；3.詞數(shù)80~120，短文開頭已給出，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。MyideasaboutmanagingtimeItisprettyimportantforustomanageourtimewell.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________