2025屆上海市普陀區(qū)高三上學(xué)期一?？荚囉⒄Z試題【含答案解析】

普陀區(qū)2024學(xué)年第一學(xué)期高三英語質(zhì)量調(diào)研英語試卷考生注意：1.考試時(shí)間105分鐘,試卷滿分115分。2.本次考試設(shè)試卷和答題紙兩部分。所有答題必須涂(選擇題)或?qū)?非選擇題)在答題紙上，做在試卷上一律不得分。3.答題前，務(wù)必在答題紙上填寫準(zhǔn)考證號(hào)和姓名，并將核對(duì)后的條形碼貼在指定位置上，在答題紙反面清楚地填寫姓名。I.GrammarandvocabularySectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.WhyHastheGreatWallPreservedSoWell?TheGreatWall,asymbolofancientcivilization,stretchesacrossnorthernChina.Despiteitsgrandeur,____1____remainstodayisonlyapartofitsformerself,duetothewearanddamagecausedbytimeandnature.However,arecentdiscoveryrevealsthatnature____2____mightbeplayingacrucialroleinpreservingthishistoricalwonder.Thinlayersofbacteriaandotherorganisms,knownasbiocrusts,havebeenconsidered____3____(protect)sectionsoftheGreatWall,shelteringitfromwindandrain,andotherdestructiveelements.AstudypublishedinScienceAdvanceshighlightsthesignificantrolethese“l(fā)ivingskins”playinconservingthisancientarchitecturalmarvel.____4____advancesintechnologyandresearch,scientistsarenowexploringthepotentialofcultivatingnewbiocruststopreventfurtherdegradationoftheWall.NicholeBarger,anecologist,praisesthestudyas“innovativeandcreative”,notingthattheprotectiveeffectsofbiocrusts____5____(gain)increasingrecognitioninrecentyears.Itisacknowledgedthatdrylandecosystems____6____(stabilize)andsoilerosion(侵蝕)ispreventedbythesebiologicallayers.____7____themorefamoussectionsoftheGreatWallareconstructedfromstonesorbricks,otherpartswerebuiltusingpackedsoil.Yet,thesamepackedsoilscanalsohostbiocrusts,____8____coverabout12%oftheEarth’slandsurface,particularlyindryregionslikenorthernChina.Thesebiocrustsvaryinform,____9____(range)fromthinbacterialnetworkstothickerlayersoflichen(青苔).SoilscientistBoXiaofromtheChinaAgriculturalUniversity,alongwithhiscolleagues,conductedastudytoinvestigatetheroleofbiocrustsinpreservingtheGreatWall.Theirresearchrevealedthatbiocrusts,primarily_____10_____(compose)ofmossorbacteria,coveredmorethantwo-thirdsoftheWall’ssurfaceintheareastheyexamined.Bystudyingthephysicalproperties,theymadeasignificantdiscovery.【答案】1.what2.itself3.toprotect##tobeprotecting4.With5.havegained6.arestabilized7.While##Though##Although8.which9.ranging10.composed【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章講述了長城為什么保存得這么好的原因?！?題詳解】考查主語從句。句意：盡管它宏偉壯觀，但由于時(shí)間和自然造成的磨損和破壞，今天剩下的只是它以前的一部分。該空引導(dǎo)主語從句（____1____remainstoday），從句中缺乏主語，意為“……的事物”，用連接代詞what。故填what。【2題詳解】考查反身代詞。句意：然而，最近的一項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)表明，自然本身可能在保護(hù)這一歷史奇跡方面發(fā)揮著至關(guān)重要的作用。強(qiáng)調(diào)“大自然本身”所扮演的角色，用反身代詞itself。故填itself?！?題詳解】考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。句意：被稱為生物結(jié)皮的薄層細(xì)菌和其他生物被認(rèn)為可以保護(hù)長城的部分區(qū)域，使其免受風(fēng)雨和其他破壞性因素的影響。beconsideredtodosth.(被認(rèn)為做某事)，protect可用不定式的一般式形式（表示與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生或緊隨其后的動(dòng)作），或用不定式的進(jìn)行式形式（表示正在進(jìn)行的或與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作）。故填toprotect/tobeprotecting?！?題詳解】考查介詞。句意：隨著技術(shù)和研究的進(jìn)步，科學(xué)家們現(xiàn)在正在探索培育新的生物結(jié)皮以防止長城進(jìn)一步退化的潛力。結(jié)合句意可知，介詞with(隨著)符合，首字母大寫。故填With?！?題詳解】考查時(shí)態(tài)。句意：生態(tài)學(xué)家NicholeBarger稱贊這項(xiàng)研究“具有創(chuàng)新性和創(chuàng)造性”，并指出近年來生物結(jié)皮的保護(hù)作用得到了越來越多的認(rèn)可。由時(shí)間狀語inrecentyears可知，從句謂語動(dòng)詞gain用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表過去動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響，注意主謂一致。故填havegained?！?題詳解】考查時(shí)態(tài)和系表結(jié)構(gòu)。句意：人們承認(rèn)，旱地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)是穩(wěn)定的，這些生物層可以防止水土流失。形容詞stabilized(穩(wěn)定的)，此處為系表結(jié)構(gòu)bestabilized，結(jié)合下文謂語isprevented可知，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，注意主謂一致。故填arestabilized?！?題詳解】考查讓步狀語從句。句意：雖然長城的著名部分是用石頭或磚塊建造的，但其他部分是用壓實(shí)的土壤建造的。前后句讓步關(guān)系，結(jié)合句意，用從屬連詞while/though/although(盡管)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，首字母大寫。故填While/Though/Although?！?題詳解】考查定語從句關(guān)系詞。句意：然而，同樣的堆積土壤也可能存在生物結(jié)皮，生物結(jié)皮覆蓋了地球約12%的陸地表面，特別是在中國北方等干旱地區(qū)。該空引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，先行詞是biocrusts，指物，關(guān)系詞替代先行詞在從句中作主語，用關(guān)系代詞which。故填which?！?題詳解】考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。句意：這些生物結(jié)皮的形式各不相同，從薄的細(xì)菌網(wǎng)絡(luò)到較厚的地衣層。邏輯主語Thesebiocrusts和非謂語動(dòng)詞range是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，range用現(xiàn)在分詞形式作狀語。故填ranging。【10題詳解】考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。句意：他們的研究表明，在他們檢查的區(qū)域，主要由苔蘚或細(xì)菌組成的生物結(jié)皮覆蓋了長城表面的三分之二以上。becomposedof(由……組成)，用過去分詞短語composedof…作名詞biocrusts的后置定語。故填composed。SectionBDirections:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.accentsB.acquireC.boundariesD.fulfillE.guidelinesF.liberallyG.preciselyH.priorityI.prospectJ.scheduleK.suspectFindYourLife’sWorkEveryonehastheirownlifevalues.Youwonderwhatyourvocationisandwhereyoucouldsuccessfully___11___yourpotential?Herearesometips.●TurnPassionintoProfitDonot___12___thisstatement:findsomethingyoulikeandyouwon’thavetoworkaday.Thereisnobetter___13___thangettinggoodmoneyforyourhobby.So,thinkaboutwhatyoureallyliketodoevenforfree.Evenifyouonlylovetoplayonlinegamesandtastedeliciousfood,youcangoforcookingortasting,gamedevelopmentorgointoe-sports,startathematicblog—asyoucansee,therearealotofoptions.●ImagineanIdealWorldAnotherwaytounderstandwhatismostimportanttoyouistoreflectonwhatanidealworldshouldlooklike.Perhapsyourpurposeis___14___tobringtherealworldclosertothisidealimage.Don’tlimityourselfto___15___.Letgooffantasyandletyourselfjustdream.Writedownanythoughtsthatcometomind.Payattentiontoallthedetailsand___16___,andthenthinkabouthowtotranslatethemintoreality.●RecallYourBestMomentsTodetermineyourtop___17___,thinkaboutthemomentsinwhichyouexperiencedthegreatestjoy.Whathasgivenyouthemostsatisfactioninthepast?Takealittletimeandrememberallthetimeswhenyouweresincerelyglad.So,youwillunderstandwhatyourmain___18___areatthisstageoflife.●CreateaRoadmapYou’veidentifiedyourgoals.Now,developadetailedplan,likedrawingamapfromyourcurrentlifetoyourdesiredfuture.FindthebestroutefrompointAtopointB.Thinkaboutwhatskillsyouneedto___19___andwhatdailyhabitsareworthaddingtoyourlife.Themorespecificpointsyouputonthemap,theeasieritwillbeto____20____themandstartmovingtowardsyourgoal.【答案】11.D12.K13.I14.G15.C16.A17.H18.E19.B20.J【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇議論文。文章主要講述了如何找到自己畢生的事業(yè)，并給出了一些實(shí)用的建議。【11題詳解】考查動(dòng)詞。句意：你想知道你的職業(yè)是什么，以及你在哪里可以成功地發(fā)揮你的潛力？根據(jù)句意“發(fā)揮潛力”可知，空格處應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞fulfill作謂語，意為“實(shí)現(xiàn)，發(fā)揮”，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞could后跟動(dòng)詞原形。故選D項(xiàng)?！?2題詳解】考查動(dòng)詞。句意：不要懷疑這句話：找到你喜歡的事情，你就一天都不用工作。根據(jù)句意“懷疑”可知，空格處應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞suspect作謂語，在祈使句中用動(dòng)詞原形。故選K項(xiàng)?！?3題詳解】考查名詞。句意：沒有什么比從你的愛好中獲得好報(bào)酬更好的前景了。根據(jù)句意“前景”可知，空格處應(yīng)填名詞prospect作主語，結(jié)合系詞is可知，主語是單數(shù)名詞或者不可數(shù)名詞。故選I項(xiàng)?！?4題詳解】考查副詞。句意：也許你的目的就是正是把現(xiàn)實(shí)世界帶得更接近這個(gè)理想形象。根據(jù)句意“正是”可知，空格處應(yīng)填副詞precisely修飾動(dòng)詞bring，作狀語。故選G項(xiàng)?！?5題詳解】考查名詞。句意：不要把自己限制在界限內(nèi)。根據(jù)句意“界限”可知，空格處應(yīng)填名詞boundary，且為可數(shù)名詞，表“范圍；界限”常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。故選C項(xiàng)?！?6題詳解】考查名詞。句意：注意所有的細(xì)節(jié)和口音，然后想想如何把它們變成現(xiàn)實(shí)。根據(jù)句意“口音”以及后文“translatethemintoreality”可知，用名詞accent作賓語，考慮到在此語境下，accent在廣義上也可以理解為某種“特點(diǎn)”或“特色”，且下文中有復(fù)數(shù)代詞them，故此處用復(fù)數(shù)形式更為貼切。故選A項(xiàng)?！?7題詳解】考查名詞。句意：要確定你的首要任務(wù)，想想你經(jīng)歷最大快樂的時(shí)刻。根據(jù)句意“首要任務(wù)”可知，空格處應(yīng)填名詞priority作賓語，此處指你的首要任務(wù)，應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。故選H項(xiàng)。【18題詳解】考查名詞。句意：所以，你會(huì)明白在這個(gè)階段的生活中你的主要準(zhǔn)則是什么。根據(jù)句意“準(zhǔn)則”可知，空格處應(yīng)填名詞guideline作從句主語，可數(shù)名詞，結(jié)合系動(dòng)詞are可知，主語復(fù)數(shù)名詞。故選E項(xiàng)?！?9題詳解】考查動(dòng)詞。句意：想想你需要獲得什么技能，以及什么日常習(xí)慣值得添加到你的生活中。根據(jù)句意“獲得”可知，空格處應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞acquire，且needtodosth.為固定短語，用原形構(gòu)成不定式作賓語。故選B項(xiàng)?！?0題詳解】考查動(dòng)詞。句意：你在地圖上標(biāo)注的點(diǎn)越具體，就越容易把它們列入日程并開始朝著你的目標(biāo)前進(jìn)。根據(jù)句意“列入日程”可知，空格處應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞schedule，用原形構(gòu)成不定式短語。故選J項(xiàng)。II.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.InIndonesia,researchersrecentlycapturedaremarkablebehavioronvideo.AwildapenamedRakus,withadeepwoundonhischeek,wasseen___21___akindofleaves,chewingthemup,andapplyingthemtohisinjury.Surprisingly,thewoundhealedwithoutinfection.Studiesrevealthattheseplantshavemedicalproperties,whichlikely___22___hisrecovery.Rakus’sactionsdemonstrateadeepunderstandingofbotany—aknowledgeofplantsfewhumans___23___today.Althoughourcollectiveknowledgeofplantsciencegrows,individual___24___ofplantsisdeclining.Inmodernlife,whilewestilldependonplantsforsurvival,fewerpeoplefinditnecessarytoknowmuchaboutthem___25___.Mostofusrelyonbotaniststoidentifyandunderstandplants,trustingtheirexpertise(專門知識(shí))toensureourwellbeing.However,thenumberofprofessionalbotanistsisshrinking,andthis___26___hasraisedconcernswithinthefield.TheNationalCenterforEducationStatisticssoundedanearlyalarmin2015,notingthatthenumberofbotanydegreesawardedintheUnitedStateshadfallenbelow400.Whilethatnumberhassince___27___slightly,with489degreesawardedin2023,thenumberofinstitutionsofferingbotanydegreescontinuestodecline,from76in2002to59in2023.“BotanyPhDsaredisappearing,”saysKathrynParsley,abiologistwhofocusesonplantsbutdidn’tpursueabotanydegreeduetolimited___28___.Fundingshiftsareaprimaryfactorleadingtobotany’sdecline.TheNationalScienceFoundation(NSF),___29___,hasmoveditsfundingprioritiesawayfromtraditionalbotany,____30____appliedscienceswitheconomicpotential.This____31____impactsuniversityfundingdecisions,leadingmanyschoolstoreduceoreliminatebotanyprograms.Thedeclining____32____inbotanyisfurtherdrivenby“plantblindness,”aphenomenonwherepeopleignoreplantsintheirenvironment,failingtorecognizetheirimportance.IntheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdom,asbotanyprofessorsretire,theyareoftennot____33____,leavingagapinplantexpertise.This____34____couldbecomeapressingissue,particularlyinsectorslikeecologicalrestoration,whereplantidentificationskillsarecrucial.Whilesomebotanistsbelievethefieldisevolvingratherthandisappearing,thedemandforplantknowledgeremainscritical.Proposedlegislation,suchastheBotanyBillintheU.S.,seekstopreserveplantexpertise.____35____,thechallengeofmaintainingessentialplantskillspersists,highlightingtheurgentneedtorecognizeandaddressthevalueofbotany.21.A.covering B.absorbing C.harvesting D.skipping22.A.accountedfor B.putoff C.tookon D.resultedfrom23.A.revise B.enhance C.subscribe D.possess24.A.sampling B.understanding C.occupation D.organization25.A.personally B.originally C.naturally D.joyfully26.A.greed B.tradition C.impression D.trend27.A.endured B.stimulated C.recovered D.discounted28.A.edition B.availability C.research D.conservation29.A.forinstance B.forsure C.incase D.ontheotherhand30.A.channeling B.equipping C.favoring D.blocking31.A.entry B.combination C.comparison D.shift32.A.interest B.emergence C.intention D.evidence33.A.invited B.replaced C.registered D.involved34.A.launch B.shortage C.motive D.pattern35.A.Hence B.Moreover C.Meanwhile D.Nevertheless【答案】21.C22.A23.D24.B25.A26.D27.C28.B29.A30.C31.D32.A33.B34.B35.D【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了當(dāng)今對(duì)植物學(xué)有深刻了解的人甚少，專業(yè)植物學(xué)家的數(shù)量正在減少并說明了原因，并且呼吁人們了解植物學(xué)并保持植物技能?！?1題詳解】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：一只名叫Rakus的野生猿，臉頰上有一個(gè)很深的傷口，被看到正在收割一種葉子，咀嚼它們，然后把它們敷在他的傷口上。A.covering覆蓋；B.absorbing吸收；C.harvesting收割，收獲；D.skipping跳躍。根據(jù)后文“akindofleaves,chewingthemup,andapplyingthemtohisinjury”可知，先收割這種葉子，才能咀嚼葉子并敷到傷口上。故選C項(xiàng)?！?2題詳解】考查動(dòng)詞短語詞義辨析。句意：研究表明這些植物有醫(yī)療特性，這可能是他康復(fù)的原因。A.accountedfor解釋；B.putoff推遲；C.tookon呈現(xiàn)；D.resultedfrom由于；根據(jù)前文“Studiesrevealthattheseplantshavemedicalproperties”可知，研究表明這些植物有醫(yī)療特性，說明這可能是解釋他康復(fù)的原因。故選A項(xiàng)。【23題詳解】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：Rakus的行為表明了他對(duì)植物學(xué)的深刻理解——一種當(dāng)今很少有人擁有的植物知識(shí)。A.revise修訂；B.enhance提高；C.subscribe訂閱；D.possess擁有。根據(jù)后文“Althoughourcollectiveknowledgeofplantsciencegrows,individual___4___ofplantsisdeclining.”可知，盡管我們對(duì)植物科學(xué)的集體知識(shí)在增長，但個(gè)人對(duì)植物的了解卻在下降。說明Rakus有一種當(dāng)今很少有人擁有的植物知識(shí)。故選D項(xiàng)。24題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：盡管我們對(duì)植物科學(xué)的集體知識(shí)在增長，但個(gè)人對(duì)植物的了解卻在下降。A.sampling取樣；B.understanding了解，理解；C.occupation職業(yè)；D.organization組織。根據(jù)后文“Inmodernlife,whilewestilldependonplantsforsurvival,fewerpeoplefinditnecessarytoknowmuchaboutthem”可知，在現(xiàn)代生活中，雖然我們?nèi)匀灰蕾囍参锷?，但很少有人覺得有必要了解它們很多，說明個(gè)人對(duì)植物的了解在下降。故選B項(xiàng)?！?5題詳解】考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：在現(xiàn)代生活中，雖然我們?nèi)匀灰蕾囍参锷?，但很少有人覺得有必要親自了解它們。A.personally親自；B.originally最初地；C.naturally自然地；D.joyfully高興地。根據(jù)后文“Mostofusrelyonbotaniststoidentifyandunderstandplants,trustingtheirexpertise(專門知識(shí))toensureourwellbeing.”可知，我們大多數(shù)人依靠植物學(xué)家來識(shí)別和了解植物，相信他們的專業(yè)知識(shí)可以確保我們的健康，說明很少有人覺得有必要親自了解它們。故選A項(xiàng)?！?6題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：然而，專業(yè)植物學(xué)家的數(shù)量正在減少，這一趨勢引起了該領(lǐng)域的關(guān)注。A.greed貪婪；B.tradition傳統(tǒng)；C.impression印象；D.trend趨勢。根據(jù)前文“thenumberofprofessionalbotanistsisshrinking”可知專業(yè)植物學(xué)家的數(shù)量正在減少，說明這是一種趨勢。故選D項(xiàng)。【27題詳解】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：雖然這個(gè)數(shù)字后來略有回升，到2023年授予了489個(gè)學(xué)位，但提供植物學(xué)學(xué)位的機(jī)構(gòu)數(shù)量繼續(xù)下降，從2002年的76個(gè)減少到2023年的59個(gè)。A.endured忍耐；B.stimulated刺激；C.recovered恢復(fù)；D.discounted打折。根據(jù)前文“thenumberofbotanydegreesawardedintheUnitedStateshadfallenbelow400”和后文“with489degreesawardedin2023”可知，美國授予植物學(xué)學(xué)位的人數(shù)已降至400人以下，到2023年授予了489個(gè)學(xué)位，說明授予植物學(xué)學(xué)位的人數(shù)后來略有回升。故選C項(xiàng)。【28題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：“植物學(xué)博士正在消失，”KathrynParsley說，她是一位專注于植物研究的生物學(xué)家，但由于機(jī)會(huì)有限，她沒有攻讀植物學(xué)學(xué)位。A.edition版本；B.availability可用性，可得性；C.research研究；D.conservation保護(hù)。根據(jù)前文“abiologistwhofocusesonplantsbutdidn’tpursueabotanydegree”可知，她是一位專注于植物研究的生物學(xué)家，沒有攻讀植物學(xué)學(xué)位是因?yàn)榭傻玫降臋C(jī)會(huì)有限。故選B項(xiàng)。【29題詳解】考查介詞短語詞義辨析。句意：例如，美國國家科學(xué)基金會(huì)已將其資助重點(diǎn)，從傳統(tǒng)植物學(xué)移除出來，支持具有經(jīng)濟(jì)潛力的應(yīng)用科學(xué)。A.forinstance例如；B.forsure肯定地；C.incase以防萬一；D.ontheotherhand另一方面。根據(jù)前文“Fundingshiftsareaprimaryfactorleadingtobotany’sdecline.TheNationalScienceFoundation(NSF)”和后文“hasmoveditsfundingprioritiesawayfromtraditionalbotany,___10___appliedscienceswitheconomicpotential”可知資金轉(zhuǎn)移是導(dǎo)致植物學(xué)衰落的主要因素，說明此處在舉一個(gè)例子解釋說明植物學(xué)衰落的原因，故選A項(xiàng)。【30題詳解】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意同上。A.channeling引導(dǎo)；B.equipping配備；C.favoring支持；D.blocking阻礙。根據(jù)前文“Fundingshiftsareaprimaryfactorleadingtobotany’sdecline.TheNationalScienceFoundation(NSF),___9___,hasmoveditsfundingprioritiesawayfromtraditionalbotany,”和后文“appliedscienceswitheconomicpotential”可知，美國國家科學(xué)基金會(huì)已將其資助重點(diǎn)從傳統(tǒng)植物學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)移到具有經(jīng)濟(jì)潛力的應(yīng)用科學(xué)上，說明美國國家科學(xué)基金會(huì)支持具有經(jīng)濟(jì)潛力的應(yīng)用科學(xué)。故選C項(xiàng)?！?1題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：這種轉(zhuǎn)變影響了大學(xué)的資金決策，導(dǎo)致許多學(xué)校減少或取消植物學(xué)課程。A.entry進(jìn)入；B.combination結(jié)合；C.comparison比較；D.shift轉(zhuǎn)變。根據(jù)前文“TheNationalScienceFoundation(NSF),___9___,hasmoveditsfundingprioritiesawayfromtraditionalbotany,___10___appliedscienceswitheconomicpotential.”可知，美國國家科學(xué)基金會(huì)已將其資助重點(diǎn)從傳統(tǒng)植物學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)移到具有經(jīng)濟(jì)潛力的應(yīng)用科學(xué)上，由此推知，這是一種轉(zhuǎn)變。故選D項(xiàng)?！?2題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：人們對(duì)植物學(xué)興趣的下降進(jìn)一步受到“植物盲目性”的影響，這種現(xiàn)象是指人們忽視環(huán)境中的植物，未能認(rèn)識(shí)到它們的重要性。A.interest興趣；B.emergence緊急情況；C.intention目的，意圖；D.evidence證據(jù)。根據(jù)前文“TheNationalCenterforEducationStatisticssoundedanearlyalarmin2015,notingthatthenumberofbotanydegreesawardedintheUnitedStateshadfallenbelow400.”可知美國國家教育統(tǒng)計(jì)中心早在2015年就敲響了警鐘，指出美國授予植物學(xué)學(xué)位的人數(shù)已降至400人以下，由此推知，“植物盲”進(jìn)一步推動(dòng)了人們對(duì)植物學(xué)興趣的下降。故選A項(xiàng)?！?3題詳解】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：在美國和英國，當(dāng)植物學(xué)教授退休時(shí)，他們往往沒有人接替，留下了植物專業(yè)知識(shí)的空白。A.invited邀請(qǐng)；B.replaced取代，接替；C.registered注冊(cè)；D.involved參與。根據(jù)后文“l(fā)eavingagapinplantexpertise”可知沒有人接替退休的植物學(xué)教授，留下了植物專業(yè)知識(shí)的空白。故選B項(xiàng)?！?4題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：這種短缺可能成為一個(gè)緊迫的問題，特別是在生態(tài)恢復(fù)等領(lǐng)域，植物識(shí)別技能至關(guān)重要。A.launch發(fā)射，上市；B.shortage短缺；C.motive動(dòng)機(jī)；D.pattern模式。根據(jù)前文“IntheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdom,asbotanyprofessorsretire,theyareoftennot___13___,leavingagapinplantexpertise.”可知在美國和英國，當(dāng)植物學(xué)教授退休時(shí)，他們往往沒有人接替，留下了植物專業(yè)知識(shí)的空白，由此推知，這是一種短缺。故選B項(xiàng)?！?5題詳解】考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：然而，保持基本植物技能的挑戰(zhàn)仍然存在，這突出了認(rèn)識(shí)和解決植物學(xué)價(jià)值的迫切需要。A.Hence因此；B.Moreover此外；C.Meanwhile與此同時(shí)；D.Nevertheless然而。根據(jù)前文“Proposedlegislation,suchastheBotanyBillintheU.S.,seekstopreserveplantexpertise.”和后文“thechallengeofmaintainingessentialplantskillspersists,highlightingtheurgentneedtorecognizeandaddressthevalueofbotany.”構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系可知，此處應(yīng)用表示轉(zhuǎn)折的副詞nevertheless“然而”。故選D項(xiàng)。SectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)SummerhillThisisastoryofamodernschool—Summerhill.Summerhillbeganasanexperimentalschool.Itisnolongersuch;itisnowademonstrationschool,foritdemonstratesthatfreedomworks.WhenmywifeandIbegantheschool,wehadonemainphilosophy:tomaketheschoolfitthechild—insteadofmakingthechildfittheschool.Obviously,aschoolthatmakesactivechildrensitatdesksstudyingmostlyuselesssubjectsisabadschool.Itisagoodschoolonlyforthosewhobelieveinsuchaschool,forthoseuncreativecitizenswhowantobedient,uncreativechildrenwhowillfitintoacivilizationwhosestandardofsuccessisfameandfortune.Ihadtaughtinordinaryschoolsformanyyears.Iknewtheotherwaywell.Iknewitwasallwrong.Itwaswrongbecauseitwasbasedonanadultconceptionofwhatachildshouldbeandofhowachildshouldlearn.Well,wesetouttomakeaschoolinwhichweshouldallowchildrenfreedomtobethemselves.Inordertodothis,wehadtoabandonalldisciplines,alldirections,allsuggestions,allmoraltraining,andallreligiousinstructions.Wehavebeencalledbrave,butitdidnotrequirecourage.Allitrequiredwaswhatwehad—acompletebeliefinthechildasagood,notanevil,being.Myviewisthatachildisbornwiseandrealistic.Iflefttohimselfwithoutadultsuggestionsofanykind,hewilldevelopasfarasheiscapableofdeveloping.Logically,Summerhillisaplaceinwhichpeoplewhohavetheinherentabilityandwishtobescholarswillbescholars;whilethosewhoareonlyfittosweepthestreetswillsweepthestreets.Butwehavenotproducedastreetcleanersofar.NordoIwritethissnobbishly(勢利的),forIwouldratherseeaschoolproduceahappystreetcleanerthanananxiousscholar.36.Accordingtothepassage,whatwastheprimaryideabehindstartingSummerhillSchool?A.Toensurestudentsbecomehappyscholars.B.Tofocusonmoralandreligiousinstructions.C.Tomaketheschooladapttotheneedsofeachchild.D.Tomakechildrensuitablefortheexistingsocialsystem.37.ThefoundersofSummerhillSchoolbelievethatchildren________.A.needstrictdisciplinetobesuccessful B.arenaturallywiseandrealisticC.shouldfocusprimarilyonreligiouseducation D.aremorecreativewithadultguidance38.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.SummerhillSchoolusesauniqueeducationalapproachcenteredongivingchildrenfreedom.BSummerhillSchoolbelieveseverychildhasthepotentialtobecomeasuccessfulscholar.C.SummerhillSchoolrejectsstrictdisciplineandfocusesonachild-centeredenvironment.D.SummerhillSchoolchallengesthetraditionalmodelbyemphasizingchildren'sindependence.39.Whydoestheauthormentionpreferringa“happystreetcleaner”toan“anxiousscholar”?AToencouragestudentstoavoidbecomingworriedscholars.B.Toemphasizethatstreetcleanersarehappierthanscholars.C.Tohighlighttheimportanceofastress-freeandenrichinglife.D.TodemonstratethatSummerhillcareslessaboutacademicachievements.【答案】36.C37.B38.A39.C【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章介紹了Summerhill(夏山學(xué)校)的辦學(xué)理念和實(shí)踐。【36題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第一段中“WhenmywifeandIbegantheschool,wehadonemainphilosophy:tomaketheschoolfitthechild—insteadofmakingthechildfittheschool.(當(dāng)我和妻子創(chuàng)辦這所學(xué)校時(shí)，我們有一個(gè)主要的理念：讓學(xué)校適合孩子——而不是讓孩子適合學(xué)校)”可知，創(chuàng)辦Summerhill的主要理念是讓學(xué)校適應(yīng)每個(gè)孩子的需求。故選C項(xiàng)?！?7題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由最后一段中“Myviewisthatachildisbornwiseandrealistic.(我的觀點(diǎn)是，孩子天生聰明、現(xiàn)實(shí))”可知，Summerhill的創(chuàng)始人認(rèn)為孩子們天生聰明而現(xiàn)實(shí)。故選B項(xiàng)?！?8題詳解】主旨大意題。由第一段“Thisisastoryofamodernschool—Summerhill.Summerhillbeganasanexperimentalschool.Itisnolongersuch;itisnowademonstrationschool,foritdemonstratesthatfreedomworks.WhenmywifeandIbegantheschool,wehadonemainphilosophy:tomaketheschoolfitthechild—insteadofmakingthechildfittheschool.(這是一個(gè)關(guān)于Summerhill現(xiàn)代學(xué)校的故事。Summerhill最初是一所實(shí)驗(yàn)學(xué)校?，F(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不是這樣了；它現(xiàn)在是一所示范學(xué)校，因?yàn)樗C明了自由是有效的。當(dāng)我和妻子創(chuàng)辦這所學(xué)校時(shí)，我們有一個(gè)主要的理念：讓學(xué)校適合孩子——而不是讓孩子適合學(xué)校)”，第四段中“Well,wesetouttomakeaschoolinwhichweshouldallowchildrenfreedomtobethemselves.(好吧，我們著手建立一所學(xué)校，讓孩子們自由地做自己)”及全文內(nèi)容可知，這篇文章介紹了Summerhill(夏山學(xué)校)的辦學(xué)理念和實(shí)踐，夏山學(xué)校采用一種獨(dú)特的教育方法，以給孩子們自由為中心，培養(yǎng)孩子。故選A項(xiàng)?！?9題詳解】推理判斷題。由最后一段中“Logically,Summerhillisaplaceinwhichpeoplewhohavetheinherentabilityandwishtobescholarswillbescholars;whilethosewhoareonlyfittosweepthestreetswillsweepthestreets.Butwehavenotproducedastreetcleanersofar.NordoIwritethissnobbishly(勢利的),forIwouldratherseeaschoolproduceahappystreetcleanerthanananxiousscholar.(邏輯上講，Summerhill是一個(gè)這樣的地方：那些具有成為學(xué)者的內(nèi)在能力和愿望的人會(huì)成為學(xué)者；而那些只適合清掃街道的人則會(huì)去清掃街道。但迄今為止，我們還沒有培養(yǎng)出一個(gè)街道清潔工。我寫這些并不是出于勢利，因?yàn)槲覍幵缚吹綄W(xué)校培養(yǎng)出一個(gè)快樂的街道清潔工，也不愿看到它造就一個(gè)焦慮的學(xué)者)”和結(jié)合Summerhill以自由為中心的辦學(xué)理念可知，作者提到更喜歡一個(gè)“快樂的街道清潔工”而不是一個(gè)“焦慮的學(xué)者”，是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)無壓力和豐富生活的重要性，而不是單純的學(xué)術(shù)成就。故選C項(xiàng)。(B)Thefollowingtextsexploredifferentperspectivesonthetopicofreducingworkhours.Asyouread,considertheargumentsandevidencepresentedtounderstandthecomplexitiesofthisissue.“Reducingworkhourscanactuallyboostproductivity.Studiesshowthatemployeeswitha4-dayworkweekaremorefocusedandefficient.Withfewerhours,workersspendlesstimeonnon-productiveactivities,experiencinglessburnoutandhigherjobsatisfaction.Thetraditional40-hourworkweekisoutdated;itdoesn’tfitwithtoday’sfast-pacedworkenvironmentsormentalhealthneeds.Companiesimplementingshorterweekshaveseenuptoa20%increaseinproductivity,indicatingthatqualityoftensurpassesquantity.”Dr.MariaThompson,BehavioralEconomist“Cuttingworkhourssoundsappealing,butit’snotfeasibleacrossallindustries.Somesectors,likehealthcareandmanufacturing,requireconstantcoverage.Reducinghourscouldleadtostaffshortages,increasedcosts,andaheavierworkloadforremainingemployees.Noteveryjoborpersonfitsintoareduced-hoursmodel.Whiletheremaybeproductivitygainsinspecificcases,generalizingthisapproachcouldharmoverallworkforcestabilityandprofitability.Wemustconsiderbotheconomicrealitiesandthevaryingneedsacrossindustries.”ProfessorJohnBaker,LaborRelationsExpert“Thedebateovershorterworkweekshasbecomeahottopic,withadvocatespointingtomentalhealthandproductivitybenefits,whileopponentswarnofpracticalandeconomicchallenges.Whilethe4-dayworkweekworksforsome,itmaynotbeaone-size-fits-allsolution.Abalancebetweenflexibleschedulesandorganizationalneedsmayultimatelyofferthebestpathforward.”CommentaryfromIndustryJournalWorkforceWeekly40.WhatisthemainargumentpresentedbyDr.MariaThompson?A.Employeeswithshorterworkweeksarelessproductive.B.Thetraditional40-hourworkweekisstillhighlyeffective.C.Reducingworkhourscanincreaseefficiencyandjobsatisfaction.D.Shorterworkhourscanleadtoincreasedburnoutandinefficiency.41.WhatconcerndoesProfessorJohnBakerraiseaboutreducingworkhours?A.Itwilldecreaseproductivityacrossallindustries.B.Itmayleadtohigherexpensesandstaffshortage.C.Employeeswillbegrantedtoomuchfreetime.D.Thementalhealthofemployeeswillworsen.42.Basedonthetexts,whymightsomecompaniesresistadoptinga4-dayworkweek?A.Theyareconcerneditcouldreduceoverallproductivity.B.Theybelieveallemployeespreferatraditionalschedule.C.Theyfeelitunnecessarygivencurrentmentalhealthtrends.D.Theyworryitwon’tworkforindustriesrequiringconstantstaffing.【答案】40.C41.B42.D【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇議論文。文章探討了減少工作時(shí)間這一主題的各種不同觀點(diǎn)?！?0題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一部分Dr.MariaThompson,BehavioralEconomist的觀點(diǎn)中“Reducingworkhourscanactuallyboostproductivity.Studiesshowthatemployeeswitha4-dayworkweekaremorefocusedandefficient.Withfewerhours,workersspendlesstimeonnon-productiveactivities,experiencinglessburnoutandhigherjobsatisfaction.(減少工作時(shí)間實(shí)際上可以提高工作效率。研究表明，每周工作4天的員工更專注，效率更高。工作時(shí)間越少，員工花在非生產(chǎn)性活動(dòng)上的時(shí)間就越少，工作倦怠感就越少，工作滿意度也就越高)”可知，瑪麗亞·湯普森博士提出的主要論點(diǎn)是減少工作時(shí)間可以提高效率和工作滿意度。故選C項(xiàng)?！?1題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二部分ProfessorJohnBaker,LaborRelationsExpert的觀點(diǎn)中“Somesectors,likehealthcareandmanufacturing,requireconstantcoverage.Reducinghourscouldleadtostaffshortages,increasedcosts,andaheavierworkloadforremainingemployees.(一些行業(yè)，如醫(yī)療保健和制造業(yè)，需要持續(xù)的工作方式。減少工作時(shí)間可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致員工短缺，增加成本，并增加剩余員工的工作量)”及“Whiletheremaybeproductivitygainsinspecificcases,generalizingthisapproachcouldharmoverallworkforcestabilityandprofitability.Wemustconsiderbotheconomicrealitiesandthevaryingneedsacrossindustries.(雖然在特定情況下可能會(huì)有生產(chǎn)力的提升，但將這種方法普遍化可能會(huì)損害整體勞動(dòng)力的穩(wěn)定性和盈利能力。我們必須考慮到經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)實(shí)以及各行業(yè)不同的需求)”可知，約翰·貝克教授認(rèn)為減少工作時(shí)間可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致更高的費(fèi)用和人員短缺。故選B項(xiàng)?！?2題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二部分ProfessorJohnBaker,LaborRelationsExpert的觀點(diǎn)中“Cuttingworkhourssoundsappealing,butit'snotfeasibleacrossallindustries.Somesectors,likehealthcareandmanufacturing,requireconstantcoverage.(減少工作時(shí)間聽起來很有吸引力，但并不是在所有行業(yè)都可行。一些行業(yè)，如醫(yī)療保健和制造業(yè)，需要持續(xù)的工作方式)”和“Noteveryjoborpersonfitsintoareduced-hoursmodel.Whiletheremaybeproductivitygainsinspecificcases,generalizingthisapproachcouldharmoverallworkforcestabilityandprofitability.(不是每個(gè)工作或每個(gè)人都適合減少工作時(shí)間的模式。雖然在特定情況下可能會(huì)有生產(chǎn)力的提升，但將這種方法普遍化可能會(huì)損害整體勞動(dòng)力的穩(wěn)定性和盈利能力)”可知，有些公司會(huì)拒絕采用一周工作4天(減少工作時(shí)間的模式)，因?yàn)樗麄儞?dān)心這種方法不適合需要持續(xù)人員配置的行業(yè)。故選D項(xiàng)。(C)Arthasalwaysoccupiedaspecialplaceinsociety.Manypeopleconsiderartiststobetheultimateauthoritiesonthenatureandexpressionofbeauty.Formuchofhistory,thepracticeofartwasmysterious,andartistswereviewedasbeingsomewhatoddandoftenmad.Eventhewordmostcommonlyassociatedwithartists—inspiration—hasitsownmagicalqualities.Literally,“inspiration”isthebreathinginofaspirit.Artistswerethoughtofaspeoplewhowereuniquelyinspiredtocreate.Ofcourse,artistscontributedtothismythology(神話).Manyartistscreditedtheirtalentstothepresenceofsomesupernaturalpower.Wholemovementsofarthavecenteredonthesupposedlyotherworldlynatureofart.Forexample,theRomanticpoetsbelievedthatartwasatermthatmeantanultimateexpressionofbeautyandtruth.Thesearchforthisidealledthemtoexplorebothnaturalandsupernaturalthemesintheirworks.Anotherpersistentviewofartregardeditsdivorcefromlogic.Reasonandlogicweretheprovinceofscientistsandphilosophers,whereascreativityandinsightweretheareaoftheartists.Thetwoseparateaspectsofthemindweresupposedtoremaindistinct.Butin1704,amajorbreakthroughoccurred.SirIsaacNewton,mathematicianandphysicist,publishedhisstudyoflight,Opticks.OneofNewton’smajordiscoverieswasonthenatureofcolor.Usingaprism(棱鏡),Newtonfoundthatwhitelightisactuallycomposedofallthecolorsoftherainbow.Heevenprovidedascientificexplanationforthepresenceofrainbows.Thearti