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ImmunologyProfessionalEnglish匯報人：文小庫2024-01-10目錄IntroductiontoImmunologyImmunologyTerminologyImmuneresponsemechanismImmunologicalissuesImmunologicaltherapyOutlookonImmunologicalResearch01IntroductiontoImmunologyBasicconceptsTheimmunesystemisacomplexdefensemechanismwithinanorganismthatcanrecognizeandeliminateforeignpathogensandabnormalcellsinthebody,maintainingastableinternalenvironment.ThedefinitionandfunctionoftheimmunesystemdevelopmenthistoryThedevelopmentofimmunologyhasgonethroughthreestages,includingempiricalimmunology,classicalimmunology,andmodernimmunology.Theempiricalimmunologystagemainlyreliesonempiricalobservationandexperimentation.Theclassicalimmunologystagebeginstodelvedeeperintotheimmunemechanism,whilemodernimmunologyusesmolecularbiologyandgenetictechniquestorevealthemysteriesoftheimmunesystem.TheDevelopmentHistoryofImmunologyMedicalapplicationsImmunologyhasbroadapplicationvalueinthemedicalfield,includingvaccinedevelopment,tumorimmunotherapy,andtreatmentofautoimmunediseases.Adeepunderstandingoftheprinciplesofimmunologycanhelpdevelopmoreeffectivediseasediagnosisandtreatmentmethods,andimprovehumanhealthlevels.TheImportanceofImmunologyinMedicine02ImmunologyTerminologySummaryImmuneorgansareorgansinvolvedintheimmuneresponseandanimportantcomponentoftheimmunesystem.DetaileddescriptionImmuneorgansincludethethymus,bonemarrow,lymphnodes,spleen,etc.Theyaretheplaceswhereimmunecellsoccur,differentiate,andmature,aswellastheplaceswhereimmunecellssettleandexertimmunefunctions.ImmuneOrganSummaryImmunecellsrefertocellsthatparticipateinorarerelatedtotheimmuneresponse.DetaileddescriptionCommonimmunecellsincludeTcells,Bcells,macrophages,dendriticcells,naturalkillercells,etc.Thesecellsplaydifferentrolesintheimmuneresponseprocess,suchasTcellsandBcellsresponsibleforspecificimmuneresponses,macrophagesanddendriticcellsresponsiblefornon-specificimmuneresponses.ImmunecellsSummaryImmunemoleculesrefertomoleculesinvolvedinorrelatedtotheimmuneresponse.DetaileddescriptionCommonimmunemoleculesincludeantibodies,complement,cytokines,etc.Thesemoleculesplaydifferentrolesintheimmuneresponseprocess,suchasantibodiesbeingabletospecificallybindtoantigens,complementmediatingbacteriolyticandbactericidaleffects,andcytokinesregulatingtheactivationanddifferentiationofimmunecells.ImmunemoleculesSummary:Antigensandantibodiesareimportantconceptsinimmunology.Antigensaresubstancesthatcanstimulatethebodytoproducespecificimmuneresponses,whileantibodiesareimmunoglobulinsproducedbythebodyunderantigenstimulation.Detaileddescription:Antigensareusuallylargemolecularsubstancessuchasproteins,polysaccharides,nucleicacids,etc.,whichhavespecificstructuresandconformationsandcanbindwithantibodiestoformantigenantibodycomplexes.Antibodiesareanimportantproteinintheimmunesystemthatcanbindtoantigensandpreventtheirfunction,therebyprotectingthebodyfrompathogeninvasion.Antigensandantibiotics03Immuneresponsemechanism01Theskinandmucousmembranesactasphysicalbarrierstopreventpathogeninvasion.Barrierfunction02Immunecellssuchasmacrophagesengulfandeliminatepathogens.Phagocytosis03Inflammatoryreactionssuchasredness,swelling,heat,andpainhelpcleardamageandinfection.InflammatoryreactionsNonspecificimmuneresponseVSTcellsandothercellularimmuneresponsesrecognizeandeliminateinfectedcells.HumoralimmunityBcellsproducespecificantibodiesthatcombinewithpathogenstoformprecipitatesorcomplexes,whichareengulfedandclearedbyphagocyticcells.CellularimmunitySpecificimmuneresponseImmunememoryWhenexposedtoantigensforthefirsttime,ittakesalongtimetoproducesufficientantibodies.InitialimmuneresponseWhenexposedtothesameantigenagain,memorycellsquicklyactivate,producingalargeamountofantibodiesandquicklyclearingpathogens.Reimmuneresponse04ImmunologicalissuesAutoimmunediseasesDefinitionAutoimmunediseasesrefertodiseasescausedbythebody'simmuneresponsetoitsownantigens,leadingtodamagetoitsowntissues.Commontypesrheumatoidarthritis,systemiclupuserythematosus,ankylosingspondylitis,etc.Symptomsjointpain,rash,fever,weightloss,etc.TreatmentDrugtherapy,immunotherapy,andsurgicaltreatment,etc.DefinitionCommontypesSymptomsTreatmentInfluentialdiseasesinfluenza,pneumonia,intestinalinfections,etc.fever,cough,diarrhea,rash,etc.medicationtreatment,supportivetreatment,andpreventivemeasures.infectiousdiseasesrefertodiseasescausedbyvariouspathogens(suchasbacteria,viruses,fungi,etc.).Definition:Tumorimmunologyisadisciplinethatstudiestheinteractionbetweentumorsandtheimmunesystem.Researchcontent:Immunogenicityoftumorcells,escapemechanismsoftumorcells,tumorimmunotherapy,etc.Treatmentmethodsincludeimmunotherapy,genetherapy,andcelltherapy.TumorImmunology05ImmunologicaltherapyImmunotherapyDefinition:Immunotherapyisatreatmentmethodthatutilizestheimmunesystemtocombatdiseases.Itachievestherapeuticgoalsbyenhancingorinhibitingimmuneresponses.Classification:Immunotherapycanbedividedintopassiveimmunotherapyandactiveimmunotherapy.Passiveimmunotherapyreferstothedirectadministrationofimmuneeffectormolecules,suchasantibodiesorcytokines,whileactiveimmunotherapyinvolvesstimulatingthepatient'sownimmunesystemtoproduceanimmuneresponse.Application:Immunotherapyiswidelyusedintumor,infectiousdiseases,autoimmunediseaseandotherfields.Forexample,intumortherapy,immunotherapycanattacktumorcellsbyactivatingTcells,therebyachievingtherapeuticgoals.VacuumdevelopmentanduseDefinition:Vaccinesaredrugsthatpreventdiseasesbystimulatingthebody'simmunesystemtoproduceanimmuneresponseagainstspecificpathogens,therebyachievingthegoalofdiseaseprevention.Classification:Vaccinescanbedividedintoattenuatedvaccines,inactivatedvaccines,geneticallyengineeredvaccines,andothertypes.Attenuatedvaccinesareobtainedbyattenuatedpathogens,whichcanstimulatetheimmuneresponseofthebodytoproducegrowthtime;Inactivatedvaccinesaremadebyinactivatingpathogens,whichhavehighersafetybutweakerimmuneresponsestimulation;Geneticengineeringvaccinesarevaccinesproducedusinggeneticengineeringtechnology,whichhavebetterspecificityandsafety.Application:Vaccinesarewidelyusedtopreventinfectiousdiseasessuchasinfluenza,measles,polio,etc.Throughvaccination,manyinfectiousdiseasescanbeeffectivelycontrolledandeliminated.ImmunecelltherapyDefinition:Immunecelltherapyisamethodoftreatingdiseasesusingimmunecells.Itenhancesorsuppressesthepatient'simmuneresponsebycollecting,culturing,andinfusingimmunecells,therebyachievingtherapeuticgoals.Classification:Immunecelltherapycanbedividedintoadoptivecelltherapyandautologouscelltherapy.Adoptivecelltherapyreferstotheinfusionofscreenedandculturedimmunecellsintopatients,whileautologouscelltherapyutilizesthepatient'sownimmunecellsfortreatment.Application:Immunecelltherapyiswidelyusedintumor,infectiousdiseases,autoimmunediseaseandotherfields.Forexample,intumortherapy,immunecelltherapycanattacktumorcellsbyactivatingthepatient'sTcells,therebyachievingtherapeuticgoals.06OutlookonImmunologicalResearchNextgenerationsequencingThistechnologyhasrevolutionizedimmunologicalresearchbyenablingthecomprehensiveanalysisofimmunecellrepertoiresandtheidentificationofraycellpopulationsSinglecellanalysisTheabilitytoprofileindividualimmunecellshasopenednewavenuesforunderstandingimmunecellheterogeneityandfunctionsImagingtechnologiesTheapplicationofadvancedmicroscopyandimagingtechnologieshasbeenallowedforreal-timevisualizationofimmuneresponsesinvivoFrontiertechnologiesinimmunologyImmunologyandgenetics01Theintersectionofimmunologywithgeneticshasledtotheidentificationofimmunerelatedgenesandt