新編英語詞匯學(xué)教程（第二版）參考答案 文旭 -第1-4章

PAGE

23

PAGE

KeystotheExercises

ChapterOne

1.lexicology:lexicologyisabranchoflinguisticsthatsystematicallystudiesthevocabularyinagivenlanguage.Lexicologydealswithnotonlysimplewordsinalltheiraspectsbutalsowordequivalents,themeaningfulunitsoflanguage.

lexicalsemantics:Lexicalsemantics,asabranchofsemantics,isthestudyofmeaningsofwordsandhowthesemeaningsareorganized.

dictionarymeaning:thewordmeaningsstoredinourmindscanbedefined,muchthesameastheyappearedinthedictionary,whichareviewedasinherentinwords,thustheyarecalled“inherentmeanings”or“dictionarymeanings”

encyclopedicmeaning:encyclopedicmeaningisthemeaningsderivedfromnon-linguisticworldknowledgeorencyclopedicknowledge.

cognitivesemantics:cognitivesemanticsisgenerallyconcernedwiththecognitiveaspectsofmeaningandbelievesthatconceptualcontentorconceptualstructureisreflectedinlinguisticmeanings.Inotherwords,wecanresearchourmindintermsofexternallinguisticmeanings.

lexicon:lexiconisastockofindividualwords,organizedinacertainmanner.

grammar:grammarisasetofrulesorregularitiesappliedtoformcomplexexpressionsviasimplerones.

contentwords:contentwordsofasentencecontributetothemaincontentofthissentence,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbs.Thisclassisopensincenewwordsareconsistentlyaddedtothestock.

functionwords:functionwordsdeterminethemajorstructureofasentence,whichthusserveasscaffoldingsformeaningsthatarelexicallyspecified.Functionwordsincludedeterminers,conjunctions,prepositions,auxiliaries,conventionallyasapartofgrammar.Functionwordsareclosed,thenumberofwhichisrelativelysmallandfixedinnumber.

lexicalrelations:lexicalrelationsisconcernedwith“relationswithinwords”,namely,homonymyandpolysemy,whicharetreatedasthecoreoflexicologyatalltimesamainlybecausetheyaresourcesforlexicalambiguity.

2.Lexicologyisabranchoflinguisticsthatsystematicallystudiesthevocabularyinagivenlanguage.Lexicologydealswithnotonlysimplewordsinalltheiraspectsbutalsowordequivalents,themeaningfulunitsoflanguage.Whereasthestudyoflexicologyincludeswordsofdifferentlevelseitherinformorinmeaning,lexicologyisthereforecannotbeseparatedfromanumberofdisciplines,suchas,phonetics,morphology,semantics,phraseology,lexicography,stylistics,grammar(seeP.4).

3.Thevocabularyofalanguageisnotmerelyaninventoryofunconnected,isolatedelements.Ithasastructure,thatis,therearevarioustypesofrelationsandconnectionsbetweenwords.Thereasons(seeP.5)areasfollows:First,linguisticelementsaregenerallyorganizedintotwoassociativerelations:syntagmaticandparadigmaticrelations.Second,Englishwordsareusuallyorganizedintolexicalfieldsorsemanticfields.Moreover,therearealargenumberofvarietiesinEnglishvocabularysystem.

4.Lexicalsemanticsparticularlycentersonwordmeaning,whichisthusviewedasasubsetoflexicology.Inlexicalsemantics,themeaningofwordsisthemajortopic,andthemeaningsofmorphemesandmulti-wordunitsarealsoofmuchconcern.Cognitivesemanticsisgenerallyconcernedwiththecognitiveaspectsofmeaningandbelievesthatconceptualcontentorconceptualstructureisreflectedinlinguisticmeanings.Generallyspeaking,cognitivesemanticsdevelopsnewwaystothestudyofwordmeaning,whichisparticularlyreflectedinthefollowingaspects.First,cognitivesemanticistsholdthatmeaningisencyclopedicinnature.Second,cognitivesemanticistsproposethatmeaningsofawordformaradialcategorywhichexhibittypicalityeffects.Third,wordmeaningvariesaccordingtothecontextofuse.Thereisthereforenocleardistinctionbetweenknowledgeofwordmeaning(semantics)andthatofcontextualuse(pragmatics).(seeP.5-8)

5.Wordmeaningvariesaccordingtothecontextofuse.Thereisthereforenocleardistinctionbetweenknowledgeofwordmeaning(semantics)andthatofcontextualuse(pragmatics).(seeP.8)

6.Mark“true”or“false”forthefollowingstatementsandexplainwhy.

1)Lexicologyismerelythestudyofcontentwords.(F)

2)Whereaswordequivalentsareanecessarypartforlexicology,alltypesofphrasesfallwithintherangeoflexicology.(F)

3)Thereisnoprincipledclear-cutbetweenthelexiconofalanguageanditsgrammar.(T)

4)Lexicalsemanticsisthestudyofwordmeaningandthusisasubfieldoflexicology.(T)

7.Omitted.

ChapterTwo

1.MultipleChoices

1)a2)c3)c4)a5)a,bc,d,e6)d

2.OldEnglish,usedbetween450and1150,isacollectivetermforfourdialectssharingsomecommonfeatures,Northumbrian,Mercian,WestSaxonandKentish.Itischaracterizedbydifferentspelling,pronunciation,lexiconandgrammarfromModernEnglish.Intermsofthespelling,manywordsinOldEnglishmayappearstrangetomodernreadersbecausesomeofthelettersarenolongerinuseinModernEnglish,suchas“e”(insoee),“?”(ingel?ste),“D”(inDonne)and“t”(intingea).Anothereye-catchingdifferenceisthatfewwordsseemtohavespellingssimilartotheirmoderncounterparts.Forexample,fewwordsintheline“sunuBeanstanessoeegel?ste”(line524,Beowulf)areidentifiabletonon-specialistmodernreaders.PronunciationofOldEnglishwordscommonlydiffersfromtheirModernEnglishequivalentstoo.Inparticular,longvowelsinOldEnglishhaveundergoneconsiderablechanges.Forexample,theOldEnglishwordstān([:])isthesamewordasModernEnglishstone,butthevowelisdifferent.Similarcorrespondencecanbefoundinhālig—holy,gān—go,bān—bone,etc.ThevocabularyofOldEnglishisalmostpurelyGermanic,butwhentheNormanConquestbroughtFrenchintoEnglandasthelanguageofhigherclass,muchoftheOldEnglishvocabularydiedout.Thosethatsurvivearebasicelementsofourvocabularysuchasmann–man,wif–wife,cild–child,hūs–house,mete–meat,strang–strong,etan–eat,etc.OldEnglishisfundamentallydifferentfromModernEnglishinitsgrammar.Morespecifically,OldEnglishisaninflectionallanguage.Forexample,nounsandadjectivesareinflectedforfourcasesinthesingularandfourintheplural,althoughtheformsarenotalwaysdistinctive,andadjectivesevenhaveseparateformsforthethreegendersofmasculine,feminineandneutral.Inaddition,verbsaredistinctivelyinflectedforthedifferentperson,numbers,tenses,andmoods.

3.Conventionally,nativeelementsoftheEnglishlanguagearewordsofAnglo-Saxonstock.Thoughsmallinnumber,theyarequiteimportantinuseduetotheirspecialsemanticandgrammaticalrolesincommunication.Nativeelementsarecharacterizedbythefollowingfeatures:

a.All-nationalcharacter.Nativeelementsaresharedbyallthenativespeakers,whetherheisakingunderthecrown,afishermanontheseaoravagrantinthestreet.

b.Mono-syllabicity.MostofthenativeelementsinModemEnglishhaveonlyonesyllable.e.g.sun,cow,go,run,etc.

c.Productivity.Mostofthenativeelementsaremonosyllabicorrootwords.Theyaresemanticallybasic.Thus,theyareproductiveinthesensethatclustersofwordsarederivedorcompoundedfromthem.Forexample,thewordhand,hasbroughtsuchderivativesandcompoundsas:handy,handle,handkerchief,handiwork,handicraft,handful,handbook,handbarrow,handcuff,etc.

d.Collocationalextensiveness.Nativeelementshaveawiderangeofcollocation.Manynativewordsenterquiteanumberofsetexpressions,idioms,phrasesandproverbialsayings.Forexample,thewordheelentersthefollowingunits:Achilles’heel(avulnerablepoint),heeloverheadorheadoverheels(upsidedown),coolone’sheels(bekeptwaiting),showacleanpairofheels,taketoone’sheels(runaway),turnonone’sheels(turnsharplyround),etc.

e.Semanticpolysemy.Nativewordsarehighlypolysemousbecausetheyhavegonethroughsemanticchangesduetotheirfrequentuseindailylife.Forexample,theverbtellconveysthefollowingmeanings:makeknown,express,explain;utter,confideinorder;distinguish;count;reveal;scold,etc.

f.High-frequencyvalue.Nativeelementsformthebulkofthemostfrequentelementsusedinanystyleofspeech.Everywriterusesconsiderablymorenativewordsthanborrowedones.Corpusinvestigationsshowthatabout90percentofthewordsinShakespeare’sworksand94percentofwordsinKingJamesBiblearenativewords.

g.Stylisticneutrality.Mostnativewordsarestylisticallyneutralandareequallyfittobeusedinalecture,apoem,orwhenspeakingtoachild.Thiscanbeobservedbyasimplecomparison,forexamplebegin(neutral)vs.commence(formal).

4.Omitted.

5.BorrowingsfromChinese:e.g.sampan,ginseng,chopsuey,chowchow,chopsticks.

BorrowingsfromItalian:e.g.volcano,balcony,bust,cornice,colonnade.

BorrowingsfromSpanish:e.g.indigo,vanilla,cigar,armada,cargo.

BorrowingsfromPortuguese:e.g.banana,pimento,buffalo,caste,cobra.

BorrowingsfromHebrew:e.g.amen,alleluia,hallelujah,Jehovah,jubilee.

BorrowingsfromPersian:e.g.jasmine,lemon,lilac,orange,spinach.

6.LookatthefollowinglexicalgroupandexplainthroughwhatlanguagestheycameintoEnglish.

1)ScandinavianElement

2)FrenchElement

3)GermanElement

4)LatinElement

5)ItalianElement

6)RussianElement

7)GreekElement

8)ChineseElement

ChapterThree

1.Thedistinctionsbetweentypeandtokencanberoughlydescribedasdifferencesbetweenageneralsortofthinganditsparticularconcreteinstances.AccordingtotheEnglishspellingconventionofplacingaspacebetweeneachword,wemaycounteverysequenceoflettersbetweentwospacesorbetweenaspaceandapunctuationmarkasdifferentwordtokens.Therefore,thegivenpassagecontains75wordtokens.Butonly39wordtypesareidentifiedbecausesomeofthesewordtokensrepresentthesamewordtype.Forexample,andandtherepeatsixandninetimesrespectivelywhiletwoinflectingwordtokenscreepingandcreepsofthesamewordtypecreepappearinthepassage.Thetypeandtokendistinctionisnecessarytobedrawninlexicography,incountingwordfrequency,inconcordances,instudyofcollocations,andinsemantictheory.

2.Alexemeisanabstractunitthatbelongstoagrammaticalcategory.Itspropertiesaremostusuallycharacteristicsofsyntacticclassificationorofmeaning.Lexemeisusuallycontrastedwithwordform.Awordformistheactualinstantiationofalexemewithparticulargrammaticalbehavior,whichcanbeanalyzedintoletters(e.g.r-o-s-eandr-o-s-e-s)andmeaningfulcomponents(forexample,rosesiscomposedofroseandpluralinflection-s).Accordingtotheabovedistinction,allwordsin(a)exceptbreakingandpunishingandallwordsin(b)arelexemes,andthereforeneedtobelistedinadictionaryofmodernEnglish.Morespecifically,breakingandbreakaretwowordformsofthesamelexemeBREAKbecausetheybelongtothesamegrammaticalcategoryandrefertothesameaction.Theinflectionalmorpheme-ingonlyrepresentsdifferentgrammaticalbehaviorsofBREAKindifferentgrammaticalcontexts.Similarly,punishingandpunisharetwowordformsofthesamelexemePUNISH.Bycontrast,break,breakableandbreakage,forexample,aredifferentlexemesbecausetheybelongtodifferentgrammaticalcategorieswithdistinctmeaning,thatis,breakisaverbreferringtoanaction,breakable,anadjectivereferringtoastatewhilebreakage,anounreferringtoanabstractthing.

3.Omitted

4.Omitted

5.Idiomsaresemanticallyidiosyncraticexpressionssuchastopullone’sleg,tokickthebucket,tocookone’sgoose,toshowthewhitefeather,etc.,whosemeaningscannotbededucedfromthemeaningsofthecomponents.Idiomsresistsubstitution,interruptionandre-orderingoftheirparts.Forexample,topullone’slegandtokickthebucketcanneverbereproducedwithdragsubstitutingpullorbailtakingtheplaceofbucket.Meanwhile,somealternationsliketopullone’sbiglegortokickthesmallbucketarealsoresistedsinceinterruptionsoftheidiomsarenotallowed.Incontrast,collocationsaresequencesofwordswhichhabituallyco-occurorgotogether,buttheyarefullyanalyzableinmeaning,suchasheavysmoker,strongtea,fineweather,lightdrizzle,highwinds.Collocationsareeasytodistinguishfromidioms.Differentfromthe“physicallyintact”requirementofidioms,therearealwayspossibilitiesforcollocationstobereshapedaslongasthecontextualrequirementissatisfied.Forexample,heavysmokercanbeanalogicallyreshapedasheavydrinkerandheavydrug-userbecausebothdrinkeranddrug-usermeetthehighlyrestrictedcontextualrequirement,i.e.,thenotionof“consumption”.Insomecases,elementsofcollocationscanbefairlyfreelymodified.Forexample,footthebillinI’mexpectedtofootthebillcanbereplacedbyfoottheelectricitybillorfootallthe50bloodyelectricitybills.

6.(1)Theabovewordscanbeanalyzedasfollows:special-ize;un-sympath-etic;individual-ist-ic;bull-’s-eye;knicker-bock-er-s.Therefore,specializeiscomposedoftwomorphemes,unsympathetic,individualisticandbull’s-eyeofthreemorphemes,whileknickerbockersoffourmorphemes.

(2)Boundmorpheme:-ize,un-,-etic,-ist,-ic,-’s,-er,-s

Freemorpheme:special,sympathy,individual,bull,eye,knicker,bock

Inflectionalmorpheme:-’s,-s

Derivationalmorpheme:-ize,un-,-etic,-ist,-ic,-er

Root:special,sympathy,individual,

Affix:-ize,un-,-etic,-ist,-ic,-’s,-er,-s

Lexicalmorpheme:special,sympathy,individual,bull,eye,knicker,bock

Grammaticalmorpheme:-’s,-s

7.Omitted.

ChapterFour

1.Definethefollowingtermsbriefly.

wordformation:themakingofwords

morpheme:theminimalunitofmeaningorgrammaticalfunctionthatcannotbefurtheranalyzed

freemorpheme:amorphemethatcanstandalonewithoutanothermorpheme

boundmorpheme:amorphemethatcannotstandalonebutonlyfunctionsaspartofaword

morph:actualphoneticororthographicrealizationofamorpheme

allomorph:amemberofasetofmorphswhichrepresentthesamemorpheme,whicharephonologicalororthographicvariantsofasinglemorpheme

root:thecentralelementofmeaninginaword;partofawordthatisleftwhenalltheaffixeshavebeenremoved

stem:thebasicelementorelementsofawordtowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded

prefix:themorphemethatprecedestheroot

suffix:themorphemethatfollowstheroot

derivation:awayofwordformationbyaddingaffixesthatarenotinflectionaltootherwordsormorphemes

clipping:aprocessofwordformationbywhichlargerwordsareabbreviatedtobecomenewly-wordssharingacommonfunctionwithwordstheyarefrom

blending:aword-formationwayofcombiningpartsoftwoormorewords

backformation:areversalprocessofsuffixationthroughwhichanewwordisformedbyremovinganimagedsuffixfromanalreadyexistingform

acronym:aprocessofwordformationbytakingthefirstlettersofaseriesofwordsthatarepronouncedasasingleword

2.Explainthemeaningsoftheprefixesandsuffixesinthefollowingwords.

in-opposite

not/without

de-opposite

mis-wrongly

mal-badly

super-over

over-excessive

sub-under

mini-toolittle

counter-opposite

anti-against

co-together

pro-for

trans-across

pre-before

ex-former

neo-new

-ersomeonewhodoessomethingorisdoingsth.

-hoodusedtorefertoaperiodoftimeorastate

-fulfullofsth.

-istsomeonewhostudiesaparticularsubject,playsaparticularinstrument,ordoesaparticulartypeofwork

-ismapoliticalbelieforreligionbasedonaparticularortheideasandbeliefsofaparticularperson

-likeusedafteranountosaythatsth.issimilartoortypicalofthenoun

-ishtypicaloforlikeaparticulartypeofperson

-iansomeoneorsomethingof,from,orconnectedwithaparticularthing,place,orperson

-wardtowardsaparticulardirectionorplace

-wisesth.goesinaparticulardirectionorisinaparticularposition

3.Changethefollowingwordsintotheirnegativeforms.

abnormal

incomplete

incorrect

dishonest

impatient

ingratitude

unimportant

non-smoker

unfair

insane

disloyal

asymmetry

disfavour

inconsiderable

disorder

inhuman

disobey

impolite

unscientific

unsuccessful

4.InEnglish,dozensofsuffixescanchangeawordintoitscorrespondingnounform.Giveatleasttenexamplesofnounsuffixes.Addingnounsuffixesmayresultinashiftofstresssuchas′realtore′alityand′situatetositu′ation.Canthisphoneticfeaturebewidelyappliedtoallnounsuffixes?Findsomeexamplestosupportyouridea.

Example:

-er,-ee,-age,-cy,-ence,-ency/ancy,-ics,-ian,-ing,-ion,-ism,-izaiton,-logy,etc.

No,itcannot.Itisjustoneoftherulesindicatingwhetherthereisashiftofstresswhenderivationistriggered.Therearelotsofexamplestosubvertthishypothesissuchascom′pare→com′parisonandreal→′realism.

5.Givethefullformsandmeaningsofthefollowinginitialismandacronyms.

NATANorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization

WWWWorldWideWeb

SOSSaveOurSouls/SaveOurShip

TOEFLTestofEnglishasaForeignLanguage

BRICSBrazil,Russia,India,ChinaandSouthAfrica

UNtheUnitedNation

GMTGreenwichMeanTime

NSCNationalSecurityCouncil

AMantemeridiem

VIPveryimportantperson

IBMInternationalBusinessMachines

UNESCOUnitedNationEducationalScientificandCulturalOrganization

asapassoonaspossible

dinkdoubleincomenokids

FAQfrequentlyaskedquestions

VATvalueaddedtax

laserlightamplificationbystimulatedemissionofradiation

radarradiodetectingandranging

6.Explainwordformationofthefollowingblends.

brunch=breakfast+lunch

motel=motor+hotel

talkathon=talkative+marathon

mingy=mean+stingy

comsat=communication+satellite

stagflation=stagnation+inflation

hi-fi=high+fidelity

heliport=helicopter+port

smog=smoke+fog

chunnel=channel+tunnel

guesstimate=guess+estimate

breathalyser=breath+analyzer

chortle=chuckle+snort

7.InEnglish,manywordscanbeeitheranounoraverb.Considerthefollowingwordsandanswerthequestion.

(i)Inconversions,somethingisoftenalteredinpronunciationevenifnotinspelling:thestressdifferenceiscausedintheprocessofconversion.Whenverbsoftwosyllablesareconvertedintonouns,thestressisusuallyshiftedfromthesecondtothefirstsyllable.However,therearealsomanyexampleswhichdonotdifferinstressintheconversionsfromnounstoverbsasdebateandcontact.

(ii)survey;addict;abstract

(iii)verb→nountoguessaguess

todumpadump

tospyaspy

torecordarecord

noun→verbthewatertowater

thebottletobottle

thehammertohammer

thefiletofile

8.disrespectfulness

Thiswordcontainsaste