2025年學(xué)位英語(yǔ)閱讀理解

Passage1Directions:Readthispassagecarefully,andthendothequestionsthatfollow.ChoosethebestanswerA,B,C,orDandmarkthecorrespondingletteronyourAnswersheet.Perhapstheaspectofbutterflydiversitythathasreceivedthemostattentionoverthepastcenturyisthestrikingdifferenceinspeciesrichnessbetweentropicalandtemperateregions.Forexample,in1875onebiologistpointedoutthediversityofbutterfliesintheAmazonwhenhementionedthatabout700specieswerefoundwithinanhour'swalk.Europesupportedonly321.Thisearlycomparisonoftropicalandtemperatebutterflyrichnesshasbeenwellconfirmed.Ageneraltheoryofdiversitywouldhavetopredictnotonlythisdifferencebetweentemperateandtropicalzones,butalsopatternswithineachregion,andhowthesepatternsvaryamongdifferentanimalandplantgroups.However,forbutterflies,variationofspeciesrichnesswithintemperateortropicalregions,ratherthanbetweenthem,ispoorlyunderstood.Indeed,comparisonsofnumbersofspeciesamongtheAmazonbasin,tropicalAsia,andAfricaarestillmostly“personalcommunication”citations,evenforvertebrates.Inotherwords,unlikecomparisonbetweentemperateandtropicalareas,thesepatternsarestillinthedocumentationphase.Indocumentinggeographicalvariationinbutterflydiversity,somearbitrary,practicaldecisionsaremade.Diversity,numberofspecies,andspeciesrichnessareusedsynonymously;littleisknownabouttheevennessofbutterflydistribution.TheNewWorldbutterfliesmakeupthepreponderanceonthem,theerrorsgeneratedbyimperfectandincompletetaxonomywillbeminimized.1.Whichaspectofbutterfliesdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?A.Theirphysicalcharacteristics.B.Theirnames.C.Theiradaptationtodifferenthabitats.D.Theirvariety.2.Theword"striking"inline2isclosestinmeaningto_________________.A.physicalB.confusingC.noticeableD.successful3.AllofthefollowingarementionedasbeingimportantpartsofageneraltheoryofdiversityEXCEPT_________________.A.differencesbetweentemperateandtropicalzonesB.patternsofdistributionofspeciesineachregionC.migrationamongtemperateandtropicalzonesD.variationofpatternsofdistributionofspeciesamongdifferentanimalsandplants4.TheauthormentionstropicalAsiainparagraph2asanexampleofalocationwhere_________________.A.butterflybehaviorvarieswithclimateB.ageneraltheoryofbutterflydiversityhasnotyetbeenfirmlyestablishedC.butterfliesareaffectedbyhumanpopulationsD.documentingplantspeciesismoredifficultthandocumentingbutterflyspecies5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTwellunderstoodbybiologists?A.Europeanbutterflyhabitats.B.Differencesinspeciesrichnessbetweentemperateandtropicalregions.C.Differencesinspeciesrichnesswithinatemperateoratropicalregion.D.Comparisonsofbehaviorpatternsofbutterfliesandcertainanimalgroups.Passage1答案：1-5DCCBC

Passage2Directions:Readthispassagecarefully,andthendothequestionsthatfollow.ChoosethebestanswerA,B,C,orDandmarkthecorrespondingletteronyourAnswersheet.ThetwomostobviouschangesinAmericaneconomyaretheemergenceofahighlysophisticatedtechnologyandtheroseofgiantcorporations.Inaddition,marketforceshavelostsomeoftheirsignificanceasplanninghasbecomemoreimportant.Thegovernmenthasassumedagreatlychangedroleintheeconomy.Propertyrelationshipsanddecision-makingpowerhaveshifted.Thedemandforhighlyeducatedspecialistshasincreasedenormously.WemaythinkoftheAmericaneconomyasconsistingoftwocompletelydifferentsectors.Theworldofthegiantcorporations,whichcanbecalledthe"industrialsystem,consistsof500or600firmsthatprovide"nearlyallcommunications,nearlyallproductionanddistributionofelectricpower,muchtransportation,mostmanufacturingandmining,asubstantialshareofretailtrade,andaconsiderableamountofentertainment."Outsideofthisindustrialsystemfallmostagriculturalenterprises,someminingandtrucking,professionalandartisticpursuits,someretailtrade,andmostpersonalanddomesticservices.Theclassicaleconomicallawsofthemarket--supplyanddemand,andsoon—stillapplytosomedegree.Buttodaytheindustrialsectorischaracterizedformorebyplanningandcertaintythanbythefreeplayofmarketforces.Itappearsthatitcouldscarcelybeotherwise.Inlargecorporationswithadvancedtechnologicalsystemsandcomplexorganizationsofhighlytrainedspecialists,plansforproducinganyoneitemaremadewellinadvance.Suchplans,oncemade,arehardtochange.Becauselong-termplanningdemandscertainty,marketforcesareavoidedbyvariousmeans.Forexample,thecorporationmayachieve"verticalintegration"bybuyingcompaniesthatsupplyrawmaterialsatoneendoftheprocessanddistributionoutletsattheother.Corporationsmayagreeon"justprices"forthingstheybuyandsell.Theymayentermutuallyadvantageouslong-termcontractswithsuppliesandcustomers.Moreover,intheirquestforcertaintytheygenerallyhavethesupportofthestate.1.Whyisthereanincreasingdemandforhighlyeducatedspecialists?A.Becausethegovernmentcannotdealwiththechangedeconomy.B.Becausethegiantcorporationswishtoexertmorepowerbyhavingthespecialists.C.Becausethedevelopmentoftechnologyandeconomyrequiremoreknowledge.D.Becausemarketforcesareincreasinglyuncontrollable.2.TheAmericangiantcorporationspossessmanynewcharacteristicsthat_________________.A.highlyeducatedexecutivesareimportantforthecorporationsB.largecorporationsbecomedecentralizedC.economiclawsofthemarketareeffectiveinsidecorporationsD.headsofgiantcorporationstrytohavemorepowerthanthegovernment3.Bythesecondparagraph,weknowthat_________________.A.retailbadeaccountsforabigpartinnon-industrialsystemB.thenumberofgiantcorporationsismuchbiggerthantheamountofagriculturalenterprisesC.giantcorporationscontroleverypartofAmericaneconomyD.giantcorporationsprovidelargenumberofproductionsandservices4.FromthepassagewecaninferthatAmericaneconomy_________________.A.isexperiencingtheriseofgiantcorporationsB.issubstantiallydeterminedbyhundredsofgiantcorporationsC.haslostthebalancingabilitybetweensupplyanddemandD.becomeshighlyplannedone5.Inthethirdsentenceofthelastparagraph,theword"it"refersto_________________.A.classiceconomiclawofsupplyanddemandB.industrialsectorC.AmericaneconomyD.marketforcePassage2答案：1-5CADBC

Passage3Directions:Readthispassagecarefully,andthendothequestionsthatfollow.ChoosethebestanswerA,B,C,orDandmarkthecorrespondingletteronyourAnswersheet.TheCanyonPintadoHistoricDistrictislocatedinnorthwestColoradointheUnitedState.Thecanyonwasoccupiedbyprehistoricpeopleforaslongas11,000years.Itwasvisitedrepeatedlybyavarietyofculturesthroughoutitslonghistory.OneculturethatleftavisiblemarkonthecanyonwastheCanyouPintadoreceiveditsnameandwasfirsthistoricallyrecordedin1776.FathersDominguezandEscalantemadenoteofthenumerousexamplesofrockartastheytraveledthroughtheDouglasCreekValleyenroutetotheCaliforniamissions.FatherEscalantedescribedtheexpedition'stravelthroughCanonPintado(paintedcanyon).RockartinCanyonPintadolinksprehistoricactivityinnorthwestColoradowithsimilareventsinUtah.DuringthetimethatColorado'sFremountareawasinhabited,theAnasazicultureflourishedintheFourCornersofColorado,Utah,NewMexico,andArizona.CertainaspectsofFremontculturearesimilartothoseoftheAnasazi.LiketheAnasazi,Fremontpeoplegrewcorn,beans,andsquashandraiseddomesticatedturkeys.However,whiletheAnasaziconstructedelaboratepueblosandcliffdwellingsofbeautifulmasonrystone,theFremontinDouglasFremontrockarthasrecurringmotifs(=themes)thatlinkitinbothtimeandculture.Strangehuman-likefigureswithbroadshoulders,nolegs,andhornedheaddressesaresimilartothosefromtheBarrierCanyonartofsoutheasternUtah.AsmallpercentagetoCanyonPintadofiguresaresimilartothoseoftheVernal,Utaharea.Thesefigureshavelarge,trapezoidal-shapedbodies,stick-likelegs,andtrapezoidalheads,and,inmanycases,areadornedwithnecklaces.AnothermotifoftheFremontcultureisthemountainsheep,withgracefulcurvilinearhorns.Designslikeconcentriccircles,snake-likelines,cornplants,androwsofdotsarealsooftenfoundinFremontart.AuniquefigureinFremontartisKokopelli,thehumpbackedfluteplayerofAnasazimythology.1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?A.TheexplorationsofColoradoandUtah.B.DifferentnativetribesofColoradoandUtah.C.TheartworkofdifferentculturesofColoradoandUtah.D.HowreligiousdifferenceswereresolvedinColoradoandUath.2.Inline2,theword"It"refersto_________________.A.coloradoB.thecanyonC.onecultureD.prehistoricpeople3.AllofthefollowingarementionedinthepassageassimilaritiesbetweentheFremontcultureandtheAnasazicultureEXCEPT_________________.A.thetimetheculturesflourishedB.agriculturalcropstheculturesgrewC.animalstheculturesraisedD.architecturalstylesofhousesanddwellings4.Itcanbeinferredfromthesecondparagraphthat_________________.A.FathersDominguezandEscalantetraveledthroughColoradobeforereachingCaliforniaB.FathersDominguezandEscalantewereartistswhocreatedrockdrawingsoftheirownC.FathersDominguezandEscalantewerethefirstnon-nativestotravelthroughtheCanyonPintadodistrictD.thenativetribesabandonedtheirartworksoonafterFathersDominguezandEscalantearrived5.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutthestylesofartmentionedinthefirsthaftofthe4thparagraph?A.Thedesignsarerepeated.B.Eachdesignisuniqueandisnotrepeated.C.Eachartiststrivestofindhisowndesign,nottocopythedesignofotherartists.D.Theartresemblestheartistsascloselyaspossible.Passage3答案：1-5CBDAA

Passage4Directions:Readthispassagecarefully,andthendothequestionsthatfollow.ChoosethebestanswerA,B,C,orDandmarkthecorrespondingletteronyourAnswersheet.Thecaseforcollegehasbeenacceptedwithoutquestionformorethanageneration.Allhighschoolgraduatesoughttogo,saysconventionalwisdomandstatisticalevidence,becausecollegewillhelpthem,earnmoremoney,become"better"people,andlearntobemoreresponsiblecitizensthanthosewhodon'tgo.Butcollegehasneverbeenabletoworkitsmagicforeveryone.Andnowthatclosetohalfourhighschoolgraduatesareattending,thosewhodon'tfitthepatternarebecomingmorenumerous,andmoreobvious.Collegegraduatesaresellingshoesanddrivingtaxis;collegestudentsinterferewitheachother'sexperimentsandwritefalselettersofrecommendationintheintensecompetitionforadmissiontograduateschool.Othershadnostimulationintheirstudies,anddropout--forencouragedbycollegeadministrators.Someobserverssaythefaultiswiththeyoungpeoplethemselves--theyarespoiledandtheyareexpectingtoomuch.Butthat'sacondemnationofthestudentsasawhole,anddoesn'texplainallcampusunhappiness.Othersblamethestateoftheworld,andtheyarepartlyright.We'vebeentoldthatyoungpeoplehavetogotocollegebecauseoureconomycan'tabsorbanarmyofuntrainedeighteen-year-olds.Butdisappointedgraduatesarelearningthatitcannolongerabsorbanarmyoftrainedtwenty-two-year-olds,either.Someadventureeducatorsandcampuswatchershaveopenlybeguntosuggestthatcollegemaynotbethebest,theproper,theonlyplaceforeveryyoungpersonafterthecompletionofhighschool.Wemayhavebeenlookingatallthosesurveysandstatisticsupsidedown,itseems,andthroughtherosyglowofourownrememberedcollegeexperiences.Perhapscollegedoesn'tmakepeopleintelligent,ambitious,happy,liberal,orquicktolearnthings--maybeit'sjusttheotherwayaround,andintelligent,ambitious,happy,liberal,quick-learningpeoplearemerelytheoneswhohavebeenattractedtocollegeinthefirstplace.Andperhapsallthosesuccessfulcollegegraduateswouldhavebeensuccessfulwhethertheyhadgonetocollegeornot.Thisisheresytothoseofuswhohavebeenbroughtuptobelievethatifalittleschoolingisgood,morehastobemuchbetter.Butcontraryevidenceisbeginningtomountup.1.Accordingtotheauthor_________________.A.peopleusedtoquestionthevalueofcollegeeducationB.peopleusedtohavefullconfidenceinhighereducationC.allhighschoolgraduateswenttocollegeD.veryfewhighschoolgraduateschosetogotocollege2.Inthe2ndparagraph,"thosewhodon'tfitthepattern"refersto_________________.A.highschoolgraduateswhoaren'tsuitableforcollegeeducationB.collegegraduateswhoaresellingshoesanddrivingtaxisC.collegestudentswhoaren'tanybetterfortheirhighereducationD.highschoolgraduateswhofailedtobeadmittedtocollege3.Thedrop-outrateofcollegestudentsseemstogoupbecause_________________.A.manyyoungpeoplearerequiredtojointhearmyB.youngpeoplehavelittlemotivationinpursuingahighereducationC.youngpeoplehavemuchmotivationinpursuingahighereducationD.youngpeopledon'tliketheintensecompetitionforadmissiontograduateschool4.Accordingtothepassagetheproblemsofcollegeeducationpartlyarisefromthefactthat_________________.A.toomanystudentshavetoearntheirownlivingB.collegeadministratorsencouragestudentstodropoutC.highschoolgraduatesdonotfitthepatternofcollegeeducationD.societycannotprovideenoughjobsforproperlytrainedcollegegraduates5.Inthispassagetheauthorarguesthat_________________.A.moreandmoreevidenceshowscollegeeducationmaynotbethebestthingforhighschoolgraduatesB.collegeeducationisnotenoughifonewantstobesuccessfulC.collegeeducationbenefitsonlytheintelligent,ambitious,andquick-learningpeopleD.intelligentpeoplemaylearnquickeriftheydon'tgotocollegePassage4答案：1-5BCBDA

Passage5Directions:Readthispassagecarefully,andthendothequestionsthatfollow.ChoosethebestanswerA,B,C,orDandmarkthecorrespondingletteronyourAnswersheet.Itwasnot"thecometofthecentury"expertspredicteditmightbe.Nevertheless,Kohoutekhasprovidedanabundanceofscientificinformation.Itwasfirstspotted370millionmilesfromEarthbyanastronomerwhowassearchingtheskyforasteroids(小行星),andafterwhomthecometwasnamed.ScientistswhotrackedKohoutektenmonthsbeforeitpassedtheEarthpredictedthecometwouldbeabrilliantspectacle.ButKohoutekfellshortofthesepredictions,disappointingmillionsofamateurskywatchers,whenitprovedtoopaletobeseenwiththeunaidedeye.Researchersweredelightednonethelesswiththenewinformationtheywereabletogatherfromtheirinvestigationofthecomet.Perhapsthemostsignificantdiscoverywastheidentificationoftwoimportantchemicalcompound----methylcyanideandhydrogencyanide--neverbeforeseenincomets,butfoundinthefarreachesofinterstellar(星際的)space.Thisdiscoveryrevealednewcluesabouttheoriginofcomets.Mostastronomersagreethatcometsareprimitivebitsandpiecesfromtheformationofthesolarsystem,butwhethertheywerebornbetweenJupiter(木星)andNeptune(海王星)ormuchfartherouttowardinterstellarspacehasbeenthesubjectofmuchdebate,ffcompoundsnomorecomplexthanammoniamethane,thekeycomponentsofJupiter,wereseenincomets,itwouldsuggestthatcometsformwithintheplanetaryorbits.Butmorecomplexcompounds,suchasthemethylcyanidefoundinKohoutek,pointtoformationfarbeyondtheplanets;therethedeepfreezeofspacehaskeptthemunchanged.1.Thepassageismainlyconcernedwith_________________.A.whatwaslearnedfromKohoutekB.whatwasdisappointingaboutKohoutekC.whereKohoutekwasspottedD.howKohoutekwastracked2.ThereasonwhyKohoutekwasreferredtoas"thecometofthecentury"maybethat_________________.A.itprovidedlessscientificinformationthanothercometsB.itpassestheEarthonceacenturyC.itwaspredictedtobethebrightestcometofthecenturyD.scientistshavebeentrackingitforacentury3.InwhatrespectwasKohoutekadisappointment?A.Itcouldbeseenonlythroughspecialequipment.B.ItdidnotapproachtheEarth.C.Itdidnotprovidevaluablescientificinformation.D.Itwasmovingtoorapidlyforscientiststophotograph.4.BeforetheinvestigationofKohoutek,wherehadmethylcyanidebeenknowntoexist?A.Incomets.B.Onasteroids.C.BetweenJupiterandNeptune.D.BeyondtheEarth'ssolarsystem.5.WhichofthefollowingquestionsisbestansweredbyinformationgainedfromKohoutek?A.Wherewerecometsformed?B.Whenwerecometsformed?C.Whenwasthesolarsystemformed?D.Howwasthesolarsystemformed?Passage5答案：1-5ACADA

Passage6Directions:Readthispassagecarefully,andthendothequestionsthatfollow.ChoosethebestanswerA,B,C,orDandmarkthecorrespondingletteronyourAnswersheet.Grasseswerenotalwaysthedominantplantforminagrassprairie(草原).DuringmuchofthePaleozoicandMesozoiceras(570to70millionyearsago),SouthDakota(astateofthenorth-centralUnitedStates)waspartofavasttropicallowland.Formostofthistimeperiod,shallowseascoveredtheinterioroftheUnitedStates.ThelasttimemostoftheGreatPlainsregionwasunderwaterwasabout809to65millionyearsago.ThegradualupliftoftheRockyMountainshadaprofoundeffectontheclimateofthisregion.Everythingwaschangedandaffected.TheBlackHillsregionupliftedasasingledomemountain.Asthelandemerged,lushtropicalvegetationspreadacrosstheregion.WiththeupliftoftheRockyMountains,thewarm,moistairfromthePacificOceanthatoncereachedthecentralplainswasnowinterceptedbythemountainsandcooled.Astheaircontinuedtocool,watervaporcondensed,causingmoisturetofallwestofthemountains.Theregioneastofthemountains,onceatropicalforest,receivedlesswater.Itbecamedrier.Thearidlandwasnolongerabletosupportthevast,lushforests.ThePleistoceneepochwasmarkedbymajorglacial(冰河的)episodesandacold,dryclimate.AlthoughglaciersnevercoveredwesternSouthDakota,thecontinentalicesheetcamewithin150milesoftheBlackHills,coolingthisregion.Thischangeinclimateledtothepresenceofmanynewplantcommunities.Neartheicesheet'sedge,thevegetationtypewasmostlikelyarctictundradominatedbylichens,mosses,anddwarfwillows.Glacialadvancesalternatedwithperiodsofretreat.Duringtheseperiods,plantspeciesfromthesouthernregionsmovednorthward.Plantsthatwereonceuniquetoaregionnowarefoundinotherareasoftheland.Regionsthatoncehadonlyafewtypesofplantsnowhaveagreatbiodiversity.Thebiodiversityseentodayoccurredbecauseofthistransferenceofplantspecies.1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?A.WhattypesofplantsandgrassesarefoundinSouthDakotatoday.B.WhytheweatherchangedinhistoryinAmerica.C.HowpeoplelivedinSouthDakotaduringtheIceAge.D.HowdifferentplantsandvegetationdevelopedovertheyearsinSouthDakota.2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTdiscussedinthefirstparagraph?A.WhatSouthDakotawaslikeduringthePaleozoicera.B.WhenSouthDakotawaspartoftropicallowland.C.WhenpeoplefirstbeganlivinginSouthDakota.D.WhentheGreatPlainsregionwasunderwater.3.Accordingtothepassage,whatcausedthewarmairfromthePacificOceantocoolasitreachedtheplains?A.Thelush,tropicalvegetation.B.TheshallowseasthatcoveredmostoftheinterioroftheUnitedStates.C.Themountainsbetweentheoceanandtheplains.D.Thetropicalforest.4.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingoccurredasaresultofthechangeinclimateinSouthDakota?A.Peoplemigratedtonewareas.B.Animalsbecameextinct.C.TheNorthAmericancontinentsubdivided.D.Newplantsdeveloped.5.Whichofthefollowingcouldbestbesubstitutedforthesentence,"Glacialadvancesalternatedwithperiodsofretreat"inthefirstsentenceofthelastparagraph?A.Glaciersdestroyedmanytypesofplantsandvegetation.B.Glaciersmovedforwardandthenbackward.C.Glaciersformedthemountains.D.Glaciersnolongerexist.Passage6答案：1-5DCCDB

Passage7Directions:Readthispassagecarefully,andthendothequestionsthatfollow.ChoosethebestanswerA,B,C,orDandmarkthecorrespondingletteronyourAnswersheet.Peopleappeartobeborntocompute.Thenumericalskillsofchildrendevelopsoearlyandsoinexorablythatitiseasytoimagineaninternalclockofmathematicalmaturityguidingtheirgrowth.Notlongafterlearningtowalkandtalk,theycansetthetablewithimpressiveaccuracy--oneplate,oneknife,onespoon,onefork,foreachofthefivechairs.Soontheyarecapableofnotingthattheyhaveplacedfiveknives,spoons,andforksonthetableand,abitlater,thatthisamountstofifteenpiecesofsilverware.Havingthusmasteredaddition,theymoveontosubtraction.Itseemsalmostreasonabletoexpectthatifachildweresecludedonadesertislandatbirthandretrievedsevenyearslater,heorshecouldenterasecond-grademathematicsclasswithoutanyseriousproblemsofintellectualadjustment.Ofcourse,thetruthisnotsosimple.Thiscentury,theworkofcognitivepsychologistshasilluminatedthesubtleformsofdailylearningonwhichintellectualprogressdepends.Childrenwereobservedastheyslowlygrasped--or,asthecasemightbe,bumpedinto--conceptsthatadultstakeforgranted,astheyrefused,forinstance,toconcedethatquantityisunchangedaswaterpoursfromashortstoutglassintoatallthinone.Psychologistshavesincedemonstratedthatyoungchildren,askedtocountthepencilsinapile,readilyreportthenumberofblueorredpencils,butmustbecoaxedintofindingthetotal.Suchstudieshavesuggestedthattherudimentsofmathematicsaremasteredgradually,andwitheffort.Theyhavealsosuggestedthattheveryconceptofabstractnumbers--theideaofaoneness,atwoness,athreenessthatappliestoanyclassofobjectsandisaprerequisitefordoinganythingmoremathematicallydemandingthansettingatable--isitselffarfrominnate.1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?A.Trendsinteachingmathematicstochildren.B.Theuseofmathematicsinchildpsychology.C.Thedevelopmentofmathematicalabilityinchildren.D.Thefundamentalconceptsofmathematicsthatchildrenmustlearn.2.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatchildrennormallylearnsimplecounting_________________.A.soonaftertheylearntotalkB.bylookingattheclockC.whentheybegintobemathematicallymatureD.aftertheyreachsecondgradeinschool3.Theauthorimpliesthatmostsmallchildrenbelievethatthequantityofwaterchangeswhenitistransferredtoacontainerofadifferent_________________.A.colorB.qualityC.weightD.shape4.Accordingtothepassage,whensmallchildrenwereaskedtocountapileofredandbluepencilsthey_________________.A.countedthenumberofpencilsofeachcolorB.guessedatthetotalnumberofpencilsC.countedonlythepencilsoftheirfavoritecolorD.subtractedthenumberofredpencilsfromthenumberofbluepencils5.WithwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorbeLEASTlikelytoagree?A.Childrennaturallyandeasilylearnmathematics.B.Childrenlearntoaddbeforetheylearntosubtract.C.Mostpeoplefollowthesamepatternofmathematicaldevelopment.D.Mathematicaldevelopmentissubtleandgradual.Passage7答案：1-5CADAA

Passage8Directions:Readthispassagecarefully,andthendothequestionsthatfollow.ChoosethebestanswerA,B,C,orDandmarkthecorrespondingletteronyourAnswersheet.Seekingacompetitiveadvantage,someprofessionalservicefirms(forexample,firmsprovidingadvertising,accounting,orhealthcareservices)haveconsideredofferingunconditionalguaranteesofsatisfaction.Suchguaranteesspecifywhatclientscanexpectandwhatthefirmwilldoifitfailstofulfilltheseexpectations.Particularlywithfirsttimeclients,anunconditionalguaranteecanbeaneffectivemarketingtooliftheclientisverycautious,thefirm'sfeesarehigh,thenegativeconsequencesofbadserviceare.grave,orbusinessisdifficulttoobtainthroughreferralsandword-of-mouth.However,anunconditionalguaranteecansometimeshindermarketingefforts.Withitsimplicationthatfailureispossible,theguaranteemay,paradoxically,causeclientstodoubttheservicefirm'sabilitytodeliverthepromisedlevelofservice.Itmayconflictwithafirm'sdesiretoappearsophisticated,ormayevensuggestthatafirmisbeggingforbusiness.Inlegalandhealthcareservices,itmaymisleadclientsbysuggestingthatlawsuitsormedicalprocedureswillhaveguaranteedoutcomes.Indeed,professionalservicefirmswithoutstandingreputationsandperformancetomatchhavelittletogainfromofferingunconditionalguarantees.Andanyfirmthatimplementsanunconditionalguaranteewithoutundertakingacorrespondingcommitmenttoqualityofserviceismerelyemployingapotentiallycostlymarketinggimmick(花招).1.Theprimarypurposeofthispassageasawholeisto_________________.A.accountforthepopularityofapracticeB.evaluatetheusefulnessofapracticeC.demonstratehowtoinstituteapracticeD.explainthereasonsforpursuingastrategy2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsconcerningunconditionalguaranteesisNOTmentionedinthepassage?A.Theyarehelpfulwhenfirmswanttoretaintheirlong-standingclients.B.Theyareeffectivewhenfirmswanttogetbusinessthroughclientrecommendations.C.Theyareusefulwhenfirmschargesubstantialfeesforitsservices.D.Theyarefeasiblewhenfirmssufferfromsignificantadverseeffectsofpoorservice.3.Whichofthefollowingisagoalofsomeprofessionalservicefirmsinofferingunconditionalguaranteesofsatisfaction?A.Tolimittheirliability.B.Tocompetesuccessfullywiththeirrivals.C.Tojustifytheirfeeincreases.D.Toattainanoutstanding