歷年考研英語真題及答案三十二

全國碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語試題及參考答案

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions：

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,C

orDonANSWERSHEET1(10points)

Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellers

comparedwithanimals,1thisislargelybecause,2animals,westandupright.Thismeansthat

ournosesare3toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair,4themajorityofsmells

whichsticktosurfaces.Infact5,weareextremelysensitivetosmells,6wedonotgenerally

realizeit.Ournosesarecapableof7humansmellsevenwhentheseare8tofarbelowonepart

inonemillion.

Strangely,somepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother,9others

aresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenes

necessarytogenerate10smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsense

smellsandsend11tothebrain.However,ithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoa

certainsmell12cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen13toitoftenenough.

Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatbrainfindsit14tokeepall

smellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan15newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay16explain

whywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmellswesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot17

oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe18newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse's.Thebrain

findsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors19forunfamiliarandemergencysignals20thesmellof

smoke,whichmightindicatethedangeroffire.

1.[A]although[B]as[C]but[D]while

2.[A]above[B]unlike[C]excluding[D]besides

3.[A]limited[B]committed[C]dedicated[D]confined

4.[A]catching[B]ignoring[C]missing[D]tracking

5.[A]anyway[B]though[C]instead[D]therefore

6.[A]evenif[B]ifonly[C]onlyif[D]asif

7.^distinguishing[B]discovering[C]determining[D]detecting

8.[Ajdiluted[B]dissolved[C]determining[D]diffused

9.[A]when[B]since[C]for[D]whereas

10.[A]unusual[B]particular[C]unique[D]typical

11.[A]signs[B]stimuli[C]messages[D]impulses

12.[A]atfirst[B]atall[C]atlarg[D]attimes

13.[A]subjected[B]left[C]drawn[D]exposed

14.[A]ineffective[B]incompetent[C]inefficient[D]insufficient

15.[A]introduce[B]summon[C]trigger[D]create

16.[A]still[B]also[C]otherwise[D]nevertheless

17.[A]sure[B]sick[C]aware[D]tired

18.[A]tolerate[B]repel[C]neglect[D]notice

19.[A]availabe[B]reliable[C]identifiable[D]suitable

20.[A]similarto[B]suchas[C]alongwith[D]asidefrom

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions：

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,Cor

D.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1(40points)

Text1

Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleague

hasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacking,youmightevenbeoutraged.

Suchbehaviourisregardedas“alltoohumann,withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimals

wouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnan

andFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature,

suggeststhatitalltoomonkey,aswell.

Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.They

aregood-natured,co-operativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodtardily.Aboveall,liketheir

femalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueofugoodsand

services”thanmales.SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan,sand

Dr.dewaal*s；study.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokens

forfood.Normally,themonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.

However,whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcould

observewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbecamemarkedlydifferent.

Intheworldofcapuchinsgrapesareluxurygoods(andmuchpreferabletocucumbers)Sowhen

onemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertoken,thesecondwasreluctanttohandhers

overforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertoken

inexchangeatall,theothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamber,

orrefusedto；acceptthesliceofcucumberIndeed,themerepresenceofagrapeintheother

chamber(withoutanactualmonkeytoeatit)wasenoughtoreduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin.

Theresearchessuggestthatcapuchinmonkeys,likehumans,areguidedbysocialemotions,

inthewild,theyareaco-operative,grouplivingspecies,Suchco-operationislikelytobestable

onlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousindignation,itseems,

arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone,Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelings

abundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolved

independentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsformthecommonancestorthatthe

specieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.

21.Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicby

A.posingacontrast.

B.justifyinganassumption.

C.makingacomparison.

D.explainingaphenomenon.

22.Thestatement“itisalltoomonkey(Lastline,paragraph1)impliesthat

A.monkeysarealsooutragedbyslackrivals.

B.resentingunfairnessisalsomonkeys，nature.

C.monkeys,likehumans,tendtobejealousofeachother.

D.noanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuchemotions.

23.Femalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausetheyare

A.moreinclinedtoweighwhattheyget.

B.attentivetoresearchers'instructions.

C.niceinbothappearanceandtemperament.

D.moregenerousthantheirmalecompanions

24.Dr.BrosnanandDr.deWaalhaveeventuallyfoundintheirstudythatthemonkeys

A.prefergrapestocucumbers.

B.canbetaughttoexchangethings.

C.willnotbeco-operativeiffeelingcheated.

D.areunhappywhenseparatedfromothers.

25.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?

A.Monkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialemotions.

B.Humanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainsource.

C.Animalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansdo.

D.Cooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyinthewild.

Text2

Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthe

doubtersinsistedthatwedidn，tknowforsure?Thattheevidencewasinconclusive,thescience

uncertain?Thattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshould

stayoutoftheway?LotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10million

smokerswenttoearlygraves.

Thereareupsettingparallelstoday,asscientistsinonewaveafteranothertrytoawaken

ustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.ThelatestwasapanelfromtheNationalAcademyof

Sciences,enlistedbytheWhiteHouse,totellusthattheEarth，satmosphereisdefinitelywarming

andthattheproblemislargelyman-made.Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotect

ourselves.ThepresidentoftheNationalAcademy,BruceAlberts,addedthiskeypointintepreface

tothepaneTsreporuScienceneverhalltheanswersButsciencedoesprovideuswiththebest

availableguidetothefuture,anditiscriticalthatoutnationandtheworldbaseimportant

policiesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesof

presentactions.”

Justasonsmokingvoicesnowcomefrommanyquartersinsistingthatthescienceaboutglobal

warmingisincomplete,thatit'sOktokeeppouringfumesintotheairuntilweknowforsure,

thisisadangerousgame：bythe100percentoftheevidenceisin,itmaybetoolate.Withthe

risksobviousandgrowing,aprudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow.

Fortunately,theWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit'sobviousthatamajority

ofthepresident'sadvisersstilldon，ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofaction,

theycontinuetopressformoreresearch-aclassiccaseofuparalysisbyanalysis”.

Toserveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplanet,wemustpressforwardondeeperatmospheric

andoceanicresearchButresearchaloneisinadequate.IftheAdministrationwon，ttakethe

legislativeinitiative,CongressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasuresAbill

byDemocraticSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginia,whichwouldofferfinancialincentivesfor

privateindustryisapromisingstartManyseethatthecountryisgettingreadytobuildlots

ofnewpowerplantstomeetourenergyneeds.Ifweareevergoingtoprotecttheatmosphere,

itiscrucialthatthosenewplantsbeenvironmentallysound.

26.Anargumentmadebysupportersofsmokingwasthat

A.therewasnoscientificevidenceofthecorrelationbetweensmokinganddeath.

B.thenumberofearlydeathsofsmokersinthepastdecadeswasinsignificant.

C.peoplehadthefreedomtochoosetheirownwayoflife.

D.antismokingpeoplewereusuallytalkingnonsense.

27.AccordingtoBruceAlberts,sciencecanserveas

A.aprotector.

B.ajudge.

C.acritic.

D.aguide.

28.Whatdoestheauthormeanbyuparalysisbyanalysis”(Lastline,paragraph4)

A.Endlessstudieskillaction.

B.Carefulinvestigationrevealstruth.

C.prudentplanninghinders.

D.Extensiveresearchhelpsdecision-making.

29.Accordingtotheauthor,whatshouldtheAdministrationdoabout

A.Offeraidtobuildcleanerpowerplants.

B.Raisepublicawarenessofconservation.

C.Pressforfurtherscientificresearch.

D.Takesomelegislativemeasures.

30.Theauthorassociatestheissueofglobalwarmingwiththatofsmokingbecause

A.theybothsufferedfromthegovernmentysnegligence.

B.alessonfromthelatterisapplicabletotheformer.

C.theoutcomeofthelatteraggravatestheformer.

D.bothofthemhaveturnedfrombadtoworse.

Text3

Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight，ssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.

Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.Acentury

ago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofour

unconsciousdesiresandrears,bythelate1970s.neurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthem

asjustumentalnoise“therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.

Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemind，semotionalthermostat,regulatingmoods

whilethebrainis“off-line“Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmental

eventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontrol,tohelpussleep

andfeelbetter,"It'syourdream“saysRosalindCartwright,chairofpsychologyatChicago,s

MedicalCenter."Ifyoudon，tlikeit,changeit.”

Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREM(rapideye

movement)sleep-whenmostvividdreamsoccur-asitiswhenfullyawake,saysDr,EricNofzinger

attheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved,thelimbic

system(theaemotionalbrain")isespeciallyactive,whiletheprefrontalcortex(thecenter

ofintellectandreasoning)isrelativelyquiet."Wewakeupfromdreamshappyofdepressed,and

thosefeelingscanstaywithusallday“saysStanfordsleepresearcherDr,WilliamDement.

Andthisprocessneednotbelefttotheunconscious.Cartwrightbelievesonecanexercise

consciouscontroloverrecurringbaddreamsAssoonasyouawaken,identifywhatisupsetting

aboutthedream.Visualizehowyouwouldlikeittoendinstead,thenexttimeisoccurs,try

towakeupjustenoughtocontrolitscourse.Withmuchpracticepeoplecanlearnto,literally,

doitintheirsleep.

Attheendoftheday,there'sprobablylittlereasontopayattentiontoourdreamsatall

unlesstheykeepusfromsleepingof“wewakeuinapanic,“CartwrightsaysTerrorism,economic

uncertaintiesandgeneralfeelingsofinsecurityhaveincreasedpeople，sanxiety.Thosesuffering

frompersistentnightmaresshouldseekhelpfromatherapistFortherestofus,thebrainhas

itswaysofworkingthroughbadfeelings.Sleep-orratherdream-onitandyou'11feelbetterin

themorning.

31.Researchershavecometobelievethatdreams

A.canbemodifiedintheircourses.

B.aresusceptibletoemotionalchanges.

C.reflectourinnermostdesiresandfears.

D.arearandomoutcomeofneuralrepairs.

32.Byreferringtothelimbicsystem,theauthorintendstoshow

A.itsfunctioninourdreams.

B.themechanismofREMsleep.

C.therelationofdreamstoemotions.

D.itsdifferencefromtheprefrontalcortex.

33.Thenegativefeelingsgeneratedduringthedaytendto

A.aggravateinourunconsciousmind.

B.developintohappydreams.

C.persisttillthetimewefallasleep.

D.showupindreamsearlyatnight.

34.Cartwrightseemstosuggestthat

A.wakingupintimeisessentialtotheriddingofbaddreams.

B.visualizingbaddreamshelpsbringthemundercontroll.

C.dreamsshouldbelefttotheirnaturalprogression.

D.dreamingmaynotentirelybelongtotheunconscious.

35.WhatadvicemightCartwrightgivetothosewhosometimeshavehaddreams?

A.leadyourlifeasusual.

B.Seekprofessionalhelp.

C.Exerciseconsciouscontrol.

D.Avoidanxietyinthedaytime.

Text4

Americannolongerexpectpublicfigures,whetherinspeechorinwriting,tocommandthe

Englishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.Inhislatest

book,DoingOurOwnThing.TheDegradationoflanguageandMusicandwhyweshouldlike,care,

JohnMcWhorter,alinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviews,sees

thetriumphof1960scounter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish.

Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonal,“doingourownthing”,hasspeltthedeath

offormalspeech,writing,poetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevated

tonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960s,eventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethen

hassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.Equally,inpoetry,thehighlypersonal,

performativegenreistheonlyformthatcouldclaimrealliveliness.Inbothoralandwritten

English,talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft.

Illustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculture,thetrend

thatMr.McWhorterdocumentsisunmistakable.Butitislessclear,totakethequestionofhis

subtitle,whyweshould,likecare.Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhuman

language,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive-there

existsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideasHeisnotarguing,

asmanydo,thatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper.

Russianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetry-

intheirheads,whileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashioned

tomostEnglish-speakers.Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictly

necessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationreforms-heisreallygrievingoverthelossof

somethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEnglish“onpaperplatesinsteadofchina”.

Ashame,perhaps,butprobablyaninevitableone.

36.AccordingtoMeWhorter,thedeclineofformalEnglish

A.isinevitableinradicaleducationreforms.

B.isbutalltoonaturalinlanguagedevelopment.

C.hascausedthecontroversyoverthecounter-culture.

D.broughtaboutchangesinpublicattitudesinthe1960s.

37.Theword“talking”(Linge6,paragraphs)denotes

A.modesty.

B.personality.

C.liveliness.

D.informality.

38.TowhichofthefollowingstatementswouldMeWhortermostlikelyagree?

A.Logicalthinkingisnotnecessarilyrelatedtothewaywetalk.

B.BlackEnglishcanbemoreexpressivethanstandardEnglish.

C.Non-standardvarietiesofhumanlanguagearejustasentertaining.

D.Ofallthevarieties,standardEnglishCanbestconveycomplexideas.

39.ThedescriptionofRussians'loveofmemorizingpoetryshowstheauthor，s

A.interestintheirlanguage.

B.appreciationoftheirefforts.

C.admirationfortheirmemory.

D.contemptfortheirold-fashionedness.

40.Accordingtothelastparagraph,apaperplates"isto“china”as

A.temporaryvisto“permanent”.

B.”radical"isto"conservative”.

C.ufunctionalisto"artistic".

D.“humble”isto“noble”.

PartB

Directions：

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshaveremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemost

suitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoofthenumberedblanktherearetwoextrachoices,

whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.Markyouranswerson

ANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Canadaspremiers(theleadersofprovincialgovernments),iftheyhaveanybreathleft

aftercomplainingaboutOttawaattheirlateJulyannualmeeting,mightspareamomenttodo

something,toreducehealth-carecosts.

They5reallgroaningaboutsoaringhealthbudgets,thefastest-growingcomponentofwhich

arepharmaceuticalcosts.

41.

Whattodo?BoththeRomanowcommissionandtheKirbycommitteeonhealthcare-tosaynothing

ofreportsfromotherexpertsrecommendedthecreationofanationaldrugagency.Insteadofeach

provincehavingitsownlistofapproveddrugs,bureaucracy,proceduresandlimitedbargaining

power,allwouldpoolresources,workwithOttawa,andcreateanationalinstitution.

42.

ButunationalMdoesn，thavetomeanthat."National“couldmeaninterprovincial-provinces

combiningeffortstocreateonebody.

Eitherway,onebenefitofaanationalvorganizationwouldbetonegotiatebetterprices,

ifpossible,withdrugmanufacturers.Insteadofhavingoneprovince-oraseriesofhospitals

withinaprovince-negotiateapriceforagivendrugontheprovinciallist,thenationalagency

wouldnegotiateonbehalfofallprovinces.

Ratherthan,say,Quebec,negotiatingonbehalfofsevenmillionpeople,thenationalagency

wouldnegotiateonbehalf31millionpeople.Basiceconomicssuggeststhegreaterthepotential

consumers,thehigherthelikelihoodofabetterprice.

43.

Asmallstephasbeentakeninthedirectionofanationalagencywiththecreationofthe

CanadianCo-ordinatingOfficeforHealthTechnologyAssessment,fundedbyOttawaandtheprovinces.

Underit,aCommonDrugReviewrecommendstoprovinciallistswhichnewdrugsshouldbeincluded,

predictablyandregrettablyQuebecrefusedtojoin.

Afewpremiersaresuspiciousofanyfederal-provincialdeal-making.They(particularly

QuebecandAlberta)justwantOttawatoforkoveradditionalbillionswithfew,ifany,strings

attached.That*sonereasonwhytheideaofanationalisthasn，tgoneanywherewhiledrugcosts

keeprisingfast.

44.

PremierslovetoquoteMr.Romanow，sreportselectively,especiallythepartsaboutmore

federalmoneyperhapstheyshouldreadwhathehadtosayaboutdrugs.

“Anationaldrugagencywouldprovidegovernmentsmoreinfluenceonpharmaceuticalcompanies

inordertoconstraintheever-increasingcostofdrugs.”

45.

SowhenthepremiersgatherinNiagaraFallstoassembletheirusualcomplaintlist,they

shouldalsogetcrackingaboutsomethingintheirjurisdictionthatwouldhelptheirbudgetsand

patients.

A.Quebec,sresistancetoanationalagencyisprovincialistideology.Oneofthrstadvocates

fornationallistwasaresearcheratLavalUniversity.Quebec，sDrugInsuranceFundhasseen

itscostsskyrocketwithannualincreasesfrom14.3percentto26.8percent!

B.OrtheycouldreadMr.Kirby，sreport：”thesubstantialbuyingpowerofsuchanagency

wouldstrengthenthepublicprescription-druginsuranceplanstonegotiatethelowestpossible

purchasepricesfromdrugcompanies,,

C.Whatdoes“national"mean?RoyRomanowandSenatorMichaelKirbyrecommendeda

federal-provincialbodymuchliketherecentlycreatedNationalHealthCouncil.

D.Theproblemissimpleandstark：health-carecostshavebeen,are,andwillcontinueto

increasefasterthangovernmentrevenues.

E.AccordingtotheCanadianInstituteforHealthInformation,prescriptiondrugcostshave

risensince1997attwicetherateofoverallhealth-carespending.Partoftheincreasecomes

fromdrugsbeingusedtoreplaceotherkindsoftreatmentspartofitarisesfromnewdrugscosting

morethanolderkinds.Partofitishigherprices.

F.So,iftheprovinceswanttorunthehealth-careshow,theyshouldprovetheycanrunit,

startingwithaninterprovincialhealthlistthatwouldendduplication,saveadministrativecosts,

preventoneprovincefrombeingplayedoffagainstanother,andbargainforbetterdrugprices.

G.Ofcoursethepharmaceuticalcompanieswillscream.Theylikedividedbuyers,theycan

lobbybetterthatway.Theycanusethethreatofremovingjobsfromoneprovincetoanother.

Theycanhopethat,ifoneprovinceincludesadrugonits,listthepressurewillcauseothers

toincludeitontheirs.Theywouldn'tlikeanationalagencyagency,butself-interestwould

leadthemtodealwithit.

PartC

Directions：

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.

YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(lOpoints)

Itisnoteasytotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisoverwhelminglysignificant

phaseinEuropeanhistory.Historyandnewsbecomeconfused,andone'simpressionstendtobe

amixtureofskepticismandoptimism.(46)Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelings

arecreatedandconveyed-andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedtomuchtoconnectdifferent

peoplesandnalionsasisiherecenlevenlsinEurope.TheEuropethatisnowformingcannotbe

anythingotherthanitspeoples,theirculturesandnationalidentities.Withthisinmindwe

canbegintoanalyzetheEuropeantelevisionscene.(47)InEurope,aselsewheremulti-media

groupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessfulgroupswhichbringlogelhertelevision,radionewspapers,

magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.OneItalianexamplewould

betheBerlusconigroupwhileabroadMaxwellandMurdochcometomind.

Clearly,onlythebiggestandmostflexibletelevisioncompaniesaregoingtobeableto

competecompleteinsucharichandhotly-contestedmarket.(48)Thisalonedemonstratesthat

thetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurviveinafactunderlinedbystatisticsthat

showthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworksnolessthan50%tookalossin1989.

Moreover,theintegrationoftheEuropeancommunitywillobligetelevisioncompaniesto

cooperatemorecloselyintermsofbothproductionanddistribution.

(49)Cre