新概念第四冊課文

1新概念第四冊課文Unit1Lesson1Findingfossilman發(fā)現(xiàn)化石人Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingquestion.聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。Whyarelegendshandeddownbystorytellersuseful?Wecanreadofthingsthathappened5,000yearsagointheNearEast,wherepeoplefirstlearnedtowrite.Buttherearesomepartsofthewordwhereevennowpeoplecannotwrite.Theonlywaythattheycanpreservetheirhistoryistorecountitassagas--legendshandeddownfromonegenerationofanother.Theselegendsareusefulbecausetheycantellussomethingaboutmigrationsofpeoplewholivedlongago,butnonecouldwritedownwhattheydid.AnthropologistswonderedwheretheremoteancestorsofthePolynesianpeoplesnowlivinginthePacificIslandscamefrom.ThesagasofthesepeopleexplainthatsomeofthemcamefromIndonesiaabout2,000yearsago.Butthefirstpeoplewhowerelikeourselveslivedsolongagothateventheirsagas,iftheyhadany,areforgotten.Soarchaeologistshaveneitherhistorynorlegendstohelpthemtofindoutwherethefirst'modernmen'camefrom.Fortunately,however,ancientmenmadetoolsofstone,especiallyflint,becausethisiseasiertoshapethanotherkinds.Theymayalsohaveusedwoodandskins,butthesehaverottedaway.Stonedoesnotdecay,andsothetoolsoflongagohaveremainedwheneventhebonesofthemenwhomadethemhavedisappearedwithouttrace.ROBINPLACEFindingfossilmanNewwordsandexpressions生詞和短語fossilman(title)adj.化石人recountv.敘述sagan.英雄故事legendn.傳說，傳奇migrationn.遷移，移居anthropologist1n.人類學(xué)家archaeologistn.考古學(xué)家ancestorn.祖先Polynesianadj.波利尼西亞（中太平洋之一群島）的Indonesian.印度尼西亞flintn.燧石rotn.爛掉參考譯文我們從書籍中可讀到5,000年前近東發(fā)生的事情，那里的人最早學(xué)會了寫字。但直到現(xiàn)在,世界上有些地方，人們還不會書寫。他們保存歷史的唯一辦法是將歷史當(dāng)作傳說講述，由講述人一代接一代地將史實描述為傳奇故事口傳下來。人類學(xué)家過去不清楚如今生活在太平洋諸島上的波利尼西亞人的祖先來自何方，當(dāng)?shù)厝说膫髡f卻告訴人們：其中一部分是約在2,000年前從印度尼西亞遷來的。但是，和我們相似的原始人生活的年代太久遠了，因此，有關(guān)他們的傳說既使有如今也失傳了。于是，考古學(xué)家們既缺乏歷史記載，又無口頭傳說來幫助他們弄清最早的“現(xiàn)代人”是從哪里來的。然而，幸運的是，遠古人用石頭制作了工具，特別是用燧石，因為燧石較之其他石頭更容易成形。他們也可能用過木頭和獸皮，但這類東西早已腐爛殆盡。石頭是不會腐爛的。因此，盡管制造這些工具的人的骨頭早已蕩然無存，但遠古時代的石頭工具卻保存了下來。Lesson2Sparethatspider不要傷害蜘蛛Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingquestion.聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。Howmuchofeachyeardospidersspendkillinginsects?Why,youmaywonder,shouldspidersbeourfriends?Becausetheydestroysomanyinsects,andinsectsincludesomeofthegreatestenemiesofthehumanrace.Insectswouldmakeitimpossibleforustoliveintheworld;theywoulddevourallourcropsandkillourflocksandherds,ifitwerenotfortheprotectionwegetfrominsect-eatinganimals.Weowealottothebirds1andbeastswhoeatinsectsbutallofthemputtogetherkillonlyafractionofthenumberdestroyedbyspiders.Moreover,unlikesomeoftheotherinsecteaters,spidersneverdotheharmtousorourbelongings.Spidersarenotinsects,asmanypeoplethink,norevennearlyrelatedtothem.Onecantellthedifferencealmostataglance,foraspideralwayshaseightlegsandinsectnevermorethansix.Howmanyspidersareengagedinthisworknoourbehalf?OneauthorityonspidersmadeacensusofthespidersingrassfieldinthesouthofEngland,andheestimatedthatthereweremorethan2,250,000inoneacre;thatissomethinglike6,000,000spidersofdifferentkindsonafootballpitch.Spidersarebusyforatleasthalftheyearinkillinginsects.Itisimpossibletomakemorethanthewildestguessathowmanytheykill,buttheyarehungrycreatures,notcontentwithonlythreemealsaday.IthasbeenestimatedthattheweightofalltheinsectsdestroyedbyspidersinBritaininoneyearwouldbegreaterthanthetotalweightofallthehumanbeingsinthecountry.T.H.GILLESPLESparethatspiderfromTheListenerNewwordsandexpressionsbeastn.野獸censusn.統(tǒng)計數(shù)字acren.英畝contentadj.滿足的參考譯文你可能會覺得奇怪，蜘蛛怎么會是我們的朋友呢？因為它們能消滅那么多的昆蟲，其中包括一些人類的大敵，要不是人類受一些食蟲動物的保護，昆蟲就會使我們無法在地球上生活下去，昆蟲會吞食我們的全部莊稼，殺死我們的成群的牛羊。我們要十分感謝那些吃昆蟲的鳥和獸，然而把它們所殺死的昆蟲全部加在一起也只相當(dāng)于蜘蛛所消滅的一小部分。此外，蜘蛛不同于其他食蟲動物，它們絲毫不危害我們和我們的財物。許多人認(rèn)為蜘蛛是昆蟲，但它們不是昆蟲，甚至與昆蟲毫無關(guān)系。人們幾乎一眼就能看出二者的差異，因為蜘蛛都是8條腿，而昆蟲的腿從不超過6條。有多少蜘蛛在為我們效力呢？一位研究蜘蛛的權(quán)威對英國南部一塊草坪上的蜘蛛作了一次調(diào)查。他估計每英畝草坪里有225萬多只蜘蛛。這就是說，在一個足球場上約有600萬只不同種類的蜘蛛。蜘蛛至少有半年在忙于吃昆蟲。它們一年中消滅了多少昆蟲，我們簡直無法猜測，它們是吃不飽的動物，不滿意一日三餐。據(jù)估計，在英國蜘蛛一年里所消滅昆蟲的重量超過這個國家人口的總重量。Lesson31Matterhornman馬特霍恩山區(qū)人Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingquestion.聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。Whatwasthemainobjectiveofearlymountainclimbers?Modernalpiniststrytoclimbmountainsbyaroutewhichwillgivethemgoodsport,andthemoredifficultitis,themorehighlyitisregarded.Inthepioneeringdays,however,thiswasnotthecaseatall.Theearlyclimberswerelookingfortheeasiestwaytothetop,becausethesummitwastheprizetheysought,especiallyifitandneverbeenattainedbefore.Itistruethatduringtheirexplorationstheyoftenfaceddifficultiesanddangersofthemostperilousnature,equippedinamannerwithwouldmakeamodernclimbershudderatthethought,buttheydidnotgooutoftheirwaytocourtsuchexcitement.Theyhadasingleaim,asolitarygoal--thetop!Itishardforustorealizenowadayshowdifficultitwasforthepioneers.ExceptforoneortwoplacessuchasZermattandChamonix,whichhadrapidlybecomepopular,Alpinevillagetendedtobeimpoverishedsettlementscutofffromcivilizationbythehighmountains.Suchinnsasthereweregenerallydirtyandflea-ridden;thefoodsimplylocalcheeseaccompaniedbybreadoftentwelvemonthsold,allwasheddownwithcoarsewine.Oftenavalleyboastednoinnatall,andclimbersfoundshelterwherevertheycould--sometimeswiththelocalpriest(whowasusuallyaspoorashisparishioners),sometimeswithshepherdsorcheese-makers.Invariablythebackgroundwasthesame:dirtandpoverty,andveryuncomfortable.Formenaccustomedtoeatingseven-coursedinnersandsleepingbetweenfinelinensheetsathome,thechangetotheAlpsmusthaveveryhardindeed.WALTERUNSWORTHMatterhornManNewwordsandexpressions生詞和短語Matterhornn.馬特霍恩峰（阿爾卑斯山之一，在意大利和瑞士邊境）alpinistn.登山運動員pioneerv.開辟，倡導(dǎo)；n.先鋒，開辟者summitn.頂峰attainv.到達perilousadj.危險的shudderv.不寒而栗courtv.追求solitaryadj.唯一的impoverishv.使貧困Alpineadj.阿爾卑斯山的flea-riddenadj.布滿跳蚤的coarseadj.粗劣的boastv.自恃有parishionern.教區(qū)居民shepherdn.牧羊人linenn.亞麻布床單theAlpsn.阿爾卑斯山脈參考譯文現(xiàn)代登山運動員總想找一條能夠給他們帶來運動樂趣的路線來攀登山峰。他們認(rèn)為，道路愈艱險愈帶勁兒。然而，在登山運動的初期，全然不是這種情況。早期登山者所尋找的是通往山頂?shù)淖罘奖愕耐緩?，因為頂峰特別是前人未曾到過的頂峰--才是他們尋求的目標(biāo)。確實，在探險中他們經(jīng)常遇到驚心動魄的困難和危險，而他們裝備之簡陋足以使現(xiàn)代登山者一想起來就膽戰(zhàn)心驚。但是，他們并非故意尋求這種刺激，他們只有一個目標(biāo)，唯一的目標(biāo)--頂峰！我們今天很難想像昔日的登山先驅(qū)們是多么艱苦。除了澤曼特和夏蒙尼等一兩個很快出了名的地方外，阿爾卑斯山山區(qū)的小村幾乎全是高山環(huán)抱、與世隔絕的窮鄉(xiāng)僻壤。那里的小客棧一般都很骯臟，而且跳蚤猖獗。食物是當(dāng)?shù)氐母衫液屯ǔ４娣帕艘荒曛玫拿姘藗兙椭泳仆滔逻@種食物。山谷里常常沒有小客棧，登山者只好隨遇而安。有時同當(dāng)?shù)啬翈煟ㄋǔ：退慕堂褚粯痈F）住在一起，有時同牧羊人或制乳酪的人住在一起。無論住在哪兒，情況都一樣：骯臟、貧窮，極其不舒適。對于過慣了一頓飯吃7道菜、睡亞麻細(xì)布床單的人來說，變換一下生活環(huán)境來到阿爾卑斯山山區(qū)，那一定是很艱難的。Lesson4Seeinghands能看見東西的手Firstlistenandanswerthefollowingquestion.聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。HowdidVeradiscovershehadthisgiftofsecondsight?SeveralcaseshavebeenreportedinRussiarecentlyofpeoplewhocandetectcolourswiththeirfingers,andevenseethroughsolidandwalls.Onecaseconcernsandeleven-year-oldschoolgirl,VeraPetrova,whohasnormalvisionbutwhocanalsoperceivethingswithdifferentpartsofherskin,andthroughsolidwalls.Thisabilitywasfirstnoticedbyherfather.Onedayshecameintohisofficeandhappenedtoputherhandsonthedoorofalockedsafe.Suddenlysheaskedherfatherwhyhekeptsomanyoldnewspaperslockedawaythere,andevendescribedthewaytheyweredoneupinbundles.Vera'scurioustalentwasbroughttothenoticeofascientificresearchinstituteinthetownofUlyanovsk,nearwhereshelives,andinAprilshewasgivenaseriesoftestsbyaspecialcommissionoftheMinistryofHealthoftheRussianFederalRepublic.Duringthesetestsshewasabletoreadanewspaperthroughanopaquescreenand,strangerstill,bymovingherelbowoverachild'sgameofLottoshewasabletodescribethefiguresandcoloursprintedonit;and,inanotherinstance,wearingstockingsandslippers,tomakeoutwithherfoottheoutlinesandcoloursofapicturehiddenunderacarpet.Otherexperimentsshowedthatherkneesandshouldershadasimilarsensitivity.DuringallthesetestsVerawasblindfold;and,indeed,exceptwhenblindfoldshelackedtheabilitytoperceivethingswithherskin.Itwasalsofoundthatalthoughshecouldperceivethingswithherfingersthisabilityceasedthemomentherhandswerewet.ERICDEMAUNYSeeinghandsfromTheListenerNewwordsandexpressionssolidadj.堅實的safen.保險柜Ulyanovskn.烏里揚諾夫斯克commissionn.委員會opaqueadj.不透明的lotton.一種有編號的紙牌slippern.拖鞋blindfoldadj.&adv.被蒙上眼睛的參考譯文俄羅斯最近報導(dǎo)了幾個事例，有人能用手指看書識字和辨認(rèn)顏色，甚至能透過厚實的門和墻看到東西。其中有一例談到有一個名叫維拉.彼托洛娃的11歲學(xué)生。她的視力與常人一樣，但她還能用皮膚的不同部位辨認(rèn)東西，甚至看穿堅實的墻壁。是她父親首先發(fā)現(xiàn)她這一功能的。一天，維拉走進父親的辦公室，偶然把手放在一個鎖著的保險柜的門上，她突然問父親為什么把這么多的舊報紙鎖在柜子里，還說了報紙捆扎的情況。維拉的特異功能引起了她家附近烏里揚諾夫斯克城一個科研單位的注意。4月里，俄羅斯衛(wèi)生部一個特別委員會對她進行了一系列的測試。在這些測試中，她能隔著不透明的屏幕讀報紙。更為奇怪的是，她把肘部在兒童玩的“羅托”紙牌上移動一下，便能說出印在紙牌上的數(shù)字和顏色。還有一次，她穿著長筒襪子和拖鞋，能用腳步識別出藏在地毯下面的一幅畫的輪廓和顏色。其他實驗表明，她的膝蓋和雙肩有類似的感覺能力，在所有這些實驗中，維拉的雙眼都是蒙著的。如果不蒙上雙眼她的皮膚就不再具有識別物體的能力。這是千真萬確的。同時還發(fā)現(xiàn)，盡管她能用手指識別東西，但她的手一旦弄濕，這種功能便會立即消失。Lesson5Youth青年Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingquestion:聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。Howdoesthewriterliketotreatyoungpeople?Peoplearealwaystalkingabout'theproblemofyouth'.Ifthereisone--whichItakeleavetodoubt--thenitisolderpeoplewhocreateit,nottheyoungthemselves.Letusgetdowntofundamentalsandagreethattheyoungareafterallhumanbeings--peoplejustliketheirelders.Thereisonlyonedifferencebetweenanoldmanandayoungone:theyoungmanhasagloriousfuturebeforehimandtheoldonehasasplendidfuturebehindhim:andmaybethatiswheretherubis.WhenIwasateenager,IfeltthatIwasjustyounganduncertain--thatIwasanewboyinahugeschool,andIwouldhavebeenverypleasedtoberegardedassomethingsointerestingasaproblem.Foronething,beingaproblemgivesyouacertainidentity,andthatisoneofthethingstheyoungarebusilyengagedinseeking.Ifindyoungpeopleexciting.Theyhaveanairoffreedom,andtheynotadrearycommitmenttomeanambitionsorloveofcomfort.Theyarenotanxioussocialclimbers,andtheyhavenodevotiontomaterialthings.Allthisseemstometolinkthemwithlife,andtheoriginsofthings.It'sasiftheywere,insomesense,cosmicbeingsinviolentandlovelycontrastwithussuburbancreatures.AllthatisinmymindwhenImeetayoungperson.Hemaybeconceited,ill-mannered,presumptuousorfatuous,butIdonotturnforprotectiontodrearyclichesaboutrespectofelders--asifmereagewereareasonforrespect.Iacceptthatweareequals,andIwillarguewithhim,asanequal,ifIthinkheiswrong.FIELDENHUGHESfromOutoftheAir,TheListenerNewwordsandexpression生詞和短語leaven.允許fundamentalsn.基本原則gloriousadj.光輝燦爛的splendidadj.燦爛的rubn.難題identityn.身份drearyadj.沉郁的commitmentn.信奉meanadj.吝嗇，小氣socialclimber追求更高社會地位的，向上爬的人devotionn.熱愛cosmicadj.宇宙的suburbanadj.見識不廣的，偏狹的conceitedadj.自高自大的presumptuousadj.自以為是的，放肆的fatuousadj.愚蠢的clichen.陳詞濫調(diào)參考譯文人們總是在談?wù)摗扒嗄陠栴}”。如果這個問題存在的話--請允許我對此持懷疑態(tài)度--那么，這個問題是由老年人而不是青年人造成的。讓我們來認(rèn)真研究一些基本事實：承認(rèn)青年人和他們的長輩一樣也是人。老年人和青年人只有一個區(qū)別：青年人有光輝燦爛的前景，而老年人的輝煌已成為過去。問題的癥結(jié)恐怕就在這里。我十幾歲時，總感到自己年輕，有些事拿不準(zhǔn)--我是一所大學(xué)里的一名新生，如果我當(dāng)時真的被看成像一個問題那樣有趣，我會感到很得意的。因為這至少使我得到了某種承認(rèn)，這正是年輕人所熱衷追求的。我覺得年輕人令人振奮，無拘無束。他們既不追逐卑鄙的名利，也不貪圖生活的舒適。他們不熱衷于向上爬，也不一味追求物質(zhì)享受。在我看來，所有這些使他們與生命和萬物之源聯(lián)系在了一起。從某種意義上講，他們似乎是宇宙人，同我們這些凡夫俗子形成了強烈而鮮明的對照。每逢我遇到年輕人，腦子里就想到這些年輕人也許狂妄自負(fù)，舉止無理，傲慢放肆，愚昧無知，但我不會用應(yīng)當(dāng)尊重長者這一套陳詞濫調(diào)來為我自己辨護，似乎年長就是受人尊敬的理由。我認(rèn)為我和他們是平等的。如果我認(rèn)為他們錯了，我就以平等的身份和他們爭個明白。Lesson6Thesportingspirit體育的精神Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingquestion.聽錄音，然后回答以下問題.Howdoesthewriterdescribesportattheinternationallevel?IamalwaysamazedwhenIhearpeoplesayingthatsportcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenations,andthatifonlythecommonpeoplesofthewouldcouldmeetoneanotheratfootballorcricket,theywouldhavenoinclinationtomeetonthehattlefield.Evenifonedidn'tknowfromconcreteexamples(the1936OlympicGames,forinstance)thatinternationalsportingcontestsleadtoorgiesofhatred,onecoulddeduceiffromgeneralprinciples.Nearlyallthesportspractisednowadaysarecompetitive.Youplaytowin,andthegamehaslittlemeaningunlessyoudoyourutmosttowin.Onthevillagegreen,whereyoupickupsidesandnofeelingoflocalpatriotismisinvolved,itispossibletoplaysimplyforthefunandexercise:butassoonasathequestionofprestigearises,assoonasyoufeelthatyouandsomelargerunitwillbedisgracedifyoulose,themostsavagecombativeinstinctsarearoused.Anyonewhohasplayedeveninaschoolfootballmatchknowsthis.Attheinternationallevel,sportisfranklymimicwarfare.Butthesignificantthingisnotthebehaviouroftheplayersbuttheattitudeofthespectators:and,behindthespectators,ofthenationswhoworkthemselvesintofuriesovertheseabsurdcontests,andseriouslybelieve--atanyrateforshortperiods--thatrunning,jumpingandkickingaballaretestsofnationalvirtue.GEORGEORWELLThesportingspiritNewwordsandexpressiongoodwilln.友好cricketn.板球inclinationn.意愿contestn.比賽orgyn.無節(jié)制的，放蕩deducev.推斷competitiveadj.競爭性的patriotismn.地方觀念，愛國主義disgracev.使丟臉savageadj.野性的combativeadj.好斗的mimicwarfare模擬戰(zhàn)爭behaviourn.行動，舉止absurdadj.荒唐的參考譯文當(dāng)我聽人們說體育運動可創(chuàng)造國家之間的友誼，還說各國民眾若在足球場或板球場上交鋒，就不愿在戰(zhàn)場上殘殺的時候，我總是驚愕不已。一個人即使不能從具體的事例（例如1936年的奧林匹克運動會）了解到國際運動比賽會導(dǎo)致瘋狂的仇恨，也可以從常理中推斷出結(jié)論。現(xiàn)在開展的體育運動幾乎都是競爭性的。參加比賽就是為了取勝。如果不拚命去贏，比賽就沒有什么意義了。在鄉(xiāng)間的草坪上，當(dāng)你隨意組成兩個隊，并且不涉及任何地方情緒時，那才可能是單純的為了娛樂和鍛煉而進行比賽?？墒且涣可婕暗綐s譽問題，一旦你想到你和某一團體會因為你輸而丟臉時，那么最野蠻的爭斗天性便會激發(fā)起來。即使是僅僅參加過學(xué)校足球賽的人也有種體會。在國際比賽中，體育簡直是一場模擬戰(zhàn)爭。但是，要緊的還不是運動員的行為，而是觀眾的態(tài)度，以及觀眾身后各個國家的態(tài)度。面對著這些荒唐的比賽，參賽的各個國家會如癡如狂，甚至煞有介事地相信--至少在短期內(nèi)如此--跑跑、跳跳、踢踢球是對一個民族品德素質(zhì)的檢驗。Lesson7Bats蝙蝠Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingquestion.聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。Inwhatwaydoesecho-locationinbatsplayanutilitarianrole?Notallsoundsmadebyanimalsserveaslanguage,andwehaveonlytoturntothatextraordinarydiscoveryofecho-locationinbatstoseeacaseinwhichthevoiceplaysastrictlyutilitarianrole.Togetafullappreciationofwhatthismeanswemustturnfirsttosomerecenthumaninventions.Everyoneknowsthatifheshoutsinthevicinityofawalloramountainside,anechowillcomeback.Thefurtheroffthissolidobstruction,thelongertimewillelapseforthereturnoftheecho.Asoundmadebytappingonthehullofashipwillbereflectedfromtheseabottom,andbymeasuringthetimeintervalbetweenthetapsandthereceiptoftheechoes,thedepthoftheseaatthatpointcanbecalculated.Sowasborntheecho-soundingapparatus,nowingeneraluseinships.Everysolidobjectwillreflectasound,varyingaccordingtothesizeandnatureoftheobject.Ashoaloffishwilldothis.Soitisacomparativelysimplestepfromlocatingtheseabottomtolocatingashoaloffish.Withexperience,andwithimprovedapparatus,itisnowpossiblenotonlytolocateashoalbuttotellifitisherring,cod,orotherwell-knownfish,bythepatternofitsecho.Ithasbeenfoundthatcertainbatsemitsqueaksandbyreceivingtheechoes,theycanlocateandsteerclearofobstacles--orlocateflyinginsectsonwhichtheyfeed.Thisecho-locationinbatsisoftencomparedwithradar,theprincipleofwhichissimilar.MAURICEBURTONCuriositiesofanimallifeNewwordsandexpressions生詞和短語batn.蝙蝠strictlyadv.明確地utilitarianadj.實用的appreciationn.理解elapsev.障礙物hulln.消逝intervaln.船體receiptn.間隔apparatusn.收到shoaln.儀器herringn.魚群codn.鱈魚squeakn.尖叫聲參考譯文動物發(fā)出的聲音不都是用作語言交際。我們只要看一看蝙蝠回聲定位這一極不尋常的發(fā)現(xiàn)，就可以探究一下聲音在什么情況下有絕對的實用價值。要透徹理解這句話的意義，我們應(yīng)先回顧一下人類最近的幾項發(fā)明。大家都知道，在墻壁或山腰附近發(fā)出的喊聲，就會聽到回聲。固體障礙物越遠。回聲返回所用時間就越長。敲打船體所發(fā)了的聲音會從海底傳回來，測出回聲間隔的時間，便可算出該處海洋的深度。這樣就產(chǎn)生了目前各種船舶上普遍應(yīng)用的回聲探測儀。任何固體者反射聲音，反射的聲音因物體的大小和性質(zhì)的不同而不同。魚群也反射聲音。從測定海深到測定魚群，這一進展比較容易。根據(jù)經(jīng)驗和改進了的儀器，不僅能夠確定魚群的位置，而且可以根據(jù)魚群回聲的特點分辨出是鯡魚、鱈魚，這是人們所熟悉的其他魚。人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，某些蝙蝠能發(fā)出尖叫聲，并能通過回聲來確定并躲開障礙物，或找到它們賴以為生的昆蟲。蝙蝠這種回聲定位常?？膳c雷達相比較，其原理是相似的。Lesson8Tradingstandards貿(mào)易標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingquestion.聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。Whatmakestradingbetweenrichcountriesdifficult?ChickensslaughteredintheUnitedStates,claimofficialsinBrussels,arenotfittograceEuropeantables.No,saytheAmerican:ourfowlarefine,wesimplycleantheminadifferentway.Thesedays,itisdifferencesinnationalregulations,farmorethantariffs,thatputsandinthewheelsoftradebetweenrichcountries.Itisnotjustfarmerswhoarecomplaining.AnelectricrazorthatmeetstheEuropeanUnion'ssafetystandardsmustbeapprovedbyAmericantestersbeforeitcanbesoldintheUnitedStates,andanAmerican-madedialysismachineneedstheEU'sokaybeforeishitsthemarketinEurope.Asithappens,arazorthatissafeinEuropeisunlikelytoelectrocuteAmericans.So,askbusinessesonbothsidesoftheAtlantic,whyhavetwolotsoftestswhereonewoulddo?Politiciansagree,inprinciple,soAmericaandtheEUhavebeentryingtoreachadealwhichwouldeliminatetheneedtodouble-testmanyproducts.TheyhopetofinishintimeforatradesummitbetweenAmericaandtheEUonMay28TH.Althoughnegotiatorsareoptimistic,thedetailsarecomplexenoughthattheymaybehard-pressedtogetadealatall.Why?Onedifficultyistoconstructtheagreements.TheAmericanswouldhappilyreachoneaccordonstandardsformedicaldevicesandthemhammeroutdifferentpactscovering,say,electronicgoodsanddrugmanufacturing.TheEU--followingfinecontinentaltraditions--wantsagreementongeneralprinciples,whichcouldbeappliedtomanytypesofproductsandperhapsextendedtoothercountries.From:TheEconomist,May24th,1997Newwordsandexpressions生詞和短語slaughterv.屠宰fitadj.適合gracev.給...增光tariffn.關(guān)稅standardn.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)dialysisn.分離，分解；透析，滲析electrocutev.使觸電身亡eliminatev.消滅accordn.協(xié)議devicen.儀器，器械hammeroutv.推敲pactn.合同，條約，公約參考譯文布魯塞爾的官員說，在美國屠宰的雞不適于用來裝點歐洲的餐桌。不，美國人說，我們的家禽很好，只是我們使用了另一種清洗方式。當(dāng)前，是各國管理條例上的差異，而不是關(guān)稅阻礙了發(fā)達國家之間的貿(mào)易。并不僅僅是農(nóng)民在抱怨。一把符合歐洲聯(lián)盟安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的電動剃須刀必須得到美國檢測人員的認(rèn)可，方可在美國市場上銷售；而美國制造的透析儀也要得到歐盟的首肯才能進入歐洲市場。碰巧在歐洲使用安全的剃須刀不大可能使美國人觸電身亡，因此，大西洋兩岸的企業(yè)都在問，當(dāng)一套測試可以解決問題時，為什么需要兩套呢？政治家在原則上同意了，因此，美國和歐洲一直在尋求達成協(xié)議，以便為許多產(chǎn)品取消雙重檢查。他們希望盡早達成協(xié)議，為5月28日舉行的美國和歐洲貿(mào)易的最高通級會議作準(zhǔn)備。然談判代表持樂觀態(tài)度，但協(xié)議細(xì)節(jié)如此復(fù)雜，他們所面臨的困難很可能使他們無法取得一致。為什么呢？困難之一是起草這些協(xié)議。美國人很愿意就醫(yī)療器械的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)達成一個協(xié)議，然后推敲出不同的合同，用以涵蓋--比如說--電子產(chǎn)品和藥品的生產(chǎn)。歐洲人遵循優(yōu)良的大陸傳統(tǒng)，則希望就普遍的原則取得一致，而這些原則適用于許多不同產(chǎn)品，同時可能延伸到其它國家。Lesson9Royalespionage王室諜報活動Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingquestion.聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。WhatimportantthingdidKingAlfredlearnwhenhepenetratedtheDanishcampofGuthrum?AlfredtheGreatactedhisownspy,visitingDanishcampsdisguisedasaminstrel.Inthosedayswanderingminstrelswerewelcomeeverywhere.Theywerenotfightingmen,andtheirharpwastheirpassport.Alfredhadlearnedmanyoftheirballadsinhisyouth,andcouldvaryhisprogrammewithacrobatictricksandsimpleconjuring.WhileAlfred'slittlearmyslowlybegantogatheratAthelney,thekinghimselfsetouttopenetratethecampofGuthrum,thecommanderoftheDanishinvaders.TherehadsettleddownforthewinteratChippenham:thitherAlfredwent.Henoticedatoncethatdisciplinewasslack:theDaneshadtheself-confidenceofconquerors,andtheirsecurityprecautionswerecasual.Theylivedwell,ontheproceedsofraidsonneighbouringregions.Theretheycollectedwomenaswellasfoodanddrink,andalifeofeasehadmadethemsoft.AlfredstayedinthecampaweekbeforehereturnedtoAthelney.TheforcethereassembledwastrivialcomparedwiththeDanishhorde.ButAlfredhaddeducedthattheDaneswerenolongerfitforprolongedbattle:andthattheircommissariathadnoorganization,butdependedonirregularraids.So,facedwiththeDanishadvance,Alfreddidnotriskopenbattlebutharriedtheenemy.Hewasconstantlyonthemove,drawingtheDanesafterhim.Hispatrolshaltedtheraidingparties:hungerassailedtheDanisharmy.NowAlfredbeganalongseriesofskirmishes--andwithinamonththeDaneshadsurrendered.Theepisodecouldreasonablyserveasauniqueepicofroyalespionage!BERNARDNEWMANSpiesinBritainNewwordsandexpressions生詞和短語espionagen.間諜活動Alfred公元871-899年間任英國國王Danishadj.丹麥的，丹麥人的，丹麥語的minstreln.中世紀(jì)的吟游歌手wanderingadj.漫游的harpn.堅琴balladn.民歌acrobaticadj.雜技的conjuringn.魔術(shù)Athelneyn.阿塞爾納（英國一個小島）Chippenhamn.切本哈姆（英國一個城市）thitheradv.向那里Danen.丹麥人slackadj.渙散的conquerorn.征服者casualadj.馬虎的，隨便的precautionn.預(yù)防，警惕proceedsn.所得assemblev.集合trivialadj.微不足道的prolongedadj.持久的commissariatn.軍糧供應(yīng)episoden.一個事件，片斷epicn.史詩harryv.騷擾assailv.襲擊skirmishn.小規(guī)模戰(zhàn)斗參考譯文阿爾弗雷德大帝曾親自充當(dāng)間諜。他扮作吟游歌手到丹麥軍隊的營地里偵察。當(dāng)時，浪跡天涯的吟游歌手到處受歡迎，他們不是作戰(zhàn)人員，豎琴就是他們的通行證。阿爾弗德年輕時學(xué)過許多民歌，并能穿插演一些雜技和小魔術(shù)使自己的節(jié)目多樣化。阿爾弗雷德人數(shù)不多的軍隊開始在阿塞爾納慢慢集結(jié)時，他親自潛入丹麥入侵司令官古瑟羅姆的營地。丹麥軍已在切本哈姆扎下營準(zhǔn)備過冬，阿爾弗雷便來到此地。他馬上發(fā)現(xiàn)丹麥軍紀(jì)律松弛，他們以征服者自居，安全措施馬馬虎虎。他們靠掠奪附近的地區(qū)的財物過著舒適的生活。他們不僅搜刮吃的喝的，而且搶掠婦女，安逸的生活已使丹麥軍隊變得軟弱無力。阿爾弗雷德在敵營呆了一個星期后，回到了阿塞爾納。他集結(jié)在那里的軍隊和丹麥大軍相比是微不足道的，然而，阿爾弗雷德斷定，丹麥人已不再適應(yīng)持久的戰(zhàn)爭，他們的軍需供應(yīng)處于無組織狀態(tài)，只是靠臨時搶奪來維持。因此，面對丹麥人的進攻，阿爾弗雷德沒有貿(mào)然同敵人作戰(zhàn)，而是采用騷擾敵人的戰(zhàn)術(shù)。他的部隊不停地移動，牽著敵人的鼻子，讓他們跟著跑。他派出巡邏隊阻止敵人搶劫，因而饑餓威脅著丹麥軍隊。這時，阿爾弗雷德發(fā)起一連串小規(guī)模的進攻，結(jié)果不出一個月，丹麥人就投降了。這一幕歷史可以說是王室諜報活動中最精彩的篇章。.Lesson10Siliconvalley硅谷Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingquestion.聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。Whatdoesthecomputerindustrythriveonapartfromanarchy?TechnologytrendsmaypushSiliconValleybacktothefuture.CarverMead,apioneerinintegratedcircuitsandaprofessorofcomputerscienceattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,notestherearenowwork-stationsthatenableengineerstodesign,testandproducechipsrightontheirdesks,muchthewayaneditorcreatesanewsletteronaMacintosh.Asthetimeandcostofmakingachipdroptoafewdaysandafewhundreddollars,engineersmaysoonbefreetolettheirimaginationssoarwithoutbeingpenalizedbyexpensivefailures.Meadpredictsthatinventorswillbeabletoperfectpowerfulcustomizedchipsoveraweekendattheoffice--spawninganewgenerationofgaragestart-upsandgivingtheU.S.ajumponitsforeignrivalsingettingnewproductstomarketfast.'We'regotmoregarageswithsmartpeople,'Meadobserves.'Wereallythriveonanarchy.'AndonAsians.Already,orientalsandAsianAmericansconstitutethemajorityoftheengineeringstaffsatmanyValleyfirms.AndChinese,Korean,FilipinoandIndianengineersaregraduatingindrovesfromCalifornia'scolleges.Astheheadsofnext-generationstart-ups,theseAsianinnovatorscandrawoncustomsandlanguagestoforgerighterlinkswithcrucialPacificRimmarkets.Forinstance,AlexAu,aStanfordPh.D.fromHongKong,hassetupaTaiwanfactorytochallengeJapan'snearlockonthememory-chipmarket.India-bornN.DamodarReddy'stinyCaliforniacompanyreopenedanAT&TchipplantinKansasCitylastspringwithfinancingfromthestateofMissouri.Beforeitbecomesaretirementvillage,SiliconValleymayproveaclassroomforbuildingaglobalbusiness.USNEWSANDWORLDREPORT,October2,1989Newwordsandexpressions生詞和短語siliconn.硅integratedadj.綜合的circuitn.線路，電路Californian.加利福尼亞（美國州名）workstationn.工作站chipn.芯片，集成電路片，集成塊newslettern.時事通訊Macintoshn.蘋果機，一種個人電腦penalizev.處罰，懲罰customizev.按顧客具體需要制造spawnv.引起，釀成thrivev.興旺，繁榮anarchyn.無政府狀態(tài)，混亂orientaln.東方人constitutev.構(gòu)成droven.群innovatorn.發(fā)明者forgev.發(fā)展memory-chipn.內(nèi)存條AT&T美國電話電報公司(AmericanTelephoneandTelegraph)Kansasn.堪薩斯（美國州名）Missourin.密蘇里（美國州名）參考譯文技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢有可能把硅谷重新推向未來?？ǜ?米德--集成電路的一位先驅(qū)，加州理工學(xué)院的計算機教授--注意到，現(xiàn)在有些計算機工作站使工程技術(shù)人員可以在他們的辦公桌上設(shè)計、試驗和生產(chǎn)芯片，就像一位編輯在蘋果機上編出一份時事通訊一樣。由于制造一塊芯片的時間已縮短至幾天，費用也只有幾百美元，因此，工程技術(shù)人員可能很塊就可充分發(fā)揮他們的想像力，而不會因失敗而造成經(jīng)濟上的損失。米德預(yù)言發(fā)明者可以在辦公室用一個周末的時間生產(chǎn)了完美的、功能很強的、按客戶需求設(shè)計的芯片--造就新一代從汽車間起家的技術(shù)人員，在把產(chǎn)品推向市場方面使美國把它的外國對手們打個措手不及?！拔覀冇懈嗟钠囬g，那里有許多聰明人，”米德說?！拔覀兇_實是靠這種無政府狀態(tài)發(fā)展起來的?！笨康氖莵喼奕?。硅谷許多公司中工程技術(shù)人員的大多數(shù)是東方人和亞裔美國人。中國、韓國、菲律賓和印度的工程師一批批地從加州的大學(xué)畢業(yè)。作為新掘起一代的帶頭人，亞裔發(fā)明家可以憑借他們在習(xí)慣和語言上的優(yōu)勢，與關(guān)鍵的太平洋沿岸市場建立起更加牢固的聯(lián)系。比如說，亞歷克斯.奧，一位來自香港的斯坦福大學(xué)博士，已經(jīng)在臺灣建廠，對日本在內(nèi)存條市場上近似壟斷的局面提出了挑戰(zhàn)。印度出生的N.達莫達.雷迪經(jīng)營的小小的加州公司在堪薩斯城重新啟用了美國電話電報公司的一家芯片工廠，并從密蘇里州獲取了財政上的支持。在硅谷變成一個退休村之前，它很可能成為建立全球商業(yè)的一個教學(xué)場地。Lesson11Howtogrowold如何安度晚年Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingquestion.聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。What,accordingtotheauthor,isthebestwaytoovercomethefearofdeathasyougetolder?Someoldpeopleareoppressedbythefearofdeath.Intheyoungthereisajustificationforthisfeeling.Youngmenwhohavereasontofearthattheywillbekilledinbattlemayjustifiablyfeelbitterinthethoughtthattheyhavecheatedofthebestthingsthatlifehastooffer.Butinanoldmanwhohasknownhumanjoysandsorrows,andhasachievedwhateverworkitwasinhimtodo,thefearofdeathissomewhatabjectandignoble.Thebestwaytoovercomeit--soatleastitseemstome--istomakeyourinterestsgraduallywiderandmoreimpersonal,untilbitbybitthewallsoftheegorecede,andyourlifebecomesincreasinglymergedintheuniversallife.Anindividualhumanexistenceshouldbelikeariver--smallatfirst,narrowlycontainedwithinitsbanks,andrushingpassionatelypastbouldersandoverwaterfalls.Graduallytherivergrowswider,thebanksrecede,thewatersflowmorequietly,andintheend,withoutanyvisiblebreak,theybecomemergedinthesea,andpainlessly