江蘇省南通市海安市2024-2025學(xué)年高三下學(xué)期開學(xué)英語試題 含解析

2025屆高三第二學(xué)期期初學(xué)業(yè)質(zhì)量監(jiān)測英語注意事項(xiàng)考生在答題前請認(rèn)真閱讀本注意事項(xiàng)及各題答題要求1、本試卷共10頁，滿分150分，考試時間為120分鐘?？荚嚱Y(jié)束后，請將答題卷交回。2、答題前，請您務(wù)必將自己的姓名、準(zhǔn)考證號、座位號用0.5毫米黑色字跡簽字筆填寫在答題卷上。3、請認(rèn)真核對監(jiān)考員在答題卡上所粘貼的條形碼上的姓名、考試證號與你本人的是否相符。4、作答選擇題必須用2B鉛筆把答題卡對應(yīng)題目的答案標(biāo)號涂黑。如需改動，請用橡皮擦干凈后，再選涂其它答案。作答非選擇題必須用書寫黑色字跡的0.5毫米的簽字筆寫在答題卷上的指定位置，在其它位置作答一律無效。第一部分：聽力（共兩節(jié)，滿分30分）第一部分：聽力（共兩節(jié)，滿分30分）第一節(jié)（共5小題；每小題1.5分，滿分7.5分）聽下面的5段對話。每段對話后都有一個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。聽完每段對話后，你都有10秒鐘的時間來回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對話僅讀一遍。1.Whattimedoesthewomanwanttoleavetheareaby?A.6p.m.B.7p.m.C.9p.m.2.Whatwasthewomandoingwhentheearthquakeoccurred?A.Driving.B.Telephoning.C.Sweepingthefloor.3.Whatisthewomantellingtheman?A.Shewon’tallowhimtoattendtheconcert.B.Shewillgethimtowatchtheconcertonline.C.Shehasboughtticketstotheconcertforhim.4.Whatdoesthewomanthinkaboutthecontradiction?A.Itisanerrormadebythepoet.B.Itisusedtohintatthepoem’sdeeperthought.C.Itisusedtoshowthecomplexpersonalityofpoet.5.Whatdoesthewomanwantthemantodo?A.Placeanordertobuythebookonline.B.Giveherpermissionofborrowingabook.C.Allowherextratimetocompleteherwork.第二節(jié)（共15小題：每小題1.5分，滿分22.5分）聽下面5段對話或獨(dú)白。每段對話或獨(dú)白后有幾個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽每段對話或獨(dú)白前，你將有時間閱讀各個小題，每小題5秒鐘：聽完后，各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時間。每段對話或獨(dú)白讀兩遍。聽第6段材料，回答第6、7題。6.Whatistherelationshipbetweenthespeakers?A.Co-workers.B.Hotelstaffandguest.C.Waiterandcustomer.7.Wheremustpeoplestayunlesstoldotherwise?A.IntheirroomsB.Inthebasement.C.Intherestaurant.聽第7段材料，回答第8至10題。8.Whatisthemaintopicoftheconversation?A.Aschoolproject.B.Medicaldiscoveries.C.Theimportanceoferrors.9.WhatwasDr.JosephListerfamousfor?A.Discoveringhowtopreventinfectionsduringsurgery.B.Discoveringthedrugpenicillin.C.Performingthefirstsuccessfulsurgery.10.Howdoesthewoman’sfeelingchangeduringtheconversation?A.Fromamusedtoamazed.B.Fromdisappointedtorelieved.C.Fromindifferenttocurious.聽第8段材料，回答第11至13題。11.Whatarethespeakersmainlytalkingabout?A.Howtobettercommunicatewithforeigners.B.Whattolearnaboutothercountries.C.Whentotravelabroad.12.Whatdoesthemansuggestpeopledotoavoidmisunderstanding?A.Bepatientwhilecommunicating.B.Studydifferentnationalpolicies.C.Learnaboutothercountries’cultures.13.Howdoesthewomansoundintheend?A.Humorous.B.Curious.C.Grateful.聽第9段材料，回答第14至16題。14.Whatwastheweatherlikewhenthewomanvisitedthetheatre?A.Rainy.B.Sunny.C.Snowy.15.Whydidthewomanchoosetositratherthanstand?A.Shewantedtostaywithhermother.B.Shethoughtitwouldbemorefun.C.Shethoughtthestandingsectionwastooexpensive.16.WhichkindofShakespeare’splaysdoesthewomangenerallyprefer?A.Tragedies.B.Histories.C.Comedies.聽第10段材料，回答第17至20題。17.Whoisthespeaker’sfavoritefamousexplorer?A.ZhengHe.B.MarcoPolo.C.FerdinandMagellan.18.Inwhatyearwasthespeakerprobablyborn?A.1984.B.1994.C.2004.19.Whichbranchofoceanographyspecializesinstudyingthebottomoftheocean?A.Physical.B.Geological.C.Biological.20.Whydidthespeakerfeelexcitedabouthisfirstmission?A.Hesawalotofseacreatures.B.Heenjoyedthefreedomatsea.C.Heexploredsomesunkenships第二部分：閱讀（共兩節(jié)，滿分50分）第一節(jié)（共15小題：每小題2.5分，滿分37.5分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。AInhistory,economistshavecontributedgreatlytothefieldofeconomicsandchangedsociety.AdamSmith(1723—1790)AdamSmithisbestknownforAnInquiryintotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNations,oneoftheearliestandthemostfamousworksonindustryandcommerce.Smith’sargumentsagainstmercantilism(重商主義)andinfavoroffreetradewereachallengetomuchoftheprotectionismthatwasinfluentialinthemid-18thcentury.Today,he’softencalled“thefatherofmoderneconomics”.Inaglobalizedworld,imaginehowmuchslowerlifewouldbe,hadfree,opentradenotbeenencouraged.DavidRicardo(1772—1823)RicardojoinedhisfathertoworkontheLondonStockExchangeattheageof14andquicklybecamesuccessful.AfterreadingAdamSmith’sTheWealthofNations,hetookaninterestineconomics.Ricardoheldthebeliefthatnationsshouldspecializeforthegreatergood.Hecarriedforwardtheargumentagainstprotectionism,andshowedthatlandlordsseizingwealthattheexpenseoflaborerswasnotbeneficialforsociety.AlfredMarshall(1842—1924)Marshalliscreditedwithattemptingtoapplymathematicstoeconomicstoturneconomicsintomoreofasciencethanaphilosophy.Despitehisemphasisonmath,Marshallsparednoefforttomakehisworkaccessibletoregularpeople;hisEconomicsofIndustrybecamewidelyusedinEnglandasacurriculum.Healsospentalmost10yearsworkingonthemorescientificPrinciplesofEconomics,whichprovedtobehismostimportantwork.JohnMaynardKeynes(1883—1946)Thesix-foot-sixBritacceptedalectureshipatCambridgethatwaspersonallyfundedbyAlfredMarshall,whosesupplyanddemandcurveswerethebasisformuchofKeynes’work.Heisrememberedforstandingupforthegovernmentmonetarypolicytoreducethenegativeeffectsofeconomicdepressionsandbooms.Hisinfluentialwork,TheGeneralTheoryofEmployment,Interestandmoney,advocatedgovernmentinterventiontopromoteconsumptionandinvesting.ItparticularlypushedtorelievetheglobalGreatDepressionthatwasspreadingatthetime.1.WhatdidAdamSmithandDavidRicardohaveincommon?A.Theirargumentswerethoughthighlyofatthattime.B.Theirideaslaidafoundationforthemoderneconomics.C.Theywereopposedtothethen-influentialprotectionism.D.Theythoughtmercantilismslowedthesocialdevelopment.2.HowwasAlfredMarshalldifferentfromtheothereconomists?A.Hefocusedonpracticalapplications. B.Hemadeeconomicsmorescientific.C.Hedesignedauniversitycurriculum. D.Hewrotemanyworksoneconomics.3.WhatisJohnMaynardKeynesmostfamousfor?A.Developingsupplyanddemandcurves. B.Restrictingconsumptionandinvestment.C.Workingoutgovernmentmonetarypolicy. D.Facilitatingthereliefofeconomicdepressions.【答案】1.C2.B3.D【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇應(yīng)用文。本文介紹了四位著名的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家及其對經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域和社會的巨大貢獻(xiàn)?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)AdamSmith部分“Smith’sargumentsagainstmercantilismandinfavoroffreetradewereachallengetomuchoftheprotectionismthatwasinfluentialinthemid-18thcentury.(史密斯反對重商主義、支持自由貿(mào)易的觀點(diǎn)，對18世紀(jì)中期頗具影響力的保護(hù)主義構(gòu)成了挑戰(zhàn))”和DavidRicardo部分“Hecarriedforwardtheargumentagainstprotectionism,andshowedthatlandlordsseizingwealthattheexpenseoflaborerswasnotbeneficialforsociety.(他發(fā)揚(yáng)了反對保護(hù)主義的觀點(diǎn)，并指出地主以犧牲勞動者為代價奪取財富對社會是不利的)”可知，AdamSmith和DavidRicardo都反對保護(hù)主義。故選C?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)AlfredMarshall部分“Marshalliscreditedwithattemptingtoapplymathematicstoeconomicstoturneconomicsintomoreofasciencethanaphilosophy.(馬歇爾試圖將數(shù)學(xué)應(yīng)用于經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)，使經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)更像是一門科學(xué)，而不是一門哲學(xué))”可知，Marshall嘗試將數(shù)學(xué)應(yīng)用于經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)，使經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)更像是一門科學(xué)。故選B?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)JohnMaynardKeynes部分“Heisrememberedforstandingupforthegovernmentmonetarypolicytoreducethenegativeeffectsofeconomicdepressionsandbooms.(人們記得他支持政府的貨幣政策，以減少經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條和繁榮的負(fù)面影響)”可知，Keynes以倡導(dǎo)政府采用貨幣政策來減少經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退和繁榮的負(fù)面影響而出名。故選D。BWhenmysonstartedpreschool,Irealizedhewasdifferent.Almosteverymorningatdrop-off,hewouldholdontomyleguntilIcouldfreemyselfandrunawayfeelingguilty.Isoonlearnedthathespentmostdayswithhisheadonhisdesk,refusingtospeakormakeeyecontactwithanyone.However,hehadnoproblemspeakingathome,whichpuzzledme.Itwasn’tlongbeforehewasdiagnosedwithselectivemutism(SM),arareformofanxietycharacterizedbytheinabilitytospeakincertainsituations.Forachildlikehim,schoolandothersocialsituationscanbeespeciallystressful,whichexplainedwhymysondidn’twantmetoleavehimthere.Iwentintofullmamabearmode.Eachyear,1wroteadetailedemailtohisclassroomteacherbeforethestartofschool,givingtheminformationonhowtodealwithhiminclass.Butinalargepublicschool,withnearly40kidsperclassandonlyonecounselor(顧問)todealwitheverything,myemailsoftenwentignored,andmysonrarelyreceivedthesupportheneeded.AndwhenIturnedtotheadministration,theysuggestedwefindanotherschool.However,mysonbeggedmetokeephiminthesameschoolwithhisoldersister,insistingifhehadtogotoschool,helikedknowingshewasinthebuilding.Againstourbetterjudgmentwedecidedtotrusthimandlethimlead.Tooursurprise,hiscompetitivenaturemadehimadeterminedstudent,andhisgradesreflectedhiseffort.Becauseofhisspirit,Ibecameapositiveadvocateforhim,sodidhisfourth-gradeteacher.Afterconstantefforts,wecameupwithsolutionsthatmetthecurriculumwithinhislevelofcomfort.Now,heisstillalittlenervousaboutschool,butI’mlessanxiousknowinghehasthetoolsandthesupportheneedstocope.Hefeelsempoweredtoemailhisteachersandaskforhelpoutsideofclass.He’splayingsoccerwithateamofboyshecallshis“friends”.Andforthefirsttimeinalongtime,heletgoofmyleg,wavedgoodbyeandwalkedintotheschoolbuildingtofacetheday.4.Whatcausedtheauthortorealizethathersonwasspecial?A.Hisunwillingnesstoobeyrules. B.Hisabnormalbehaviorsatschool.C.Hisinabilitytospeaktostrangers. D.Hisguiltaboutbeingoverlydepended.5.Whatcanwelearnfromparagraph3?A.Theteachersoverlookedthoseemailsandwerereluctanttohelptheboy.B.Asenseofsecurityfromthesistermadetheboyrefusetochangeschools.C.Thefullmamabearmodewasaneffectiveapproachtotheboy’sproblem.D.Theadministrationwasfullycooperativeinaddressingtheauthor’sconcerns.6.Whatisthekeyfactoroftheson’sprogress?A.Thetransferofhisschool. B.Thecompanyofhisfamily.C.Theinnerdriveoftheboy. D.Thesupportoftheteachers.7.Whatmessagedoesthestoryseemtoconvey?A.Amother’sloveiseternal. B.Misfortunesnevercomesingly.C.Chancesalwaysfavorthosewhoareprepared. D.Whenthegoinggetstough,thetoughgetgoing.【答案】4.B5.B6.C7.D【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了作者兒子被診斷患有選擇性緘默癥，在學(xué)校面臨困境，最終在自身努力和各方支持下取得進(jìn)步的故事?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“Almosteverymorningatdropoff,hewouldholdontomyleguntilIcouldfreemyselfandrunawayfeelingguilty.Isoonlearnedthathespentmostdayswithhisheadonhisdesk,refusingtospeakormakeeyecontactwithanyone.However,hehadnoproblemspeakingathome,whichpuzzledme.(幾乎每天早上送他上學(xué)時，他都會緊緊抱住我的腿，直到我掙脫開，然后我會心懷愧疚地跑開。我很快了解到，他大部分時間都把頭趴在桌子上，拒絕和任何人說話或進(jìn)行眼神交流。然而，他在家里說話卻毫無問題，這讓我很困惑)”可知，作者兒子在學(xué)校的異常行為讓作者意識到他與眾不同。故選B項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中“AndwhenIturnedtotheadministration,theysuggestedwefindanotherschool.However,mysonbeggedmetokeephiminthesameschoolwithhisoldersister,insistingifhehadtogotoschool,helikedknowingshewasinthebuilding.(當(dāng)我向行政部門求助時，他們建議我們找另一所學(xué)校。然而，我兒子懇求我讓他和他姐姐在同一所學(xué)校，堅(jiān)持說如果他必須上學(xué)，他喜歡知道姐姐在這棟樓里)”可知，兒子想要跟姐姐在同一所學(xué)校讀書，拒絕換校。由此推知，姐姐帶來的安全感讓男孩拒絕換學(xué)校。故選B項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中“Tooursurprise,hiscompetitivenaturemadehimadeterminedstudent,andhisgradesreflectedhiseffort.(令我們驚訝的是，他的競爭天性使他成為一名有決心的學(xué)生，他的成績反映了他的努力)”可知，男孩的競爭天性，即他的內(nèi)在動力是他取得進(jìn)步的關(guān)鍵因素。故選C項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】推理判斷題。通讀全文，結(jié)合第四段中“Tooursurprise,hiscompetitivenaturemadehimadeterminedstudent,andhisgradesreflectedhiseffort.(令我們驚訝的是，他的競爭天性使他成為一名有決心的學(xué)生，他的成績反映了他的努力)”和最后一段“Now,heisstillalittlenervousaboutschool,butI’mlessanxiousknowinghehasthetoolsandthesupportheneedstocope.Hefeelsempoweredtoemailhisteachersandaskforhelpoutsideofclass.He’splayingsoccerwithateamofboyshecallshis‘friends’.Andforthefirsttimeinalongtime,heletgoofmyleg,wavedgoodbyeandwalkedintotheschoolbuildingtofacetheday.(現(xiàn)在，他仍然對學(xué)校有點(diǎn)緊張，但知道他有應(yīng)對所需的方法和支持，我就沒那么焦慮了。他有信心給老師發(fā)郵件并在課外尋求幫助。他正在和一群他稱之為“朋友”的男孩一起踢足球。很長時間以來，他第一次松開我的腿，揮手告別，然后走進(jìn)學(xué)校大樓去迎接新的一天)”可知，男孩患有選擇性緘默癥，在學(xué)校面臨諸多困難，但他憑借自身的努力和決心取得了進(jìn)步。由此推知，這哥故事體現(xiàn)了“Whenthegoinggetstough,thetoughgetgoing.(當(dāng)生活艱難時，強(qiáng)者會勇往直前)”的道理。故選D項(xiàng)。CIn1995,LarryPage,ayoungcomputerstudentatStanfordUniversity,listedabout10ideasforthesubjectofhisdissertation(學(xué)位論文).Heultimatelychosetheoptionconcerningchartingthehyperlinksbetweensites,whichlaterpermanentlychangedthewaywenavigate(瀏覽)theInternetandearnedPagearound$100billion.Researchshowsthatpeoplerarelyassessthevalueoftheirownideasaccurately.Thismeansweoftenfailtoseethepotentialinourbestideas,leadingustoabandonthemandwastetimeonlesspromisingventures.Fortunately,thesestudiesalsosuggestsomecleverwaystoavoidmakingthismistake.OneinsightfulstudycomesfromProfessorJustinBerg.Inhisexperiments,heaskedparticipantstoinventnewproductsorservices.Theparticipantsfirstbrainstormedalistofideas,whichtheyrankedinorderofpreference,afterwhichtheyweregivenmoretimetodeveloptheirconcepts.Ateamofindependentjudgesthenratedthequalityofthefinaldesigns.Bergfoundthatingeneral,theparticipantspreferredtheconceptsthatwerethemostconcreteandwhichinitiallyappearedtobetheeasiesttoapply.Thismeantthattheyoftenoverlookedslightlymoreabstractideasthatwerenotimmediatelypractical.Withdevelopment,however,thepotentialusesoftheabstractideassoonbecameapparent-leadingthemtobemorepopularwiththeindependentjudges.AsBerg’sresultsshow,wemaybeconsistentlymissingoutonourbestideas.Onewaytoimproveourjudgmentsmaybetoencouragetherightkindofreflectivethinking.Berg,forinstance,foundhecouldimproveparticipants’forecastsbyaskingthemtojustifywhytheyhadchosentheirrankings.Withextrathought,anabstractideathatinitiallyappearedlesspromisingwillbegintogainsubstanceandmightsoonstarttoseemmoreexciting.WemayneverknowwhatmadeLarryPageleavehisotherideas,buttheabovetechniquecanhelpusidentifytheprojectswiththegreatestpotential.Wecanpickoutthegoldfromthedebris(碎片)ofourcreativityandneverriskwastingatrillion-dollaridea.8.WhydoestheauthormentionLarryPageinparagraph1?A.ToprovethatpromisingideascanbringenormouswealthB.TotellusthatBerg’sstudyisbasedonPage’sdissertation.C.ToshowtheimportanceofidentifyingthemostbrilliantideaD.ToemphasizehiscontributiontothedevelopmentoftheInternet.9.WhatdidBerg’sexperimentsrevealabouttheparticipants?A.Theyfavoredabstractideasoverconcreteones. B.Theytendedtochooseideaswithgreatpotential.CTheyoftenneglectedlesspracticalideasinitially. D.Theytookthejudges’preferencesintoconsideration.10.Howcanweimproveourjudgmentsaccordingtothetext?A.Rankingtheideasatrandom. B.Appreciatingtheideasofothers.C.Lookingatthepositivesideofanoption. D.Exploringthemotivationsbehindourchoices.11.Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A.HowtoIdentifyTrulyGreatIdeas B.WhyWeArePoorDecision-MakersC.WhyOurBrainFavorstheConcrete D.HowtoChooseaPromisingPaperTopic【答案】8.C9.C10.D11.A【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。本文主要通過LarryPage的例子引出人們往往不能準(zhǔn)確評估自己想法的價值這一現(xiàn)象，介紹了Berg的相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)及結(jié)果，并提出了避免這一問題的方法。【8題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中“Heultimatelychosetheoptionconcerningchartingthehyperlinksbetweensites,whichlaterpermanentlychangedthewaywenavigate(瀏覽)theInternetandearnedPagearound$100billion.(他最終選擇了將網(wǎng)站間的超鏈接繪制成圖表，這一做法后來永久性地改變了我們?yōu)g覽互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的方式，并為Page帶來了大約1000億美元的收入。)”提到LarryPage最終選擇的想法徹底改變了人們?yōu)g覽互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的方式并為他帶來了巨額財富，結(jié)合第二段“Researchshowsthatpeoplerarelyassessthevalueoftheirownideasaccurately.(研究表明，人們很少能準(zhǔn)確地評估自己想法的價值。)”可推知，作者提及LarryPage是為了說明識別最具價值的想法的重要性。故選C?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中“Bergfoundthatingeneral,theparticipantspreferredtheconceptsthatwerethemostconcreteandwhichinitiallyappearedtobetheeasiesttoapply.Thismeantthattheyoftenoverlookedslightlymoreabstractideasthatwerenotimmediatelypractical.(Berg發(fā)現(xiàn)，總的來說，參與者更喜歡那些最具體的概念，那些最初看起來最容易應(yīng)用的概念。這意味著他們經(jīng)常會忽略一些抽象的想法，而這些想法并不能立即付諸實(shí)踐。)”可知，Berg的實(shí)驗(yàn)揭示了參與者通常更喜歡最具體、最初看起來最容易應(yīng)用的概念，往往忽略了那些不太實(shí)用的抽象想法。故選C?！?0題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中“Onewaytoimproveourjudgmentsmaybetoencouragetherightkindofreflectivethinking.Berg,forinstance,foundhecouldimproveparticipants’forecastsbyaskingthemtojustifywhytheyhadchosentheirrankings.(提高我們判斷能力的一種方法可能是鼓勵正確的反思性思維。例如，Berg發(fā)現(xiàn)，他可以通過讓參與者解釋為什么選擇自己的排名來提高他們的預(yù)測。)”可推知，通過思考自己選擇背后的動機(jī)，即進(jìn)行正確的反思性思考，可以提高我們的判斷力。故選D。【11題詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章大意以及第二段“Researchshowsthatpeoplerarelyassessthevalueoftheirownideasaccurately.Thismeansweoftenfailtoseethepotentialinourbestideas,leadingustoabandonthemandwastetimeonlesspromisingventures.Fortunately,thesestudiesalsosuggestsomecleverwaystoavoidmakingthismistake.(研究表明，人們很少能準(zhǔn)確地評估自己想法的價值。這意味著我們經(jīng)?？床坏轿覀冏詈玫南敕ǖ臐摿?，導(dǎo)致我們放棄它們，把時間浪費(fèi)在不太有希望的冒險上。幸運(yùn)的是，這些研究也提出了一些避免犯這個錯誤的聰明方法。)”可知，文章圍繞人們難以準(zhǔn)確評估自己想法的價值展開，介紹了相關(guān)研究及提高判斷力、識別最有潛力想法的方法，A選項(xiàng)“如何識別真正偉大的想法”符合文意，適合作為文章的標(biāo)題。故選A。DThegutecosysteminthefirstfewyearsofourlivesiskeytoalifetimeofgoodhealth.Theconditionoftheinfantmicrobiome(微生物群系)canparticularlyberelatedtotheriskofdiseasesyearslater,includingmalnutritionanddiabetes.Thus,controllingthetypesofbacteriaintheinfantgutcouldhelpcontroldiseaseriskandhavelong-termhealthbenefits.Theteam,ledbyKanaYahagi,amicrobiologistatYakultCentralInstituteinTokyo,Japan,isseekingtodecodethegeneticandmetabolic(代謝的)mechanismsbehindhowthemicrobiomeintheinfantgutdevelopsincriticalstagesoflifebyfollowingagroupofindividualsoverlongperiods,startingfrombirth.In2016,researchersatYakultCentralInstituteshowedforthefirsttimethegeneticmechanismbehindthetransformationoverthefirstmonthafterbirthandfoundthatastrain(菌株)ofthebeneficialbacteria-Bifidobacterium-uniquetoinfantseffectivelyusedthesugarsinbreastmilk.Thestrainhasageneresponsibleforproducingproteinsthatimportoligosaccharidesfrombreastmilkintothebacteria,wheretheyarebrokendownandtransformedintoenergy.Inafollow-upstudyonthesamepeoplein2021,theresearchersanalyzedfaecal(糞便)samplesofhealthybreast-fedinfantsoverthefirsttwoyearsoftheirlives.Theyfoundthattheinfantmicrobiomedevelopedinthreestages,eachdominatedbyadifferentgroupofbacteria:thefirstbyEnterobacterales,thesecondbyBifidobacterialesandthethirdbyClostridiales.Thediscoverythatallinfantsunderwentthesechangeswasunexpected,giventhediversityintheadultmicrobiome,saysYahagi.However,thetimingofthesecondstage,whenBifidobacterialesbecamedominant,variedamonginfants.Somemadetheswitchwithinseveraldaysafterbirth,butothersonlychangedaftersixmonths.“There’slikelyatimewindowinwhichinfantsshouldhavecertaintypesofmicroorganismsintheirgut,”saysNaokiTsukuda,amicrobiologistatYakultCentralInstitute.“Maturingtoolate,ortooearly,bothappeartoincreasediseaserisk.Butwhatcausestheindividualdifferences?Westillhavenoideanow.”12.Whatdoesthesecondparagraphtalkaboutconcerningthestudy?A.Thepurpose. B.Theprocess.C.Thepracticalapplication. D.Thebackgroundinformation.13.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“they”refertoinparagraph3?A.Oligosaccharides. B.Bacteria. C.Proteins. D.Genes.14.Whatcanwelearnaboutthefollow-upstudy?A.Theresearchersmadethediscoverythroughsampleanalysis.B.Everyinfantmicrobiomedevelopedinthreestagesasexpected.C.ThedominanceofBifidobacterialesoccurredsimultaneouslyininfants.D.Astrainofthebeneficialbacteriauniquetoinfantswasfoundforthefirsttime.15.Whatmayfurtherresearchaboutinfantsmicrobiomefocuson?A.Thediversityofmicroorganisms.B.Thebenefitsofbreastmilktothegutecosystem.C.TheexplorationofmorestagesdominatedbybacteriaD.Thereasonsforthedifferenttimingofthesecondstage.【答案】12.A13.A14.A15.D【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了研究人員對于嬰兒腸道微生物群系的研究，包括其與健康的關(guān)系、發(fā)展階段以及研究發(fā)現(xiàn)和待解決的問題等?！?2題詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“Theteam,ledbyKanaYahagi,amicrobiologistatYakultCentralInstituteinTokyo,Japan,isseekingtodecodethegeneticandmetabolic(代謝的)mechanismsbehindhowthemicrobiomeintheinfantgutdevelopsincriticalstagesoflifebyfollowingagroupofindividualsoverlongperiods,startingfrombirth.(由日本東京養(yǎng)樂多中央研究所（YakultCentralInstitute）的微生物學(xué)家KanaYahagi領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研究小組，正試圖通過長期跟蹤一組個體，從出生開始，破解嬰兒腸道微生物群在生命關(guān)鍵階段發(fā)育背后的遺傳和代謝機(jī)制。)”可知，該團(tuán)隊(duì)試圖通過長期跟蹤一組從出生開始的個體，來解碼嬰兒腸道微生物群落在生命關(guān)鍵階段發(fā)展背后的遺傳和代謝機(jī)制，這是在說明研究的目的。故選A項(xiàng)?！?3題詳解】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第三段中“Thestrainhasageneresponsibleforproducingproteinsthatimportoligosaccharidesfrombreastmilkintothebacteria,wheretheyarebrokendownandtransformedintoenergy.(這種菌株有一種基因，負(fù)責(zé)產(chǎn)生蛋白質(zhì)，將母乳中的低聚糖輸入細(xì)菌，在那里它們被分解并轉(zhuǎn)化為能量。)”可知，they指代的是前面提到的“oligosaccharides”，即低聚糖被從母乳中導(dǎo)入細(xì)菌后，在細(xì)菌中被分解并轉(zhuǎn)化為能量。故選A項(xiàng)?！?4題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中“Inafollow-upstudyonthesamepeoplein2021,theresearchersanalyzedfaecalsamplesofhealthybreast-fedinfantsoverthefirsttwoyearsoftheirlives.(在2021年對這些人進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)后續(xù)研究中，研究人員分析了健康母乳喂養(yǎng)嬰兒在他們生命的頭兩年里的糞便樣本。)”可知，研究人員是通過分析糞便樣本進(jìn)行后續(xù)研究的。故選A項(xiàng)?！?5題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中““There’slikelyatimewindowinwhichinfantsshouldhavecertaintypesofmicroorganismsintheirgut,”saysNaokiTsukuda,amicrobiologistatYakultCentralInstitute.“Maturingtoolate,ortooearly,bothappeartoincreasediseaserisk.Butwhatcausestheindividualdifferences?Westillhavenoideanow.”(養(yǎng)樂多中心研究所（YakultCentralInstitute）的微生物學(xué)家NaokiTsukuda說：“嬰兒的腸道中可能存在某種類型的微生物?！薄俺墒斓锰t或太早，似乎都增加了患病風(fēng)險。但是是什么導(dǎo)致了個體差異呢？我們現(xiàn)在還不知道?！?”可知，目前還不知道嬰兒腸道微生物群落第二階段時間差異的原因，所以后續(xù)研究可能會集中在這方面。故選D項(xiàng)。第二節(jié)（共5小題：每小題2.5分，滿分12.5分）閱讀下面短文，從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。Wheneducationfailstokeeppacewithtechnology,theresultisinequality.Withouttheskillstostayusefulasinnovationsarrive,workerssuffer.____16____ThatfundamentalinsightseizedreformersintheIndustrialRevolution,boostingstate-fundeduniversalschooling.Thecombinationofeducationandinnovation,spreadoverdecades,ledtoaremarkablefloweringofprosperity.Today,roboticsandartificialintelligencecallforanothereducationrevolution.However,thistime,workinglivesaresolengthyandfast-changingthatsimplyaddingmoreschoolingatthestartisnotenough.Peoplemustalsobeabletoacquirenewskillsthroughouttheircareers.Lifelonglearningstartsatschool.Asarule,educationshouldnotbenarrowlyvocational(職業(yè)的)____17____Afocuson“thinkingaboutone’sthinking”willmakethembetteratpickingupskillslaterinlife.Themarketisinnovatingtoofferemployeeschancesto.learnandearninnewways.Providersarebuildingbusinessesonthepromiseofboostingandrestartingcareers.Massiveopenonlinecourses(MOOCs)haveshiftedawayfromlecturesonPlatoorblackholesinfavourofcoursesthatmaketheirstudentsmoreemployable.____18____Companiescanalsoencouragetheirstafftolearn.AT&T,atelecomsfirmwantingtoequipitsworkforcewithdigitalskillsspends$30mayearonpayingemployees’tuitioncosts.____19____Thisisparticularlyusefulforworkersinsmallfirmsortheself-employed,forwhomcompany-providedtrainingisunlikely.Aunion-runtrainingprogrammeinBritainhassupportfrompoliticalpartiesontherightandleft.Ifnewwaysoflearningaretohelpthosewhoneedthemmost,policymakersshouldbeaimingforsomethingfarmorefundamentalorextensive.Governmentshaveavitalrole—notjustbyspendingmore,butalsobyspendingwisely.Onewayisforcitizenstoreceivevouchers(抵用券)thattheycanusetopayfortraining.____20____Ithasgivenmoneytoeveryoneover25tospendonanyofthe500approvedcourses.A.Singaporehassuch“individuallearningaccounts”.B.Theimportanceoflifelonglearningcannotbeoverstated.C.Andifenoughofthemfallbehind,societystartstofallapart.D.Thecurriculumneedstoteachchildrenhowtostudyandthink.E.Besides,tradeunionscanplayausefulroleasorganizersoflifelonglearning.F.Universitiesenableworkerstoimprovetheirskillsbyofferingdegreesonline.G.However,companiesshouldnotrelyonlyontradeunionsforemployeetraining.【答案】16.C17.D18.F19.E20.A【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇議論文。文章論述了教育應(yīng)與時俱進(jìn)，如今機(jī)器人技術(shù)和人工智能要求開展教育革命，強(qiáng)調(diào)終身學(xué)習(xí)的重要性，并提出了一些實(shí)現(xiàn)終身學(xué)習(xí)的途徑和建議?！?6題詳解】上文“Wheneducationfailstokeeppacewithtechnology,theresultisinequality.Withouttheskillstostayusefulasinnovationsarrive,workerssuffer.(當(dāng)教育跟不上技術(shù)的發(fā)展時，結(jié)果就是不平等。隨著創(chuàng)新的到來，沒有保持自身技能實(shí)用性的工人會受苦)”指出教育落后導(dǎo)致工人受苦，C選項(xiàng)“Andifenoughofthemfallbehind,societystartstofallapart.(如果有足夠多的人落后，社會就會開始瓦解)”進(jìn)一步說明如果大量工人因教育問題落后，會對社會造成嚴(yán)重后果，與上文構(gòu)成遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，符合邏輯。故選C項(xiàng)。【17題詳解】上文“Asarule,educationshouldnotbenarrowlyvocational(一般來說，教育不應(yīng)該過于狹隘地職業(yè)化)”強(qiáng)調(diào)教育不應(yīng)局限于職業(yè)，D選項(xiàng)“Thecurriculumneedstoteachchildrenhowtostudyandthink.(課程需要教孩子們?nèi)绾螌W(xué)習(xí)和思考)”指出課程應(yīng)注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)習(xí)和思考能力，與上文提到的教育不應(yīng)狹隘職業(yè)化相呼應(yīng)，且后文“Afocuson“thinkingaboutone’sthinking”willmakethembetteratpickingupskillslaterinlife.(關(guān)注‘思考自己的思考方式’將使他們在以后的生活中更善于學(xué)習(xí)技能)”也說明了培養(yǎng)思考能力的重要性，上下文邏輯連貫。故選D項(xiàng)。【18題詳解】上文“Massiveopenonlinecourses(MOOCs)haveshiftedawayfromlecturesonPlatoorblackholesinfavourofcoursesthatmaketheirstudentsmoreemployable.(大規(guī)模開放在線課程(MOOCs)已經(jīng)從關(guān)于柏拉圖或黑洞的講座轉(zhuǎn)向了讓學(xué)生更具就業(yè)能力的課程)”提到在線課程的轉(zhuǎn)變，F(xiàn)選項(xiàng)“Universitiesenableworkerstoimprovetheirskillsbyofferingdegreesonline.(大學(xué)通過提供在線學(xué)位讓工人提高技能)”進(jìn)一步說明大學(xué)通過在線方式幫助工人提升技能，與上文關(guān)于在線學(xué)習(xí)的內(nèi)容相契合，都是在闡述通過新的方式幫助人們提升技能以適應(yīng)就業(yè)。故選F項(xiàng)?！?9題詳解】上文“Companiescanalsoencouragetheirstafftolearn.AT&T,atelecomsfirmwantingtoequipitsworkforcewithdigitalskillsspends$30mayearonpayingemployees’tuitioncosts.(公司也可以鼓勵員工學(xué)習(xí)。美國電話電報公司(AT&T)是一家電信公司，它想讓員工具備數(shù)字技能，每年要花3000萬美元支付員工的學(xué)費(fèi))”舉例說明公司可以為員工提供培訓(xùn)，E選項(xiàng)“Besides,tradeunionscanplayausefulroleasorganizersoflifelonglearning.(此外，工會可以作為終身學(xué)習(xí)的組織者發(fā)揮有益作用)”與上文構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系，介紹了另一種培訓(xùn)方式：工會組織培訓(xùn)。下文“Thisisparticularlyusefulforworkersinsmallfirmsortheselfemployed,forwhomcompanyprovidedtrainingisunlikely.(這對小公司的員工或個體經(jīng)營者特別有用，因?yàn)樗麄儾惶赡塬@得公司提供的培訓(xùn))”進(jìn)一步說明工會培訓(xùn)的優(yōu)勢，是對公司培訓(xùn)模式的補(bǔ)充，上下文邏輯連貫。故選E項(xiàng)?！?0題詳解】上文“Governmentshaveavitalrole-notjustbyspendingmore,butalsobyspendingwisely.

Onewayisforcitizenstoreceivevouchers(抵用券)thattheycanusetopayfortraining.(政府扮演著至關(guān)重要的角色——不僅要增加支出，還要明智地支出。一種方法是讓公民獲得可以用來支付培訓(xùn)費(fèi)用的抵用券)”提出一種政府促進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)的方式，A選項(xiàng)“Singaporehassuch“individuallearningaccounts”.(新加坡有這樣的‘個人學(xué)習(xí)賬戶’)”舉例說明新加坡有類似的做法，即通過“個人學(xué)習(xí)賬戶”讓公民有資金用于培訓(xùn)，與上文提到的抵用券方式類似，是對上文的舉例說明。故選A項(xiàng)。第三部分：語言運(yùn)用（共兩節(jié)，滿分30分）第一節(jié)（共15小題：每小題1分，滿分15分）閱讀下面短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項(xiàng)中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。