英語課件 外研版（2019）選擇性必修四 Unit5 Starting out

Unit5IntotheunknownStartingout&UnderstandingideasBYMICHELLEStartingout01Somenaturalphenomenaarereallyamazing.Whatnaturalphenomenaareyoufamiliarwith?theearthquakethemiragethesolareclipsethunderandlightningWhatdoyouknowmoreaboutthem???Watchthevideoandanswerthequestions.Whatnaturalphenomenaarementioned?Howweretheseexplainedinthepast?Whatarethescientificexplanationsbehindthem?Whatnaturalphenomenaarementioned?Theearth-quake,thesolareclipse,thunderandlightning,themirage.Theearth-quakeTheancientpeople’sexplanationsThemodernscientificexplanationsNativeAmericansused

tobelievethatearthquakeswerecausedby

astrugglebetweenalargebird,calledthe

Thunderbird,anda

whale.AnancientJapanese

beliefwasthatearthquakeswerecausedby

themovementsofagiantcatfishthatcarried

theworldonitsback.Scientistsnowknowthatearthquakesareactuallycausedbythemovementoftectonicplates.ThesolareclipseTheancientpeople’sexplanationsThemodernscientificexplanationsInmanycultures,therewereancientbeliefsthatsolareclipseswerecausedbyacreatureeatingthesun.InVietnam,thatcreaturewasagiantfrog.InNorway,awolf,andinChina,itwasahugedog.Infact,solareclipseshappenwhentheMoonpassesbetweenEarthandtheSuntemporarilyblockingtheSun’slight.ThunderandlightningTheancientpeople’sexplanationsThemodernscientificexplanationsInMedievalEurope,peoplethoughtthatsupernaturalforcescausedit,whichwasasignofbadtimesahead.Modernsciencetellsusthatlightningisanelectricchargemovingbetweencloudsandtheearth.Thunderisashockwaveofsoundcausedbylightning.ThemirageTheancientpeople’sexplanationsThemodernscientificexplanationsInAncientChina,peoplebelievedthatthiswasactuallycausedbythebreathofadragon.Thesedays,peopleknowthatamiragehappenswhenlayersofairwithvaryingtemperaturescausedlighttobend.Lookatthepicturesandanswerthequestions.Whatdoyouknowaboutthesemysteries?Whatotherunsolvedmysteriesdoyouknowof?Whichofthesedoyoumostwanttoinvestigate?AtlantisAtlantisisalegendarycity,whichisdescribedintheworkoftheGreekphilosopherPlato.ThestoryofAtlantiswithitsfabulouslywealthyandadvancedcivilisationwhichwassweptintotheseatobelostforeverhascapturedtheimaginationofreadersforovertwomillennia.NazcalinesTheNazcaLinesareacollectionofgiantgeometricpatternsandanimalshapes.DrawnIntothelandscapesofsouthernPeru,themajorityofthelinesarebelievedtobetheworkoftheNazcapeoplearound1ADto700.DesignatedaUNESCOWorldHeritageSitein1994,numerousstudiesandtheorieshavesofarnotexplainedthereasonwhythelineswerecreated.TunguskaeventTunguskaevent,enormousexplosionthatisestimatedtohaveoccurredat7:14amplusorminusoneminuteon30June1908,atanaltitudeof5-10kilometres,flatteningsome2,000squarekilometresandcharringmorethan100squarekilometresofpineforestnearthlePodkamennayaTunguskaRiverinCentralSiberia,Russia.BlackholeAblackholeisaregionofspace-timeexhibitinggravitationalaccelerationsostrongthatnothing,notevenlight,canescapefromit.Understandingideas02Lookatthepicturesandanswerthequestions.Dofurtherresearchifnecessary.AncientGreeceAncientBabylonAncientEgyptWhatdoyouknowabouttheancientcivilisations?Whatmightbethereasonsbehindtheircollapse?LeadinWhatdoyouknowabouttheancientcivilisations?AncientGreeks

livedover3,000yearsago.TheircivilisationsfollowedaDarkAgeinGreece,whichisthoughttohaveendedin800BCE.Forthemostpart,AncientGreecewasdividedintoseveralsmallcity-states,eachwiththeirownlaws,customs,andrulers.However,inthe300sBCE,thesesmallcity-stateswereforcedtouniteunderoneruler:AlexandertheGreat.HewasthefounderoftheAncientGreekEmpire,whichstretchedintoEurope,Egypt,andSouth-WestAsia.Whatdoyouknowabouttheancientcivilisations?AncientBabylon

isoneofthemostpowerfulandimportantcitiesofancientMesopotamia.TheancientcivilisationofBabylonisregardedastheearliestcradleofcivilisationbyhistorians.Itwasthecapitalcityof10Mesopotamiandynastiesandwasconqueredbyahostofinvaderswhowereprobablydrawntothissplendidcityforitsfertileland,richculture,inventivepeopleandarchitecturalmarvelsliketheHangingGardens.TheancientBabylonianCivilisationisalsoconsideredasthecradlewhereliterature,scienceandwritingflourished.Whatdoyouknowabouttheancientcivilisations?AncientEgypt

foralmost30centuries—fromitsunificationaround3100BCE

toitsconquestbyAlexandertheGreatin332BCE—wasthepreeminentcivilisationintheMediterraneanworld.FromthegreatpyramidsoftheOldKingdomthroughthemilitaryconquestsoftheNewKingdom,Egypt’smajestyhaslongentrancedarchaeologistsandhistoriansandcreatedavibrantfieldofstudyallitsown:Egyptology.Whatmightbethereasonsbehindtheircollapse?AncientGreeksReasonsfordeclineofAncientGreece:Inthesecondhalfofthe5thcenturyBC,signsofweakeningoftheGreeksocietyappeared,duetotheslaveexploit,thepasteurizationofthesmallproducersetc.OneofthemainreasonsforthefallofancientGreecewasthelackofunity.AncientBabylonThefallofBabylonisahistoricaleventthatoccurredin539BCE.ThiseventsawtheconquestofBabylonbytheAchaemenidEmpireunderCyrustheGreatandmarkedtheendoftheNeo-BabylonianEmpire.AncientEgyptThisperiodofextendedeconomicandpoliticalunrestanddevastatingclimatechanges,endedwithEgyptlosingsovereigntyovermostofitsterritoryandbecomingaprovincewithinthevastPersianEmpire.Withhundredsofthousandsofitspeopledead,theEgyptianpublicwasincreasinglyhostiletowardswithboththeirpoliticalandtheirreligiousleaders.Whatotherancientcivilisationsdoyouknowof?Sharewhatyouknowwiththeclass.AegeanCivilisationAncientRomeMayaCivilisation??WatchthevideoabouttheMayaandsharewhatyouknowaboutthemysteriousculture.Pre-readingTheMayaisaMesoamerican(中美洲)civilisation,famousfortheonlyknownfullydevelopedwrittenlanguageofthepre-ColumbianAmericas,aswellasforitsart,architecture,andmathsandastronomicalsystems.OriginallyestablishedduringthePre-Classicperiod(2000BCEto250AD),manyMayacitiesreachedtheirhigheststateofdevelopmentuntilthearrivaloftheSpanish.TheMayacivilisationexpandedthroughoutthepresent-daysouthernMexicanstatesandthenorthernCentralAmericanregion,includingthepresent-daynationsofGuatemala,Belize,andWesternHonduras.ReadthepassageandfindoutthepossiblereasonsforthedisappearanceofMayacivilisation.

TheMysteriesofTHEMAYAWhatisthegenreofthepassage?While-readingExpositorywriting.(toexplain/clarify/expose)Readforstructure.InwhataspectsdoesthewriterexplainthemysteriesoftheMaya?

Usekeywordstosummariseeachparagraph.AnincrediblediscoveryHumancausesAchievementsDeclineNaturalcausesEndingChoosethetopicsentencesandwritethemonthelinestocompletethepassage.a.

Mayacivilisationhasbeensurroundedbymysterysinceitsrediscoveryinthe19thcentury.b.ButthegreatestmysteryofalliswhatcausedtheMayatoabandonmostoftheirgreatcities.c.Althoughhistheoryhasbeendismissedbyscholars,itshowshowpowerfulthesecretsofAncientMayacivilisationareamongpeople.d.ResearchalsosuggeststhatthosenaturaldisastersmayhaveledtothedeclineoftheMaya.e.Meanwhile,theriseandfallofthiscivilisationmustalsoleaveusthinkingaboutourownpast,presentandfuture.f.SomeresearchseemstoindicatethattheMayapeoplethemselvesmayhaveplayedapartintheirdownfall.Waystoachievecohesion:Reference指代Lexicalcohesion詞匯銜接Conjunction連接Readfordetails.Introducethetopic.TheachievementsofMayacivilisation.ThedeclineofMayacivilisation.ThereasonsforthedisappearanceofMayaCivilisation.ThereasonsforthedisappearanceofMayaCivilisation.ThemysteriesofMayaCivilisationremaintobesolved.ThemysteriesoftheMayaPara.1:Introducethetopic.Para.2:The____________ofMayacivilisation.Para.3:The__________ofMayacivilisation.Para.4-5:The_______forthedisappearanceofMayaCivilisation.Para.4:_________causesPara.5:_________causesPara.6:ThemysteriesofMayaCivilisationremaintobe_______.achievementsdeclinereasonshumannaturalsolvedMAYACIVILISATIONTimearound1800BCto1100ADLocationFrom1_________to2___________________OrganiseinformationfromthepassageandcompletethefileofMayacivilisation.MexicoCentralAmericaMAYACIVILISATIONPossiblereasonsforcollapse1humancauses—reducedtheabilitytodealwith3_________________4_________________________5_________________________hugeexpansionofthe6____________2naturalcauses—aseriesof7___________between700ADand1000AD,each8_________________________naturaldisastersturningwetlandsintofieldsdigginghugecanalsystemspopulationdroughtslastingforacoupleofyearsThewaythattheMayapeoplechangedthelandscapearoundthemmayhavebeenoneofthereasonsbehindthedisappearanceoftheircivilisation.Turningwetlandsintofieldsforgrowinggrains,digginghugecanalsystemsandcuttingdownmoretreesforconstructionreducedtheirabilitytocopewithnaturaldisasters.Whenthosenaturaldisasters,suchasdroughts,stuck,theMayawouldhavefacedfoodshortages,conflictsand,eventually,thedownfalloftheircities.Completetheculturalcomparisonwithinformationfromthepassage.mathematicscalendarwritingsystemdisappearedwheels,metaltoolsorevenanimalpowerPost-readingWhatistheauthor’spurposeinstartingthepassagewiththestoryaboutWilliamGadoury?Whatotherthingsdoyouthinkcoulddestroyacivilisation?Shareanexamplewiththeclass.WhatlessonscanyoulearnfromthecollapseofMayacivilisation?Howcanthisinformationhelpthedevelopmentoftoday’ssociety?Whichoftheargumentsinthepassagedidyoufindthemostconvincing?Giveyourreasons.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinstartingthepassagewiththestoryaboutWilliamGadoury?ThestoryaboutWilliamGadouryshowshowthesecretsofAncientMayacivilisationhavecapturedpeople’simaginations.Whatotherthingsdoyouthinkcoulddestroyacivilisation?Shareanexamplewiththeclass.StephenHawkingthought3thingscoulddestroyhumanity:AI,humanaggressionandalienlife.Firstly,Hawkingisfiercelywaryofstrongartificialintelligence(AI);HawkingstronglybelievesAIthatexudesintelligenceequaltoorexceedingthatofahumancoulddestroythehumanraceandwasoneofmanyscientistswhowroteanopenletterwarningoftherisks(aswellasthebenefits)ofAI.Hawkinghasalsoissuedastarkwarningaboutthepotentialcataclysmiceffectsofhumanaggression.Hawkingbelievesouraggressivenaturecouldresultincatastrophiceventsthatcouldendhumancivilisation,suchasamajornuclearwarthatcouldendallcivilisationandextinctthehumanrace.Lastbutnotleast,Hawkinghasexpressedconcernsaboutalienlife.Hawkingbelievesthatifintelligentalienlifedoesindeedexist,itlikelywon’tbefriendlytowardshumans,andcouldaimatconqueringandcolonizingwhateverplanetstheyvisit.WhatlessonscanyoulearnfromthecollapseofMayacivilisation?Howcanthisinformationhelpthedevelopmentoftoday’ssociety?lessdestructionontheenvironmentcontrollingofpopulationexpansionplantingmoretreesawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionfewerconflictsbetweencitieslivingharmoniouslywithnatureabilitytodealwithnaturaldisasters...Whichoftheargumentsinthepassagedidyoufindthemostconvincing?Giveyourreasons.ThedeclineoftheMayanpopulationwascloselytiedtorapiddeforestationcoupledwiththesoilerosion.TheMayansburnedandchoppeddowntheirforestsinordertoclearlandforagricultureandalsotoacquirewoodfortheelaborateconstructionoftheircities(Stromberg).DeforestationinCentralAmericanstillremainsextremelyproblematictoday.InHonduras,itisestimatedthatupto85%oftimberwhichiscutdownis

threattobiodiversity,leadingbirds,animalsandplantstolosetheirnaturalhabitats.Theworld’sforestsareonebigcarbonsink,storingandlockingawaycarbondioxideavoidingitsimmediatereleaseintotheatmosphere.Whenatreediesallofthecarbonthathasbeenstoredawayisreleasedbackintotheatmosphere.Ifthetreeiscutdownprematurely,theprocessisaccelerated.Currentlygloballossofforestsiscontributing12-15%oftotalgreenhousegasemissions.Languagepoints03Throughcomparison,hefoundthatthelocationsofthe117knownMayacitiescorrespond

tothepositionsofthestars.通過比較,他發(fā)現(xiàn)已知的117座瑪雅城市的位置與恒星的位置一致?！鬰orrespondto相當(dāng)于;與……對應(yīng)【詞匯拓展】correspondvt.

相一致;相符合;相當(dāng)于;通信correspondwith/to...

與……一致/相符/相類似correspondwithsb

與某人通信correspondencen.

信件;通信;一致;相似incorrespondencewith... 與……通信Iusedtocorrespond

withhimforthreeyears,butlaterIlosttouchwithhim.單句語法填空(1)We’vecorresponded

eachotherforyearsbutI’veneveractuallymethim.

(2)Youraccountoftheaccidenthadlittle

(correspond)withthestorytheotherdrivertold.

withcorrespondenceBasedonthis,hebelievedhehadspottedanunknownMayacityburieddeepinthejungle.基于這個(gè),他認(rèn)為他發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)不為人知深埋在叢林中的瑪雅城市?！鬮uryv.將……埋在下面;使沉浸;隱藏;使專心【詞匯拓展】beburiedin=buryoneselfin

埋頭于;專心于buryone’sfaceinone’shands 雙手掩面Myfatherwas

buried

inhisnewspaper.我父親專心致志地看他的報(bào)紙。Heburied

himself

inhisdetectivestoryagain.他又沉浸在他的偵探故事里了。用bury的適當(dāng)形式填空(1)

inhisstudy,hewasn’tawarethatalltheothershadleft.

(2)

hisfaceinhishands,hetriedtocontrolhisweeping.

句式升級Hesatatawoodentableandwasburiedinreading.→(3)Hesatatawoodentable,

inreading.(過去分詞短語作狀語)

→(4)Hesatatawoodentable,

himselfinreading.(現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語)

Buried

BuryingburiedburyingTheyappliedthisunderstandingtotheMayacalendar,whichwasaccuratetowithin30secondsperyear.他們把這一理解應(yīng)用到瑪雅歷法中,精確到每年(誤差)不超過30秒?！鬭pply...to...把……應(yīng)用到……【詞匯拓展】applyvt.涂;應(yīng)用/vi.申請;請求;使用applyoneselfto致力于;集中精力于applyto...適應(yīng)/適用……apply(to...)for...(向……)申請……applicantn.申請人applicationn.申請;請求;應(yīng)用Ishouldapply

forthepostifIwereyou.Ithinkyoustandagoodchance.Jackhasapplied

himself

tothistaskwithconsiderableenergy.單句語法填空(1)Ifyouwanttoapply

ajobattheofficewhereIwork,I’llputinagoodwordforyou.

(2)Heslowedthebleedingbyapplyingpressure

thewoundsuntilthepoliceandambulancearrived.

(3)I’dappreciateitifyoucouldtakemy

(apply)intoaccountatyourconvenience.

Ifyouapplyyourselftoyourstudy,youwillpassyourexam.→(4)

yourstudy,andyouwillpassyourexam.(升級為祈使句)

→(5)

yourstudy,youwillpassyourexam.(升級為動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語)

for

toapplicationApplyyourselftoApplyingyourselftoButthegreatestmysteryofalliswhatcausedtheMayatoabandonmostoftheirgreatcities.最神秘的是是什么導(dǎo)致瑪雅人遺棄了他們大部分的大城市?！鬭bandonv.離棄;逃離【詞匯拓展】abandononeselfto...沉湎于……;縱情于……abandonedadj.

被遺棄的;放縱的beabandonedto 沉湎于……Heownedafarm,whichlookedalmostabandoned.他有一個(gè)農(nóng)場,看上去幾乎廢棄了。用abandon的適當(dāng)形式填空(1)Soontheyreachedan

(abandon)temple,wherethereoncelivedanoldmonk.

句式升級(2)Withoutworryingaboutanything,sheabandonedherselftoalifeofpleasure.→Withoutworryingaboutanything,she

alifeofpleasure.

abandonedwasabandonedtoAs

their

population

expanded,yet

more

land

was

needed

for

agriculture

and

more

trees

for

construction.隨著人口的增加,農(nóng)業(yè)需要更多的土地,建筑需要更多的樹木?！揪涫狡饰觥勘揪涫且粋€(gè)復(fù)合句。morelandwasneeded...是主句,as意為“隨著”,引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語從句。Ashegrewup,heknewmoreandmoreaboutnature.

隨著他的成長,他越來越了解大自然。Astimewenton,Tombegantorealisetheimportanceofstudy.

隨著時(shí)間的推移,湯姆開始意識(shí)到學(xué)習(xí)的重要性?！揪涫酵卣埂?1)as表示“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”,引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句,多強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句中的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生,從句可放在主句前,也可放在主句后。AsIwaitedatthestop,Iheardabignoise.

我在車站等待時(shí)聽到一個(gè)很大的聲響。(2)as表示“雖然……但是……”,引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,從句通常用倒裝語序,把從句的表語、狀語或動(dòng)詞原形放在as前面,可以用though替代。Childasheis,heknowsalot.

雖然他是個(gè)孩子,但他知道的東西很多。Hardasitwasraining,theywentonworkinginthefield.

雖然天下著大雨,但他們繼續(xù)在田地里干活。(3)as表示“按照”“依照”“像”,引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句,從句置于主句之后。Youshoulddoastheteachertellsyou.Thehousewasbuiltexactlyasitwasdesigned.(4)as表示“像……一樣”,引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句,對主句和從句的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)加以比較,說明它們之間有相似之處,在從句中常省略與主句相同的部分。Hedoesn’tworkashardasI(do).(5)as意為“因?yàn)?由于”,引導(dǎo)的是原因狀語從句,通常為附加說明的理由,且是已知曉的原因。Asshewasnotwell,Iwenttherealone.Asheisatailor,heknowswhattodowiththismaterial.

因?yàn)樗莻€(gè)裁縫,他知道怎樣利用這塊布料。寫出下列句中as引導(dǎo)的是哪種從句(1)Idon’twanttosetdownaseriesoffactsasmostpeopledo.

(2)Astheysmiledateachother,harmonywasrestoredagain.

(3)Manycountriesareaspoorastheyhaveeverbeen.

(4)Astheyoftenplayfootballtogether,theyhavegottoknoweachotherquitewell.

(5)Difficultastheroadforthesestudentsaftergraduationwillbe,theirfuturesarebright.

方式狀語從句時(shí)間狀語從句比較狀語從句原因狀語從句讓步狀語從句Itsonce-greatcitiesfellintoruin,leavingvariousmysteriesforlaterpeopletosolve.它曾經(jīng)偉大的城市成為廢墟,留下了各種謎團(tuán)待后人解開?！魊uinn.殘?jiān)珨啾?廢墟【詞匯拓展】lie/beinruins

成為廢墟fallintoruin

毀滅;滅亡;崩潰bereducedtoruins 淪為廢墟ruinvt.

破壞;毀壞ruinsth/sb/oneself 毀壞某物/毀掉某人/自己beruinedby...

被……毀壞/破壞ruinone’shealth/fame/future毀了某人的健康/名譽(yù)