創(chuàng)新高職英語 基礎(chǔ)教程 綜合課件U2

目錄

ContentWarm-upPage2801.02.Reading3803.04.LanguagePractice4205.Listening4306.SpeakingPage44–4507.Writing47Mini-PediaofChineseCulturePage48WARM-UPPage28Nowwatchthevideo.Warm-upExercise1Mostlywecantellsomeoneissickfromcertainsymptoms.Lookatthefollowingpicturesandwritedowntherelevantsymptoms.A）____________B）____________C)____________lyinginbed,feelingcold,acoldtowelontheforehead,agreentingeintheskinstuffednoseorrunnynosecoveringnosewithapieceoftissueorahandkerchiefbrokenarmwrappedwithbandagesinaslingE）____________F）____________D)____________vomiting/throwinguplyinginbed,touchinghisforehead,havingafeverwithathermometerinhismouthhavingaheadache,frowning,pressingthetemplesSample:Ithinktheboyissick,becauseheislyinginbed.Itappearsheishavingafever.Exercise2Beinghealthyisalwaysbetterthanbeingsick.Butwe'vebeenthroughallkindsofillnessestoo.Trytorecallthelasttimeyouweresick,anddiscussthefollowingquestionswithyourclassmates.WARM-UPHaveyouhadanybighealthproblemsbefore?Whatwastheexperiencelike?Hasbeingsickchangedyourwayoflookingatlife?Here’sJoyce’sexperience:“Overtheweekend,Ibecamesick,andIlostmyvoice.Ihadafever,chills,noenergyforworkandtoomuchdiscomfortforsleep.Andtheendresultisfeelingmiserable.ButIdofeelabitdifferentafterthatexperiencebeingbadlysick.WhenIwassick,thingsthatformerlyseemedsoall-importantsuddenlybecameunimportant;theywerepushedtothebottomofthelist.NowIthinkIcanappreciatelifebetter.”READINGPage29–38TEXTABeforereading:Whatdoestheexpression“preventionisbetterthancure”mean?Andwhypreventionisimportant?Johnisabitconcernedabouthishealth.AsanengineerinabigITcompany,heisyoungandstrong.Buthehasjustgotthenewsthathiscollegeclassmate,TimothyZhan,recentlydiedfromaheartattackduetoexcessivework.So,Johndecidestofindsomeinformationonwaystopreventheartdisease.Herearetwoarticles.Article1WhatAretheLeadingCausesofDeath?In2020,fivemajorcausesofdeath(heartdisease,cancer,stroke,chroniclowerrespiratory(呼吸道的)diseases,andaccidents)accountedforover64percentofalldeathsintheUnitedStates.

However,thisgeneralprofilechangesdependingonthedecedent’sage.Thefiveleadingcausesofdeathforthoseaged1–24yearsareexternalcauses,i.e.accidents,homicide(他殺),suicide

(自殺)

followedbycancerandheartdisease.Thispattern(ofexternalcausesaccountingformoredeathsthanchronicconditions)shiftsnoticeablyasageincreases.Inolderagegroups,chronicconditionsaccountformoredeathsthandoexternalcausesofinjury.Accidents,forexample,accountedfor43percentofalldeathsamongpersonsaged1–24years.Heartdisease,ontheotherhand,accountedforonly3percentofalldeathsforthissameagegroup.Forindividualsaged65andover,heartdiseaseistheleadingcauseofdeath,accountingfor28percentofalldeathsinthisagegroup,whereasaccidentsarenotoneofthefiveleadingcausesofdeathforthoseaged65andover(Figure1).From1990to2020,thethreeleadingcausesofdeath(heartdisease,cancer,andstroke)havenotchangedinrankorder.However,deathsfromheartdiseasehavetendedtodecreasethroughoutthisperiod,whereasdeathsfromcancerhavegenerallytendedtoincrease.Itislikelythat,atsomepointinthenearfuture,cancerwillovertakeheartdiseaseastheleadingcauseofdeathintheUnitedStates.Article2HowtoPreventHeartDiseaseTherearehereditary(遺傳的)andenvironmentalriskfactorsthatincreaseyourchancesofdevelopingheartdisease.Althoughfamilyhistorycannotbechanged,thereareseveralfactorsthatcontributetotheriskofheartdiseasethatyoucancontrol.Herearesomehelpfultipstoreduceyourrisks.Step1:Findoutyourfamilyhistory.Awarenessofyourfamilyhistorycanhelpyouandyourdoctorrecognisesignsandsymptomsofheartdisease.Step2:Quitsmoking!Asmoker’sriskfordevelopingheartdiseaseisatleasttwotimesthatofanon-smoker.

Step3:Haveyourcholesterol(膽固醇)levelcheckedregularly.Step4:Bloodpressuresignifieshowhardyourheartisworking.Ifyouhaveconsistenthighbloodpressure,yourdoctormayprescribemedicationtokeepitatanappropriatelevel.Step5:Controlyourweight.Whenobesity(肥胖)isjoinedwithfactorssuchashighcholesterollevelsandhighbloodpressure,therisksincreasedramatically.Evena10-poundlosscanlessenyourriskforheartdisease.Step6:Exercise!Physicalinactivityisanotherriskfactor.Gettingactive,evenifitisjustaroutinebriskwalk,willreduceyourrisk.Step7:Makebetterdietarychoices.Chooseadietthatislowinsaturatedfat(飽和脂肪)contentandcontainswholegrains,unprocessedfruitsandvegetableswithhighfibrecontent.Step8:Takepartinactivitiesthatreduceormanagestresslevels.cancer/'k?ns?/n.癌癥；惡性腫瘤stroke/str??k/n.中風(fēng)chronic/'kr?n?k/adj.慢性的；長期的decedent/d?'si?d(?)nt/n.死者external/?k'st??n(?)l;ek-/adj.外面的；外用的symptom/'s?m(p)t?m/n.癥狀；征兆

obesity/?(?)'bi?s?t?/n.肥胖dietary/'da??t(?)r?/adj.飲食的；規(guī)定食物的GlossaryPhrases&Expressionsrankorder排列順序Article1(title)…theLeadingCausesofDeathleading:adj.chief;themostimportant;inthefirstposition【運(yùn)用】leadingactor主角;

leadingindicator領(lǐng)先指標(biāo)e.g.

TheIvoryCoastbecametheworld’sleadingcocoaproducer.【拓展】lead（n.）領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位e.g.TheUSisintheleadinmanyfieldsofscience.(Para.1)

…dependingonthedecedent’sage.decedent:(Law)adeadpersone.g.Maybethroughthismethod,thedecedentcanaccompanyhisfamilieseveryday.【拓展】decease(v.)死亡deceased(adj.)已死的

（n.）(thedeceased)逝者，死去的人e.g.Peoplecreatememorialstorememberthedeceased.(Para.2)

…externalcausesfollowedby…external:adj.actingorcomingfromtheoutside【運(yùn)用】externaldebt外債externalforce外力e.g.Theskincreamlabelreads“Forexternaluseonly”【拓展】externally(adv.)外表上，在外部internal(adj.)內(nèi)部的，內(nèi)在的e.g.Hehelpedtodesigntheinternalstructureofthepavilion.LANGUAGEPOINTS–TEXTALANGUAGEPOINTS–TEXTA(Para.3)whereasaccidentsisnotoneofthefiveleadingcauses…whereas:conj.while(atthesametime);while(onthecontrary)【運(yùn)用】whereas+從句，表示相反、轉(zhuǎn)折e.g.Iliketogoswimmingwhereasshelikestosail.【拓展】whereaswhile(Para.4)…cancerwillovertakeheartdiseaseastheleadingcauseofdeath…overtake:v.topassaftercatchingupwith【運(yùn)用】noovertaking禁止超車e.g.Heovertookthetruckandpulledintotheinsidelane.【拓展】overflow(v.)溢滿；overload（v.）超載；overcome（v.）制服，克服e.g.Inthesedaysoftechnologicalchange,weallsufferfrominformationoverload.Article2(Para.5)

…consistenthighbloodpressureconsistent:adj.inagreementorharmony;accordant【運(yùn)用】consistentwith與……一致e.g.Peoplebehaveinafashionconsistentwiththeirownself-interest.【拓展】consistency（n.）一致性;

連貫性e.g.Thepolicyofhisgovernmentlackedbothimaginationandconsistency.

LANGUAGEPOINTS–TEXTAArticle1什么是美國人死亡的主要原因?

在2020年，心臟病、癌癥、中風(fēng)、慢性下呼吸道疾病及事故是導(dǎo)致死亡的五大因素，因?yàn)檫@五大因素而死亡的人數(shù)占美國死亡人數(shù)的64%以上。不過，這個(gè)情況也由于過世者的年齡不同而有所變化。

在1—24歲的年齡組中，五大死因主要是外因，即事故、他殺、自殺，隨后才是癌癥和心臟病。這種外部原因比慢性疾病導(dǎo)致更多死亡的格局隨著年齡的增加發(fā)生了顯著的變化。在更年長的群體中，慢性疾病所引起的死亡人數(shù)要比外部傷害所引起得多。

譬如，在1—24歲的人群中，因事故導(dǎo)致的死亡占43%，而因心臟病導(dǎo)致的死亡只占3%。對于65歲及以上的個(gè)體而言，心臟病是主要致死原因，因?yàn)樾呐K病而死亡的人占了這個(gè)年齡組中死亡人數(shù)的28%，而交通事故則跌出這一年齡組的五大致死原因之外（見圖1)。

心臟病、癌癥和中風(fēng)這三大致死原因的排名狀況在1980年至2007年間并未發(fā)生變化。不過因心臟病而死亡的人數(shù)在這一時(shí)期有下降的趨勢，而因癌癥致死的人數(shù)則有增加的趨勢。在不久的將來，癌癥很有可能會在某一時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn)上取代心臟病，成為美國人的第一殺手。TextA譯文Article2如何預(yù)防心臟病遺傳和環(huán)境因素都可能會增加你患心臟病的可能。盡管家族歷史無法改變，但你還是可以控制另外幾個(gè)會導(dǎo)致心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素。以下幾個(gè)有用的小知識能幫助你降低患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。第一步：查出你的家族病史。你對家族病史的認(rèn)識可以幫助你和你的家庭醫(yī)生識別出心臟病的信號和癥狀。第二步：戒煙！吸煙者患心臟病的幾率至少是不吸煙的人的兩倍。第三步：定期檢查膽固醇指標(biāo)。第四步：血壓會表明你的心臟的工作情況。如果你一直患有高血壓，你的醫(yī)生也許會給你開點(diǎn)藥使你的血壓保持在一個(gè)合適的水平。第五步：控制體重。當(dāng)肥胖和高膽固醇、高血壓等因素結(jié)合時(shí)，患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就會大大提高。哪怕只減10磅，也會使你患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)下降。第六步：鍛煉！不運(yùn)動是另一個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素。動起來！即使只是日常的快走也會降低你的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。第七步：調(diào)整飲食。選擇飽和脂肪含量低，含有全谷物、天然水果和高纖維蔬菜的飲食。第八步：參加減壓或控壓活動。UNITTASKAStep1

Role-playadialogue.Readthefollowingsentencesandre-arrangethemintoadialogue.Thefirsttwosentencesaregiven.six

Oneday,whenhewokeup,Johnfeltasuddenpaininhischest,whichmadehimunabletobreathe.Afterafewseconds,thepaingraduallyeasedaway.Coulditbeasignofheartattack?Abitworried,Johnaskedforaleaveandwenttothehospital.JohnisadmittedintoDr.Brown’soffice.Thedoctorusesastethoscope(聽診器)

tocheckJohn’sbreathingandaskshimsomequestions.(1)Dr.Brown:Morning,John.Haveaseat.So,whyhaveyoucomeintoday?(2)John:Morning,Dr.Brown.Ifeltasharppaininmychest.IthinkI’dbettercheckitout.…()Dr.Brown:Whendidthispainfirststart?()Dr.Brown:Doyousmoke?()Dr.Brown:Canyoudescribethispainforme?()Dr.Brown:Itcouldbe,butit’sstillhardtodeterminenow.Haveyourchestsufferedanyimpactorinjuryrecently?()Dr.Brown:Youshouldquitsmokingcompletely.Smokingisthemajorcauseofmanyacuteandchroniclerespiratorydiseases.()Dr.Brown:Hmm.YourrespiratorysystemsoundsOK.Ineedyoutotakeafullphysicalexam.37511913UNITTASKAsix()John:Well,itstartedallofasudden.Foramoment,Icouldhardlybreathe.EverytimeIinhale,ithurtsme.Butafterafewseconds,whenIbreatheagain,thepainisgone.()John:Yes,Dr.Brown.Issmokingthecauseofmyproblem?()John:ItstartedthismorningwhenIwokeup.Idon’trecallithappenedbefore.()John:ThankyouDr.Brown,I’lldoitrightaway.()John:Ismokeverylittle.AndIhaven’tlitacigaretteformaybehalfayearnow.()John:No.Idon’trememberanyaccidentlikethat.610414812Step1

Role-playadialogue.Readthefollowingsentencesandre-arrangethemintoadialogue.Thefirsttwosentencesaregiven.Dr.Brown:Morning,John.Haveaseat.So,whyhaveyoucomeintoday?John:Morning,Dr.Brown.Ifeltasharppaininmychest.IthinkI'dbettercheckitout.Dr.Brown:Whendidthispainfirststart?John:ItstartedthismorningwhenIwokeup.Idon'trecallithappenedbefore.Dr.Brown:Canyoudescribethispainforme?John:Well,itstartedallinasudden.ForamomentIcouldhardlybreathe.EverytimeIinhale,ithurtme.Butafterafewseconds,whenIbreatheagain,thepainisgone.Dr.Brown:Doyousmoke?John:Ismokeverylittle.AndIhaven'tlitacigaretteformaybehalfayearnow.Dr.Brown:Youshouldquitsmokecompletely.Smokingisthemajorcauseofmanyacuteandchroniclerespiratorydiseases.John:Yes,Dr.Brown.Issmokingthecauseofmyproblem?Dr.Brown:Itcouldbe,butit'sstillhardtodeterminenow.Haveyourchestsufferedanyimpactorinjuryrecently?John:No.Idon'trememberanyaccidentlikethat.Dr.Brown:Hmm.YourrespiratorysystemsoundsOK.Ineedyoutotakeafullphysicalexam.John:ThankyouDr.Brown,I'lldoitrightaway.Shortlyaftertheexam...Dr.Brown:TheX-rayscanningshowsnothingunusual.IbelieveyourchestpainiscausedbyPrecordialCatchSyndrome,whichisnotdangerousatall.John:Whatcatch?Isitrelatedtoheartattacks?Dr.Brown:No,it'scausedbyminormusclecrampsinyourchest.Andthereisnoneedforanymedication.John:Soit'snothingbutafalsealarmthen?Dr.Brown:Yes,it'snothingtoworryabout.Butontheotherhand,accordingtotheexamresult,yourcholesterollevelandbloodpressureishigherthannormal.John:Oh.HowcanIkeepthemdown?

Dr.Brown:I'llprescribesomemedicineforyou.ButIdosuggestyoukeepahealthydietary,takemoreexerciseandcontrolyourweight.John:Thankyouforyouradvice,Dr.Brown.I'llkeepthatinmind.Role-playReferenceUNITTASKAStep2Makeafitnessplan.MyFitnessMotivatorsandHealthBenefitsMyPhysicalActivitiesMyTimetoGetFit□Tobemoreenergetic□Toreleasestress□Tokeepmyhearthealthy□Toimprovemyoverallhealth□Tomanagemyweight□Toimprovemyself-esteem□______________□______________□Walkinginsteadoftakingthebus□Takingthestairsinsteadoftheelevator□Walkingaroundwhiletalkingonthephone□Ridingmybike□Playingateamsport□Takingadanceclass□______________□______________□CutTV,theInternet,andvideogametimeinhalf□Takeafriendoragroupoffriendsonawalk□Schedulework-outtimeinmyplanner□______________□______________□______________WordTipsPossibleexerciseandfitnessactivities:aerobicsrunningjoggingbikingspeedwalkingsit-uppush-updumbbellexercisefootballbasketballtennis...

Johnwantstobemorephysicallyactive,butdoesn’tknowwheretostart.HisfriendSallyishelpinghimtomakeaweeklyfitnessplan.Shepreparesaworksheettohelphimfigureoutwhatmotivateshimtoexercise,whichtypesofactivitieshe’llenjoymost,andhowtofitthemintohislife.

SupposeyouareJohn.Pleasecheckofftheideasyouagreewith.Usetheextralinesatthebottomtowritedownsomeofyourownideas.UNITTASKAStep3Designamenuforhealthydiet.BSupposeyouareJohn,pleasedesignamenuinordertoimproveyourhealth,especiallyforpreventingheartdisease.Youcanchoosedishesfromtheabovedietpyramidorwritedownyourowndishes.

HealthDietMenuFatandoilcanincreasetherisksofheartdisease.I’dliketodesignamenutoimprovemyhealth.Forbreakfast_________________________.Forlunch_____________________________________.Fordinner____________________________________.ALookatthefollowingdietpyramid.EatLessFat,Oil,Salts&SweetsEatModeratelyMeat,Poultry,Fish,Eggs,DryBeans&DairyProductsEatMoreFruits&

VegetablesEatMostGrains

&

CerealsUNITTASKAStep4Shareyourwisdomonkeepinghealthy.Johnhasbeendoingexercisesandhavinghealthydietsforaperiodoftime.SupposeyouareJohn.Nowpleaseshareyourexperienceswithyourcolleagues.Sample:IhavebeenhikingonceaweeksincelastOct.Hikingcanmakemerelaxedandrefreshed.Iusedtoeatalotofmeat.NowIadapttohavevegetables.Vegetablescanreduceoilandfat.HowDoVaccinesWork?Germsareallaroundus,bothinourenvironmentandinourbodies.Whenapersonissusceptibleandencountersaharmfulorganism,itcanleadtodiseaseanddeath.Thebodyhasmanywaysofdefendingitselfagainstpathogens(disease-causingorganisms).Whenapathogendoesinfectthebody,ourbody’sdefences,calledtheimmunesystem,aretriggered,andthepathogenisattackedanddestroyedorovercome.Thebody'snaturalresponseEachpathogenismadeupofseveralsubparts,usuallyuniquetothatspecificpathogenandthediseaseitcauses.Thesubpartofapathogenthatcausestheformationofantibodiesiscalledanantigen.Theantibodiesproducedinresponsetothepathogen’santigenareanimportantpartoftheimmunesystem.Youcanconsiderantibodiesasthesoldiersinyourbody’sdefencesystem.Eachantibody,orsoldier,inoursystemistrainedtorecogniseonespecificantigen.Whenthehumanbodyisexposedtoanantigenforthefirsttime,ittakestimefortheimmunesystemtorespondandproduceantibodiesspecifictothatantigen.Inthemeantime,thepersonissusceptibletobecomingill.Oncetheantigen-specificantibodiesareproduced,theyworkwiththerestoftheimmunesystemtodestroythepathogenandstopthedisease.Antibodiestoonepathogengenerallydon’tprotectagainstanotherpathogenexceptwhentwopathogensareverysimilartoeachother,likecousins.Oncethebodyproducesantibodiesinitsprimaryresponsetoanantigen,italsocreatesantibody-producingmemorycells,whichremainaliveevenafterthepathogenisdefeatedbytheantibodies.Ifthebodyisexposedtothesamepathogenmorethanonce,theantibodyresponseismuchfasterandmoreeffectivethanthefirsttimearound.Thismeansthatifthepersonisexposedtothedangerouspathogeninthefuture,theirimmunesystemwillbeabletorespondimmediately,protectingagainstdisease.HowvaccineshelpVaccinescontainweakenedorinactivepartsofaparticularorganism(antigen)thattriggersanimmuneresponsewithinthebody.Newervaccinescontaintheblueprintforproducingantigensratherthantheantigenitself.Regardlessofwhetherthevaccineismadeupoftheantigenitselfortheblueprintsothatthebodywillproducetheantigen,thisweakenedversionwillnotcausethediseaseinthepersonreceivingthevaccine,butitwillprompttheirimmunesystemtorespondmuchasitwouldhaveonitsfirstreactiontotheactualpathogen.Somevaccinesrequiremultipledoses,givenweeksormonthsapart.Thisissometimesneededtoallowfortheproductionoflong-livedantibodiesanddevelopmentofmemorycells.Inthisway,thebodyistrainedtofightthespecificdisease-causingorganism,buildingupmemoryofthepathogensoastorapidlyfightitifandwhenexposedinthefuture.TextBBeforereading:Discusswithyourdeskmatesandlistthewaystopreventdiseasesorinfections.vaccine/?v?ksi?n/n.疫苗germ/d???m/n.[生]細(xì)菌；病菌suscepsible/s??sept?bl/adj.易受影響的；易受感染的organism/???ɡ?n?z?m/n.微生物；有機(jī)體pathogen/?p?θ?d??n/n.病菌；病原體attack/??t?k/v.&n.攻擊；進(jìn)攻；（疾?。┌l(fā)作trigger/?tr?ɡ?(r)/vt.引發(fā)；觸發(fā)antigen/??nt?d??n/n.抗原defeat/d??fi?t/v.&n.擊??；戰(zhàn)敗reaction/ri??k?n/n.反應(yīng)（能力）；抗拒dose/d??s/n.（藥的）一服；一劑GlossaryPhrases&Expressionsdefend...against...保護(hù)……不受……；防御prevent...from...阻止；防止uniqueto獨(dú)一無二的inresponseto對……作出反應(yīng)beexposedto暴露于……pumpout用泵排出；抽出；釋放出regardlessof不管；不顧allowfor允許有；留出(Title)

HowDoVaccinesWork?vaccine:

n.substancethatisputintothebloodandthatprotectsthebodyfromadisease【運(yùn)用】influenzavaccine流感疫苗

rabiesvaccine狂犬病疫苗

hepatitisbvaccine乙型肝炎疫苗e.g.ThereisnovaccineagainstHIVinfection.

(Para.1)Whenapersonissusceptible

susceptible:

adj.yieldingreadilytoorcapableof;easilyimpressedemotionally【運(yùn)用】susceptibletosb./sth.易受……影響e.g.Inhisweakenedcondition,heisverysusceptibletocold.(Para.1)...andencountersaharmfulorganism...encounter:v.tocomeupon,asifbyaccident;meetwithn.acasualmeetingwithapersonorthing

【運(yùn)用】encountersb./sth.遭遇；邂逅encounterwithsb./sth.遭遇；遇到e.g.Everydayofourlivesweencountermajorandminorstressesofonekindoranother.e.g.Ourwildlifetripsofferathrillingencounterwithwildlifeinitsnaturalstate.organism:n.

alivingthing,especiallyonethatisextremelysmall;asystemconsistingofpartsthatdependoneachothere.g.Abacteriumisaverysmallorganismmadeupofonecell.［拓展］organicadj.器官的；有機(jī)的；組織的organn.器官；機(jī)構(gòu)

LANGUAGEPOINTS–TEXTBLANGUAGEPOINTS–TEXTB(Para.2)...calledtheimmunesystem...

immune:adj.

relatingtoorconferringimmunity(todiseaseorinfection);notaffectedbyagiveninfluence

e.g.

Stresscanwreakhavocontheimmunesystem.【拓展】immunity(n.)免疫力；免除(Para.2)...thepathogenisattackedanddestroyedorovercome.

attack:v.

tolaunchanassaulton;beginhostilitiesorstartwarfarewith

e.g.

Thearmyattackedatnightwhentheenemywasasleep.【拓展】underattack遭到攻擊e.g.TheystuckbymewhenIcameunderattack(Para.3)...oursystemistrainedtorecogniseonespecificantigen.recognise:v.to

detectwiththesenses;accept(someone)tobewhatisclaimedoraccepthispowerandauthoritye.g.ShehadchangedsomuchthatIcouldhardlyrecogniseher.【拓展】recognition(n.)識別；認(rèn)可；賞識e.g.Thephotohasfadedbeyondrecognition.(Para.5)...whichremainaliveevenafterthepathogenisdefeatedbytheantibodies.defeat:v.towinavictoryover;n.anunsuccessfulendinge.g.Hewascalmandconcentratedinjudginghowtodefeathisopponent.(Para.7)...itwouldhaveonitsfirstreactiontotheactualpathogen.reaction:n.aresponsethatrevealsaperson’sfeelingsorattitudee.g.Nailbitingisoftenasubconsciousreactiontotension.【拓展】react(v.)應(yīng)答；對刺激起反應(yīng)；發(fā)生反應(yīng)reactive(adj.)反應(yīng)的；起反作用的；反動的e.g.Howwouldyoureacttotheelectionresults?LANGUAGEPOINTS–TEXTB疫苗是如何起作用的？細(xì)菌就在我們身邊，既存在于我們周遭的環(huán)境中，也存在于我們的身體里。。當(dāng)一個(gè)人易受感染并遇到有害的微生物時(shí)，這些有害的微生物就會導(dǎo)致疾病和死亡。我們的身體有許多方法來抵御病原體（致病微生物）。當(dāng)病原體感染人體時(shí)，就會出發(fā)我們身體的防御系統(tǒng)（稱為免疫系統(tǒng)）去攻擊、破壞或打敗病原體。身體的自然反應(yīng)每種病原體由幾個(gè)子部分組成，這些子部分通常是特定病原體及其引起的疾病所特有的。引起抗體形成的病原體的子部分稱為抗原。針對病原體抗原產(chǎn)生的抗體是免疫系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分。你可以把抗體看作你身體防御系統(tǒng)中的士兵。在我們的免疫系統(tǒng)中，每個(gè)抗體（或士兵）都能識別一個(gè)特定的抗原。我們體內(nèi)有成千上萬種不同的抗體。當(dāng)人體第一次接觸抗原時(shí)，免疫系統(tǒng)需要時(shí)間來響應(yīng)并產(chǎn)生針對該抗原的抗體。與此同時(shí)，這個(gè)人便很容易生病。一旦產(chǎn)生抗原特異性抗體，它們就與免疫系統(tǒng)的其他部分一起工作，以破壞病原體并阻止疾病。一種病原體的抗體通常不能保護(hù)另一種病原體，除非兩種病原體彼此非常相似，就像表親一樣。一旦機(jī)體在對抗原的初級反應(yīng)中產(chǎn)生抗體，它也會生成能產(chǎn)生抗體的記憶細(xì)胞。即使病原體被抗體擊敗后，記憶細(xì)胞仍然存活。如果身體不止一次接觸同一種病原體，抗體反應(yīng)會比第一次快得多，而且更有效，因?yàn)橛洃浖?xì)胞已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好釋放出針對該抗原的抗體。這意味著，如果這個(gè)人在未來接觸危險(xiǎn)的病原體，他的免疫系統(tǒng)能夠立即作出反應(yīng)，預(yù)防疾病。疫苗有什么作用？疫苗含有部分減弱的或不活躍的特定微生物（抗原），能在人體內(nèi)觸發(fā)免疫反應(yīng)。更新的疫苗包含了能產(chǎn)生抗原的模型，而不是抗原本身。無論疫苗是由抗原本身還是其模型制成的，這樣身體就會產(chǎn)生抗原，這種減弱的抗原不會在接種疫苗的人身上引起疾病，但它會促使他們的免疫系統(tǒng)像對實(shí)際病原體的第一次反應(yīng)一樣作出很大的反應(yīng)。有些疫苗需要間隔幾周或幾個(gè)月再次接種多次。這有時(shí)是必要的，以便產(chǎn)生長久的抗體和記憶細(xì)胞。通過這種方式，可以訓(xùn)練身體對抗特定的致病微生物，建立對病原體的記憶，以便在將來接觸時(shí)迅速對抗病原體。TextB譯文UnitTaskBExcercise1Guessthemeaningofthefollowingwordsandexpressionsfromthecontext,andthencheckyourunderstandingwiththehelpofadictionary.1)infect(Para.2)________________________2)overcome(Para.2)_____________________3)formation(Para.3)_____________________4)contain(Para.7)________________________5)blueprint(Para.7)______________________6multiple(Para.8)________________________v.傳染；使感染（病毒）v.克服；戰(zhàn)勝n.形成；構(gòu)成v.裝有；包含n.（基因）模型；藍(lán)圖adj.多重的；多個(gè)的Excercise2Matchthewordstotheirdefinitions.1)susceptible2)encounter3)immune4)trigger5)recogniseA.initiate(areaction,process,orchainofevents)B.notaffectedbyagiveninfluenceC.accept(someone)tobewhatisclaimedoracceptD.hispowerandauthorityE.tocomeuponorexperienceespeciallyunexpectedlyExcercise3FillintheblankswithwordsfromthelistinExercise2.Changetheformsofthewordsifnecessary.1)Our__________systemsarekillingbillionsofgermsrightnow.2)She_____________hermother’sgracehandwritingontheenvelope.3)Dreamontheroadwill____________variousdifficulties.4)Youngpeoplearethemost______________toadvertisements.5)Whetherornotcamerasshouldbeinstalledinpublicareashas____________aheateddebate.immune

recognisesencountersusceptibletriggeredUnitTaskBExcercise4ScanthetextandmarkeachofthefollowingstatementsTrue(T)orFalse(F).()1.Whenapersonencountersaharmfulorganism,hewillbecomeill.()2.Eachantibodyinoursystemcanrecognisemorethanoneantigen.()3.Whenthehumanbodyisinfectedbyapathogenforthefirsttime,itwillimmediatelytriggertheimmunesystemtoattackanddestroyit.()4.Theweakenedantigencontainedinthevaccinewillnotcausethediseaseinthepersonreceivingthevaccine.()5.Vaccineswillhelpourbodytobuildantibodiestofightaspecifickindofpathogens.

T

F

F

T

TLANGUAGEPRACTICEVocabularyTranslationGrammarPage39–42LANGUAGEPRACTICEVocabulary1.Providenounsoftheverbsontheleftcolumn.Thencompletethesentencesthatfollow.VerbNoundefend

respondformexposeproducedefence/defenseresponseformationexposureproduction1)Thereisadirectcorrelationbetween____________________tosunandskincancer.2)Policearethemajorlineof_______________________againstcrime.3)Priceswillfallassoonas_________________catchesuptodemand.4)Theygaveacold_________________tohissuggestions.5)Apparently,the_________________ofMountYulongglacierisduetoitshighsealevel.exposuredefense/defence

productionresponseformationLANGUAGEPRACTICE2.Fillintheblankswithexpressionsgivenbelow.Changetheformswherenecessarydefendagainstpreventfromuniquetoinresponsetobeexposedtopumpoutregardlessofallowfor1.Bloodwas_____________________ofhisbellylikeafountain.2.Hisletter______________________herrequesthadcontainedafirmrefusal.3.Theemperorhimselfledhisarmyto_______________________theoffensivefromoutside.4.Hewenttotherescueofadrowningchild_______________________hispersonalsafety.5.Youhaveto________________________acertainamountoferrors.6.Theexamplesare_________________________thisdictionary.7.Weshouldallowchildrento______________________newideas.8.Putonrainbootwhenwashingfloor,to_______________________slippingdown.pumpingoutinresponsetodefendagainstregardlessofallowforuniquetobeexposedto

preventfromLANGUAGEPRACTICETranslationTranslatethefollowingChinesesentencesintoEnglishwiththegivenwords.1.Givenwords:defend...against（保護(hù)……不受……）中文：我們決心不惜任何代價(jià)保衛(wèi)祖國，防御進(jìn)犯之?dāng)场?.

Given

words:inresponseto（對……作出反應(yīng)）

中文：自動化的目的主要是提高生產(chǎn)率,以應(yīng)付國際競爭的挑戰(zhàn)。3.

Given

words:besusceptibleto（易受……影響）中文：負(fù)重行走時(shí)肩膀很容易受傷。4.Givenwords:beexposedto（接觸；遭受；暴露）中文：這藥因受潮失去了效力。5.Givenwords:regardlessof（不管；不顧）中文：不管天氣條件如何，這塊地總是保持穩(wěn)產(chǎn)高產(chǎn)。Thepurposeofautomationismainlytoincreaseproductivity,inresponsetothechallengeofinternationalcompetition.Walkingwithweightsmakestheshouldersverysusceptibletoinjury.Thedrughaslostitseffectbybeingexposedtomoisture.Thefieldsgivehighandstableyieldsregardlessofclimaticcircumstances.Wearedeterminedtodefendourmotherlandagainstanyenemyatallcosts.LANGUAGEPRACTICEGrammarComparativeAdjectivesandAdverbs(形容詞和副詞比較級）典型例句、考題形式見用法1)YouarenotasgenerousasJohn(is).2)Peterneverdoeshisworkascarefullyas

Mary