劃分施工區(qū)段確定施工順序DividetheConstruc

《劃分施工區(qū)段，確定施工順序》DividetheConstructionSectionandDeterminetheConstructionSequence專業(yè)技能概述AnOverviewofProfessionalSkills1.施工區(qū)段及其劃分原則1.Constructionsectionanditsdivisionprinciple施工區(qū)段是指工程對(duì)象在組織流水施工中所劃分的施工區(qū)域，包括施工段和施工層。Theconstructionsectionreferstotheconstructionareadividedbytheengineeringobjectintheflowconstruction,includingtheconstructionsectionandtheconstructionlayer.

一般把平面上劃分的若干個(gè)勞動(dòng)量大致相等的施工區(qū)段稱為施工段，用符號(hào)m表示。把建筑物垂直方向劃分的施工區(qū)段稱為施工層，用符號(hào)r表示。Generally,severalconstructionpartsdividedontheplanewithalmostthesameamountoflaborarecalledconstructionsections,whicharerepresentedbym.Theconstructionpartdividedintheverticaldirectionofthebuildingiscalledtheconstructionlayer,whichisrepresentedbyr.劃分施工區(qū)段的目的在于保證不同的施工隊(duì)組能在不同的施工區(qū)段上同時(shí)進(jìn)行施工，消滅由于不同的施工隊(duì)組不能同時(shí)在一個(gè)工作面上工作而產(chǎn)生的互等、停歇現(xiàn)象，為流水創(chuàng)造條件。Thepurposeofdividingtheconstructionsectionsistoensurethatdifferentconstructionteamscanconstructatthesametimeondifferentconstructionsections,andtopreventthemutualwaitingandhaltcausedbydifferentconstructionteamsindifferentworkingareas.Thedividedconstructionsectionsprovidetheconditionsforflowconstruction.劃分施工段的基本原則:Basicprinciplesforconstructiondivisions:(1)施工段的數(shù)目要合理;Thenumberofconstructionsectionsshallbereasonable;(2)各施工段的勞動(dòng)量(或工程量)要大致相等(相差宜在15%以內(nèi));Theamountoflabororengineeringofeachconstructionsectionshallberoughlyequal(thedifferenceshallbewithin15%);(3)要有足夠的工作面;Thereshallbeenoughworkingsurface;(4)要有利于結(jié)構(gòu)的整體性;Itshallbebeneficialtotheintegrityofthestructure;(5)以主導(dǎo)施工過(guò)程為依據(jù)進(jìn)行劃分;Thedivisionisbasedonthedominantconstructionprocess;(6)當(dāng)組織流水施工的工程對(duì)象有層間關(guān)系，分層分段施工時(shí)，應(yīng)使各施工隊(duì)組能連續(xù)施工。(6)Whentheengineeringobjectsoftheflowconstructionhaveinterlayerrelationship,eachconstructionteamshouldbeabletoconstructcontinuouslyindifferentconstructionsectionsorlayers.2.施工序及其確定原則和要求2.Constructionsequenceanditsdeterminationprinciplesandrequirements確定合理的施工順序是選擇施工方案首先應(yīng)考慮的問(wèn)題。施工順序是指工程開(kāi)工后各分部分項(xiàng)工程施工的先后次序。Determiningareasonableconstructionsequenceisthetoppriorityforchoosingaconstructionscheme.Theconstructionsequencereferstothesequenceofconstructionforeachdivisionaftertheprojectstarts.確定施工順序既是為了按照客觀的施工規(guī)律組織施工，也是為了解決工種之間的合理搭接，在保證工程質(zhì)量和施工安全的前提下，充分利用空間，以達(dá)到縮短工期的目的。Determiningtheconstructionsequenceisnotonlyforthepurposeofconstructingaccordingtotheconstructionrules,butalsoforthereasonableconnectionofdifferenttypesofwork.Onthepremiseofensuringthequalityandsafetyoftheproject,thesequencecanmakefulluseofspaceandshortentheconstructionperiod.在實(shí)際工程施工中，施工順序可以有多種。不僅不同類型建筑物的建造過(guò)程有著不同的施工順序，在同一類型的建筑工程施工中，甚至同一幢房屋的施工，也會(huì)有不同的施工順序。Therearemanykindsofconstructionsequencesintheactualconstruction.Differentconstructionsequenceswillnotonlyexistintheconstructionofdifferenttypesofbuildings,butalsointheconstructionofthesametypeofconstructionprojectandeventheconstructionofthesamehouse.(1)確定施工順序應(yīng)遵循的基本原則Basicprinciplestofollowfordeterminingtheconstructionsequence1)先地下，后地上。Firstundergroundandthenontheground.指的是地上工程開(kāi)始之前，把管道、線路等地下設(shè)施、土方工程和基礎(chǔ)工程全部完成或基本完成。Itreferstothecompletionorsectionalcompletionofundergroundfacilitiessuchaspipelinesandlines,earthworksandfoundationengineeringbeforetheabove-groundengineeringbegins.堅(jiān)固耐用的建筑需要有一個(gè)堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)，從工藝的角度也必須先地下后地上，地下工程施工時(shí)應(yīng)做到先深后淺。這樣可以避免對(duì)地上部分施工產(chǎn)生干擾，從而帶來(lái)施工不便，造成浪費(fèi)，影響工程質(zhì)量。Asolidfoundationisnecessaryforasturdyanddurablebuilding.Fromatechnicalpointofview,“firstundergroundandthenontheground”isalsorequiredandtheundergroundconstructionshouldbedeepfirstandthenshallow.Inthisway,interferencetotheconstructiononthegroundcanbeavoided.Otherwise,theinterferencemightbringinconveniencetotheconstruction,causewasteandaffectthequalityoftheproject.2)先主體后圍護(hù)。

Firstthemainbodyandthentheenclosure.指的是框架結(jié)構(gòu)建筑和裝配式單層工業(yè)廠房施工中，先施工主體結(jié)構(gòu)，后施工圍護(hù)工程。Itmeansthatintheconstructionofframestructurebuildingsandprefabricatedsingle-storeyindustrialplants,themainstructureisconstructedfirst,andthentheenclosureproject.同時(shí)框架主體結(jié)構(gòu)與圍護(hù)工程在總的施工順序上要合理搭接，一般來(lái)說(shuō)，多層建筑以少搭接為宜，而高層建筑則應(yīng)盡量搭接施工，以縮短施工工期；而裝配式單層工業(yè)廠房主體結(jié)構(gòu)與圍護(hù)工程一般不搭接。Themainstructureoftheframeandtheenclosureshouldbereasonablyoverlappedintheoverallconstructionsequence.Generallyspeaking,multi-storeybuildingsshouldbelessoverlapped,andhigh-risebuildingsshouldbeoverlappedasmuchaspossibletoshortentheconstructionperiod;whilethemainstructureofprefabricatedsingle-storeyindustrialplantsandtheenclosurearegenerallynotoverlapped.3)先結(jié)構(gòu)后裝修。是對(duì)一般情況而言，先結(jié)構(gòu)、后裝修。有時(shí)為了縮短施工工期，也可以有部分合理的搭接。Firststructureandthendecoration.Ingeneral,thestructureisfollowedbythedecoration,andsometimesinordertoshortentheconstructionperiod,therearealsosomereasonablejoints.4)先土建，后設(shè)備。Civilconstructionfirstandthenequipment.指的是不論是民用建筑還是工業(yè)建筑，一般來(lái)說(shuō)，土建施工應(yīng)先于水、暖、煤、衛(wèi)、電等建筑設(shè)備的施工。但它們之間更多的是穿插配合關(guān)系，尤其在裝修階段，要從保證施工質(zhì)量、降低成本的角度，處理好相互之間的關(guān)系。Itreferstowhetheritisacivilbuildingoranindustrialbuilding,thecivilconstructionshouldgenerallyprecedetheconstructionofconstructionequipmentsuchaswater,heating,coal,sanitation,andelectricity.

However,thetwodifferentkindsofconstructionworkintandem.Especiallyinthedecorationstage,therelationshipbetweenthemshouldbehandledproperlytoensureconstructionqualityandreducecosts.以上原則并不是一成不變的，在特殊情況下，如在冬期施工之前，應(yīng)盡可能完成土建和圍護(hù)工程，以利于施工中的防寒和室內(nèi)作業(yè)的開(kāi)展，從而達(dá)到改善工人的勞動(dòng)環(huán)境、縮短工期的目的;又如大板建筑施工，大板承重結(jié)構(gòu)部分和某些裝飾部分宜在加工廠同時(shí)完成。因此，隨著我國(guó)施工技術(shù)的發(fā)展、企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)管理水平的提高和在特殊情況下，以上原則也在進(jìn)一步完善之中。Theaboveprinciplesarenotsetinstone.Underspecialcircumstances,suchasbeforeconstructioninwinter,thecivilworksandenclosureworksshouldbecompletedasmuchaspossibletofacilitatecold-proofandindooroperationsduringconstruction.Thiswillimprovetheworkingenvironmentofworkersandshortentheconstructionperiod;Anotherexampleistheconstructionoflargeslabs,theload-bearingstructuralpartsoftheslabsandsomedecorativepartsshouldbecompletedatthesametimeintheprocessingplant.Therefore,withthedevelopmentofconstructiontechnologyinChina,theimprovementofenterprisemanagementlevelandunderspecialcircumstances,theaboveprinciplesarealsobeingfurtherimproved.(2)確定施工順序的基本要求Basicrequirementsfordeterminingtheconstructionsequence1)必須符合施工工藝的要求。Therequirementsoftheconstructiontechnologymustbemet.建筑物在建造過(guò)程中各分部分項(xiàng)工程之間存在著一定的工藝順序關(guān)系，它隨著建筑物結(jié)構(gòu)和構(gòu)造的不同而變化，應(yīng)在分析建筑物各分部分項(xiàng)工程之間的工藝關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)上確定施工順序。Thereisacertaintechnicalsequencebetweenthevarioussub-projectsintheconstructionprocessofthebuilding.Thesequencevarieswiththestructureofthebuilding,andtheconstructionsequenceshouldbedeterminedonthebasisofanalyzingthetechnologicalrelationshipbetweenthesub-projectsofthebuilding.例如：基礎(chǔ)工程未做完，其上部結(jié)構(gòu)就不能進(jìn)行，墊層需在土方開(kāi)挖后才能施工；采用混合結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，下層的墻體砌筑完成后方能施工上層樓面；但在框架結(jié)構(gòu)工程中，墻體作為圍護(hù)或隔斷，則可安排在框架施工全部或部分完成后進(jìn)行。Forexample,ifthefoundationworksarenotcompleted,thesuperstructurecannotbecarriedout,andthecushionlayercanonlybeconstructedaftertheearthworkisexcavated;

Whenthemixedstructureisadopted,theupperfloorcanbeconstructedonlyafterthewallmasonryofthelowerflooriscompleted;However,intheframestructureproject,ifthewallisusedasanenclosureorpartition,itcanbearrangedafterallorpartoftheframeconstructioniscompleted.2)必須與施工方法協(xié)調(diào)一致。Thesequencemustbecoordinatedwiththeconstructionmethod.例如：在裝配式單層工業(yè)廠房施工中，如采用分件吊裝法，則施工順序是先吊柱、再吊梁、最后吊各個(gè)節(jié)間的屋架及屋面板等；如采用綜合品法，則施工順序?yàn)橐粋€(gè)節(jié)間全部構(gòu)件吊完后，再依次吊裝下一個(gè)節(jié)間，直至構(gòu)件吊實(shí)。Forexample,intheconstructionofasingle-storyprefabricatedindustrialplant,ifthesegmentalhoistingmethodisadopted,theconstructionsequenceistohangthecolumnsfirst,thenthebeams,andfinallytherooftrussesandroofpanelsofeachsection;

Ifthecomprehensivehoistingmethodisadopted,theconstructionsequenceisthatafterallthecomponentsofonesectionarehoisted,thenextsectionishoistedinsequenceuntilthecomponentsarehoisted.3)必須考施工組織的要求。Therequirementsoftheconstructionorganizationmustbeconsidered.例如：有地下室的高層建筑，其地下室地面工程可以安排在地下室頂板施工前進(jìn)行，也可以安排在地下室頂板施工后進(jìn)行。從施工組織方面考慮，前者施工較方便，上部空間寬敞，可以利用吊裝機(jī)械直接將地面施工用的材料吊到地下室。而后者，地面材料運(yùn)輸和施工就比較困難。Forexample,forahigh-risebuildingwithabasement,thebasementgroundconstructioncanbecarriedoutbeforeorafterthebasementroofconstruction.Intermsofconstructionorganization,theformerismoreconvenientforconstruction,becausetheupperspaceisspacious,andthematerialsforgroundconstructioncanbedirectlyhoistedtothebasementbyhoistingmachinery.However,forthelattersequence,thegroundmaterialtransportationandconstructionaremoredifficult.4)必須考施工質(zhì)量的要求。Therequirementsofconstructionqualitymustbeconsidered.在安排施工順序時(shí)，要以保證和提高工程質(zhì)量為前提影響工程質(zhì)量時(shí)，要重新安排施工順序或采取必要的技術(shù)措施。例如:屋面防水層施工必須等找平層干燥后才能進(jìn)行，否則將影響防水工程的質(zhì)量，特別是柔性防水層的施工。Theconstructionsequenceshouldbebasedonthepremiseofensuringandimprovingthequalityoftheproject.Whenthequalityoftheprojectisaffected,theconstructionsequenceshouldberearrangedornecessarytechnicalmeasuresshouldbetaken.Forexample,theconstructionoftheroofwaterprooflayermustbedoneafterthescreed-coatisdry,otherwiseitwillaffectthequalityofthewaterproofproject