考研英語(yǔ)二（閱讀）模擬試卷16

考研英語(yǔ)二（閱讀）模擬試卷16

（總分：40.00,做題時(shí)間:90分鐘）

一、<B>PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.</B>（總題數(shù)：4,分?jǐn)?shù)：40.00）

Whyisitthatmostofuscanrememberourprecisesurroundingsthemomentthatwefirst

learnedofJohnFitzgeraldKennedy*sassassination,theChallengerexplosionorthefallof

theTwinTowers,butnotsay,whatgroceryaislewewerestandinginwhenthephonecall

cametoremindustopickupmilk?Whatisitaboutthetiming—ormorespecifically,the

coincidencewithintenseexperience—thatsealsinvisualmemoriesmoreeffectively?That,s

thequestionthatanewstudyfrompsychologistsattheUniversityofWashingtonsetoutto

answer.Thestudy,publishedonlinerecentlyintheopen-accessjournalPLoSBiology

includedaseriesoffourexperiments.Ineachexperiment,whichincludeddistinct

participants,JeffreyY.Linandcolleaguesshowedstudysubjects16photographsdepicting

familiarlandscapes.Thefirsttime,participantsmerelylookedattheimages;thesecond

time,theywerealsoaskedtofocusonanumbershowninthemiddleoftheimage;thethird

time,theyalsohadtomakenoteofanauditorycueastheylookedattheimages;and

finally,theywereshownimageswithanumberinthemiddle,buttoldtoignorethenumber

andfocusonlyonthescenedepicted.Researchersfoundthat,whenshownanimagelaterand

askedtorecallifithadbeenamongthosethey'dalreadyseen,subjects*memoryformation

wasconsistentlybestwhentheyhadalsobeentryingtoconcentrateonanothertaskinboth

thesecondandthirdexperiments,whichinvolvedviewingnumbersorhearingaudiotones

whiletheimageswerepresented,subjectsformedclearermemoriesthaninthefirst

experiment-whentheyweresimplyinstructedtolookatthephotos-andthaninthefourth

experiment-whentheywereshownnumbersinthecenterofphotos,buttoldtoignorethem

andfocusontheimagesthemselves.Thefindingssuggestthatitisn'tthenoveltyofwhat

we'reseeing,buttheexperiencethatwearehavingwhilewelookatsomething,that

determineshowwel1westoreitawayinourmemories.Or,astheauthorsphraseit,the

studyresultsprovide"evidenceofamechanismwheretracesofavisualsceneare

automaticallyencodedintomemoryatbehaviorallyrelevantpointsintimeregardlessofthe

spatialfocusofattention.Whenitcomestomakingmemories,timingisoftheessence.（分

數(shù)：10.00）

（1）.Thequestionsatthebeginningofthetextareintendedto.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）

A.describeaconfusingphenomenon

B.showthecomplexityofourmemory

C.drawforththetopicofthistextJ

D.supporttheargumentoftheauthor

解析：解析：題干的questions指第一段前兩句提出的問題，這兩個(gè)問題可概括為“我們?yōu)槭裁茨軌蚯宄?/p>

地記得某些情況，卻不記得另一些情況？”和“什么樣的時(shí)機(jī)會(huì)加深記憶？”o第一段末句則指出第二個(gè)問

題是某項(xiàng)研究的研究話題，第二段緊接著介紹了這項(xiàng)研究，所以可推知，這些問題是為了引出本文要討論

的話題，由此可判斷C項(xiàng)符合題意。

（2）.Whichofthefollowingsistrueofthestudymentionedinthistext?（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）

A.Itwasconductedbysomeanthropologists.

B.Itstudiedthestepsofmemoryformation.

C.Itsconclusionwasbasedonseveralexperiments.J

D.Itsfindingsoverturnedmanypreviousresearches.

解析：解析：四個(gè)選項(xiàng)均與研究的基本信息相關(guān)。第二段詳細(xì)說(shuō)明了實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行的方式和內(nèi)容，其中①句說(shuō)

到該研究包括四組實(shí)驗(yàn)，而根據(jù)第三、第四段的“Inboththesecondandthirdexperiments^“in

thefirstexperiment""inthefourthexperimentw等字眼可知，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)的結(jié)果(findings)是

來(lái)自于這四組測(cè)驗(yàn)，C項(xiàng)所說(shuō)的該研究建立在幾組實(shí)驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上與文意相吻合，故C項(xiàng)正確。

(3).Thestudyshowsthatpeoplerememberathingbetterwhenthey..(分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00)

A.concentrateonotherthingsmeanwhileJ

B.strivetorememberthatthing

C.arestronglyattractedbyit

D.repeatitconstantlyinmind

解析：解析：本題詢問人們能更好記住事件的條件，這正是文中研究的結(jié)果，文中第三段為研究的結(jié)論，

與本題相關(guān)。其中該段①句總結(jié)說(shuō)到，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)如果看圖的同時(shí)精力還集中于另?任務(wù)(concentrateon

anothertask),參與者的記憶往往更加清晰，接著②句進(jìn)一步闡述此觀點(diǎn)在這一研究中的具體表現(xiàn)和反

映，即“同時(shí)需關(guān)注數(shù)字或記下聲音提示的實(shí)驗(yàn)參與者記憶更清晰”，A項(xiàng)的觀點(diǎn)與此不謀而合，故A項(xiàng)

正確。

(4).ItisimpliedinParagraph4thathowwellthememoryisstoreddependson.(分

數(shù):2,00)

A.timingofthethingJ

B.thelevelofnewnessofthething

C.therelatedexperiencetothething

D.thetracesofthevisualscene

解析：解析：根據(jù)題干可直接定位到第四段。該段①句說(shuō)實(shí)驗(yàn)表明我們能否記住某事取決于看到某事時(shí)的

經(jīng)歷(theexperiencethatwearehaving),最后一句則總結(jié)說(shuō)“時(shí)機(jī)是非常重要的”，A項(xiàng)復(fù)現(xiàn)了末

句的timing,也與①句所述對(duì)應(yīng)，故可確定A項(xiàng)為本題答案。

(5).Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethemainideaofthistext?(分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00)

A.Timingiscriticaltomemoryformation.V

B.Memorycanbemanipulatedforourgood.

C.Peopletendtorememberbigeventsbetter.

D.It*sbettertoremembertwothingsthanone.

解析：解析：這道題目需要通觀全文，總結(jié)性的觀點(diǎn)一般出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭或者結(jié)尾。這篇文章的開頭即

引出了文章的主題，那么概括的部分應(yīng)在文章的末尾，所以定位在最后一段。文中最后一句談到“就能否

形成記憶來(lái)說(shuō)，時(shí)機(jī)是至關(guān)重要的”，A項(xiàng)中的memoryformation對(duì)應(yīng)該句中的makingmemories,而

iscriticalto”是...的關(guān)鍵”則與文中的oftheessence”非常重要的”相吻合,故A項(xiàng)為正確答

案。

Encouragementandpraisecancomeinmanyforms,andsomewaysarebetterforchild

developmentthanothers.ResearchersattheUniversityofChicagoandStanfordUniversity

whostudiedmother-childinteractionsoverthecourseofseveralyearsfoundthatthetype

ofpraisechiIdrenreceiveaffectstheirattitudestowardchallengeslaterinlife.

Specifically,praisethatcamewithfeedbackabouttheirbehaviorandthechoicesthat

toddlersmadehelpedthemtocopebetterwithdifficultexperiencesfiveyearslater,

comparedwithcomplimentsthatfocusedmoreonthechildhimself,like〃You'reagoodboy.”

Thestudy,whichappearsinthejournalChildDevelopment,isthefirstmajorstudyof

praiseandchildhooddevelopmentdoneoutsideofalabsetting.Inthestudy,researches

foundthatthechildrenwhogrewupwithmoreprocesspraise(commentssuchas"Youworked

reallyhard"or"You'redoingagreatjob,“whichemphasizethechiId,sactions.)weremore

opentochallenge,andwereabletoidentifymorewaysofovercomingdifficultproblems.

Theywerealsomorelikelytosaythattheycouldimprovetheirintelligencewithhardwork.

Whilepersonpraise(commentslike"You'resosmart"or"You'resogood,，zwhichfocusona

child'sinherentqualities.)didn'tseemtohaveanynegativeeffectonthechildren,the

studysuggeststhatprocesspraiseteacheschiIdrenthattheirtalentsandabi1itiescanbe

developedandimproved,whilepersonpraisesendsthemessagethattheirabilitiesarefixed

andthereforenoteasilyaltered."Thisstudyismonumental,“saysCarolDweck,aco-author

ofthestudyandaprofessoratStanfordUniversitywhoseearlierresearchlaidthe

foundationforunderstandingtheroleofpraiseinchilddevelopment.Anotherrevelation

fromthestudyinvolvedhowpraiseaffectsboysandgirlsdifferently.Parentsgaveboysand

girlsthesameamountofpraise,butoftheencouragementboysreceived,24%wasprocess

praise,whilegirlsreceivedonly10%ofthistype.Previousresearchsuggestedthis

pattern,butGunderson,anassistantprofessorofpsychologyatTempleUniversity,saysshe

wassurprisedbyhowgreatthedifferencewas.Theinequalitycouldhaveconsequencesfor

howgirlsevaluatetheirabilitiesastheyprogressinschoolandmayplayarolein

aggravatingsomeoftheself-esteemissuesthatbecomemorecommonamongteensand

adolescents.Thefindingssendaclearmessagetoparents."Thebiggesttakeawayisthat

parentpraisematters,Dwecksays."Theparents,evenwhenthechildrenareveryyoung,are

startingtoshapethechild,smotivation,thechildren'sattitudestowardthemselvesand

theirstancetotheworld.*Notallpraise,itseems,isequal.（分?jǐn)?shù)：10.00）

（1）.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthat.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）

A.themorepraisechildrenreceive,thebetter

B.praiseofdifferenttypeshasdifferenteffectsJ

C.praiseplaysamajorroleinchildhooddevelopment

D.praisecanhelpchildrendealwithhardshipbetter

解析：解析：根據(jù)題干可直接定位到第一、第二段。第一段①句開門見山，指出鼓勵(lì)和表?yè)P(yáng)有多種方式，

而且對(duì)孩子的發(fā)展影響不同。第二段開頭的Specifically一詞表明第二段是對(duì)第一段的具體說(shuō)明，進(jìn)一

步指出具體某種表?yè)P(yáng)方式能讓孩子日后更好地處理困難情況，故確定B項(xiàng)正確。

（2）.WecaninferfromParagraph3that.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）

A.childrenwithmorepersonpraisedevelopbetterthanotherwise

B.processpraiseistemporarywhilepersonpraiseispermanent

C.personpraise1ike"youaresosmart"shouldbecompletelyavoided

D.processpraisehasmorepositiveeffectsonchildrenthanpersonpraiseJ

解析：解析：根據(jù)題干可直接定位到第三段。該段詳細(xì)講述了研究的結(jié)果，對(duì)比了processpraise"行

為表?yè)P(yáng)”及personpraise“個(gè)人表?yè)P(yáng)”的影響。該段前兩句提到，受到行為表?yè)P(yáng)多的孩子，更敢于應(yīng)對(duì)

挑戰(zhàn)，應(yīng)對(duì)困難的方法也更多，也更有可能認(rèn)為他們可以通過努力來(lái)提升智力，這些是personpraise所

沒有的，故D項(xiàng)的概括正確。

（3）.CarolDweck*sattitudetowardthestudyis___.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）

A.skeptical

B.positiveV

C.cautious

D.objective

解析：解析：根據(jù)題干中的人名CarolDweck可定位到第四段。本題考查的是CarolDweck對(duì)前三段提到

的研究持什么態(tài)度。從該段中的Thisstudyismonumental“該研究是意義重大的”可看出CarolDweck

對(duì)該研究的態(tài)度是積極的，故B項(xiàng)為正確答案。

（4）.AccordingtoParagraph5,whichofthefollowingistrueofgirls?（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）

A.Girlsreceivemoreprocesspraisethanboys.

B.Mostparentsareusuallyprejudicedagainstgirls.

C.Girlsreceivelessprocesspraisethanboys.J

D.Theself-esteemissueisuncommonamonggirls.

解析：解析：根據(jù)題干可直接定位到第五段。該段①句就提到表?yè)P(yáng)對(duì)男孩和女孩的影響存在差異，②句對(duì)

比了兩者受到的processpraise數(shù)量上的差異，從兩個(gè)百分比數(shù)字（24%和10%）可以看出，女孩受到的行

為表?yè)P(yáng)數(shù)量要低于男孩所受到的行為表?yè)P(yáng)數(shù)量，故C項(xiàng)為正確答案。

（5）.Bysaying〃Notallpraise,itseems,isequal”,theauthorimpliesthat.（分?jǐn)?shù)：

2.00）

A.thereisabetterwaytopraisechildrenJ

B.inequalityisverycommoninoursociety

C.parentsshouldencourageandpraisemore

D.girlsshouldbegivenmoreprocesspraise

解析：解析：題干中的直接引語(yǔ)為全文的最后一句。統(tǒng)觀全文，可知文章主要講的是不同的表?yè)P(yáng)類型（本

文重點(diǎn)在對(duì)比processpraise及personpraise）對(duì)孩子會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同的影響，所以作者說(shuō)“似乎不是所有

表?yè)P(yáng)都是平等的"，結(jié)合文章的寫作意圖，不難看出本文是想表明表?yè)P(yáng)孩子的方式有差異，存在優(yōu)劣，故

A項(xiàng)為正確答案。

WhatisthedifferencebetweenJoeSix-Pack,JoethePlumberandJoeBiden?Oneisvice

president;theothertwoarenot.Why?Theanswerdependsonahostofinteractivevariables

thatmustbefactoredintoanyequationofsuccess:genes,parents,brothersandsisters,

peers,teachers,practice,drive,culture,timing,legacyandluck.Therubforthe

scientistisdeterminingthepercentageofinfluenceofeachvariableanditsinteractions,

whichrequiressophisticatedstatisticalmodels.Journalists,whoareunrestrictedby

researchterms,veryquicklyproducelargequantitiesofself-helpbooksthatfocuson

selectvariablesthatinterestthem.FewdosobetterthanMalcolmGladwell,andinhisbook

Outliers:TheStoryofSuccess,theNewYorkerwriterclaimsthatsuccessfulpeoplearenot

“self-made“butinstead"areinvariablythebeneficiariesofhiddenadvantagesand

extraordinaryopportunitiesandculturallegaciesthatallowthemto1earnandworkhardand

makesenseoftheworldinwaysotherscannot.Bi11Gates,forexample,maybesmart,but

GladwellpreferstoemphasizethefactthatGates*swealthyparentssenthimtoaprivate

schoolthathadacomputerclubwithateletypetime-sharingterminalwithadirectlinkto

amainframecomputerinSeattle,andin1968thiswasveryunusual.Hisgoodfortunetobe

borninthemid-1950salsomeantthatGatescameofagewhenthecomputerindustrywasready

tohavesomeoneofhisexperiencestartasoftwarecompany.Similarly,Gladwel1says,

Mozart*sfatherwasacomposerwhomentoredtheyoungWolfgangintogreatnessfromagesix

untilhisearly20s,whenhiscompositionschangedfrompleasantlymelodiousintomasterful.

TheBeatles*luckybreakcameinHamburg,Germany,wheretheywereabletologinmorethan

1,200liveperformancesandtherebymeetthewell-known10,000-hourruleforperfectinga

profession.Asianwonderchildrenaretheproductof“thetraditionofwet-riceagriculture^

thatmustbepracticedyear-roundandthatrequires〃thehighestemphasisoneffortandhard

work,“andthat'swhytheystudyallsummerwhileAmericanstudentsgotothemall.Such

geniuses,Gladwel1says,“areproductsofhistoryandcommunity,ofopportunityandlegacy.

Theirsuccessisnotexceptionalormysterious.Itisgroundedinawebofadvantagesand

inheritances,somedeserved,somenot,someearned,somejustplainluckybutallcritical

tomakingthemwhotheyare.”（分?jǐn)?shù)：10.00）

（1）.Byaskingtwoquestionsatthebeginningofthetext,theauthorintendsto.（分

數(shù)：2.00）

A.showdifferentachievementsofdifferentJoes

B.introducethecontributoryfactorsofsuccessJ

C.introduceastudyondeterminantsofsuccess

D.discussthedifficultyofsuccessfortheordinary

解析：解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞beginningofthetext定位到第一段。兩個(gè)問題即“喬六包、水管工喬和

喬-拜登有什么不同？”和“為什么會(huì)有不同？"，這里關(guān)鍵語(yǔ)義落在后一句“Why?”，探究造成這一情況

的原因，以此引出促成成功的各種變量，B項(xiàng)的contributoi'yfactors“促成因素”對(duì)應(yīng)本段④句的The

answerdependson…variablesthatmustbefactoredinlo…success,這里的answer即是對(duì)why的

回答，故B項(xiàng)為答案。

(2).AccordingtoParagraph2,Gladwellbelievesthat_.(分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00)

A.journalistsabidebyresearchresultaccurately

B.manyexternalfactorscontributetosuccessJ

C.journalistsareinterestedinself-helpbooks

D.peoplesucceedthroughtheirownefforts

解析：解析：根據(jù)題干中的Gladwell可定位到第二段②句。該句首先提到MalcolmGladwell,句子后半

部分的theNewYorkerwriter是其代名詞,文中的claims對(duì)應(yīng)題目的believes,表示的adwell相信

成功人士并不是“僅靠自身努力而取得成功的"(self-made),而是隱性優(yōu)勢(shì)、非凡機(jī)遇和文化傳承的受

益者，B項(xiàng)”許多外在因素促成成功”與原文的意思相符，故為答案。

(3).AccordingtoGladwell,whichofthefollowingistrueofGates?(分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00)

A.Hisgreatsuccessisduetohisowntalent.

B.Hisbirthtimepartlycontributestohissuccess.J

C.Hisinterestinsoftwaremadehimsucceed.

D.Heisfortunatetoreceiveunusualeducation.

解析：解析：根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞Gates可定位到第三段。該段以比爾-蓋茨為例說(shuō)明第二段的觀點(diǎn)：成

功人士是隱形優(yōu)勢(shì)、非凡機(jī)遇和文化傳承的受益者。其中②句中的Hisgoodfortunetobebornin

themid-1950s說(shuō)明他出生于一個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)機(jī)，B項(xiàng)所述與此對(duì)應(yīng)。

(4).WemaylearnfromParagraph4that_.(分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00)

A.geniusesworklessharderthantheordinary

B.musicians'successisduetotalentmostly

C.manyfactorshelpgeniusesbecomesuccessfulV

D.AsiansworklessharderthanAmericans

解析：解析：根據(jù)題干可直接定位到第四段。該段依舊是列舉名人事例說(shuō)明論點(diǎn)：成功人士不是self-

made。其中談到了莫扎特、披頭士和亞洲神童的成功。Gladwell強(qiáng)調(diào)了莫扎特的作曲家(composer)父親

(他一直輔導(dǎo)莫扎特到二十歲)、披頭士的機(jī)遇(luckybreak)以及亞洲神童的努力和辛勤工作(effortand

hardwork),C項(xiàng)“許多因素促使天才獲得成功”與文意相吻合，故為答案。

(5).Thewebofadvantagesandinheritancesare___.(分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00)

A.thefoundationofsuccess>/

B.peculiartogeniuses

C.lessimportanttogeniuses

D.possessedbyeveryone

解析：解析：根據(jù)題干定位到最后一段。其中該段①句總結(jié)表明，天才是歷史和社會(huì)、機(jī)遇和傳承的產(chǎn)

物，③句進(jìn)一步闡述他們的成功建立在?張優(yōu)勢(shì)和傳承交織的網(wǎng)上(groundedinawebofadvantages

andinheritances),所以這個(gè)網(wǎng)是成功的基石(foundation),A項(xiàng)語(yǔ)義與此對(duì)應(yīng)，故為正確答案。

believeinequalityforeveryone,exceptreportersandphotographers,z，MahatmaGandhi

oncesaid.Journalist-haterslikehimmightnotcareabouttheagonyofAmerica,snews

firms,butmanyAmericansdo.Nearlyathirdofthemsaytheyhaveabandonedanewssource

becausetheythoughtthequalityofitsinformationwasdeclining.Accordingto"TheState

oftheNewsMedia2013”,areportbytheProjectforExcellenceinJournalismatthePew

ResearchCentre,thedeterioratingfinancialstateofnewsorganizationshashurttheir

output.Newspaperstaffshaveshrunkbyaround30%sincetheirpeakin1989,andnewspapers

collectivelynowemployfewerthan40,000full-timeprofessionals,thelowestnumbersince

themid-1970s.Americanswhothinkmediafirmsareputtingoutfeweroriginal,thoughtful

storiesareprobablyright.Weather,trafficandsportnowaccountforaround40%oflocal

televisionnewscasts.Theaveragelengthofastorykeepsfalling.Only20%oflocalTV

storiesexceedaminute,andhalftakelessthan30seconds.Oncable-newschannels,live

reports,whichrequirecameracrewsandjournalistsactuallytoshowupsomewhere,have

fallenbyathirdindaytimeprogramsinthepastfiveyears.Interviewsegments,whichare

cheap,haverisen.Americansmayalsoprefertalkingheadsbecausetheyincreasinglyprefer

tohearopinionratherthanfact.ThistrendishighlightedbythepopularityofFox,a

conservativenewsnetwork,andofMSNBC,itsleft-leaningcounterpart.CNN,whichtendsto

toethemiddleline,continuestostrugglewithitsratingsunlessthereisabignews

event.Whereisthegoodnews?LastyearlocalTVstations,especiallythoseinswingstates

likeFloridaandOhio,gotawelcomeboostfromthe$3billionspentonTVadvertising

duringtheelection.Andnewspapersarenowstartinginlargenumberstodemandpaymentfor

theirdigitalcontent.PewreckonsthataroundathirdofAmerica's1,380dailieshave

started(orwillsoonlaunch)paywalls,inspiredbythesuccessoftheNewYorkTimes,where

640,000subscribersgetthedigitaleditionandcirculationnowaccountsforalarger

portionofrevenuesthanadvertising.Boostingcirculationrevenuewillhelpstemlosses

fromprintadvertising,sinceithasbecomeclearthatdigitaiadvertisingwi11notbe

enough.Forevery$16lostinprintadvertisinglastyear,newspapersmadeonlyaround$1

fromdigitalads.Thebulkofthe$37.3billionspentondigitaladvertisingin2012wentto

fivefirms:Google,Yahoo,Facebook,MicrosoftandAOL.NotmuchGandhianequalitythere.

(分?jǐn)?shù)：10.00)

(1).Thedeclineofnewspapers*informationqualityismainlycausedby.(分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00)

A.financialdownturnofnewsgroupsJ

B.ashortageoftalentedstaffs

C.decreaseinnewspaperreaders

D.increasingnumberofjournalist-haters

解析：解析：題干提及的“報(bào)紙信息質(zhì)量下降”首先出現(xiàn)在第一段末句。而第二段①句末的hurttheir

output與此對(duì)應(yīng)。該句講述造成該現(xiàn)象的原因是thedeterioratingfinancialstateofnews

organizations”新聞機(jī)構(gòu)不斷惡化的財(cái)政狀況”，A項(xiàng)所述與此對(duì)應(yīng)，故為答案。也許有同學(xué)不理解

deteriorating“惡化的”一詞，但根據(jù)全文上下的語(yǔ)境，至少能判斷出這是一個(gè)貶義詞，因而可推測(cè)原

因是由于報(bào)業(yè)集團(tuán)不好的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況造成，也能選出A項(xiàng)。

(2).AccordingtoParagraph4,whichofthefo