考研英語二（閱讀）模擬試卷6（共164題）

考研英語二（閱讀）模擬試卷6（共9

套）

（共164題）

考研英語二（閱讀）模擬試卷第1套

一、閱讀理解（本題共20題，每題1.0分，共20分。）

Thatmythicalbeast,homoeconomicus,otherwisecalledEconomicman,isutterlyclear

aboutthepurposeofwork:togetpaid.Heiskeeneronleisurethanonwork,andif

moneycanbegotwithouteffort,hedownstools.Ifrealpeoplefeelthesame,then

bountifulout-of-workbenefitsshouldbefoundinthesameplacesaswork-shycitizens.

Yetacross-countrycomparisonofbenefitsandattitudestoworkpublishedonJanuary

28thfindspreciselytheoppositepattern.Researchersranked13countriesaccordingto

theirgenerosity（measuredbycomparingtypicalbenefitstothoseoutofworkwiththe

averagewageofaproductionworker）andtheircitizens'commitmenttowork（gaugedby

askingwhethertheywouldworkiftheydidnotneedthecash,andwhethertheyregarded

ajobasmerelyawaytoearnaliving）.Theyfoundthatthemoregenerousastateis（he

keeneronworkitspeopleare.Britons,whosebenefitswerethestingiest（most

ungcncrous）afterthosethatAmericansget,wereleastkeenofallonwork.Onereason

maybetheskillsmake-upoftheBritishworkforce.Theresearchersfound,logically

enough,thatprofessionalsandgraduatesweremorepositiveaboutworkthanthe

unskilledandnon-graduales.FewerBritonsthanNorwegians（whocametoponwork

commitment）haveprofessionaljobsordegrees.Butthisdoesnotentirelyexplainiheir

comparativeimmunitytoiheattractionsoftoil:Britonsofeverysocialclassandlevelof

educationwerelesskeenonworkthantheircounterpartselsewhere.Couldthe

"dependencyculture"currentlyexercisingBritishpoliticiansbesolvedbyraising

benefits?Unlikely,saysAlisonPark,editoroftheannualBritishSocialAttitudesReport,

inwhichthestudyappeared:attitudestoworkvaryfromcountrytocountryformany

reasons.Thereportstatesthatthelavishnessofwhatthereportterms"encompassing"

states,allNordicwithLuiherantraditions,mayhavebeenmadepossiblebyastrong

workethic,ratherthanastrongercommitmenttoworkhavingemergedasaresultofit.

Andworkincentivesareaffectedbyfeaturesofwelfaresystemsotherthanoverall

generosity:"corporatist"statessuchasGermany,whichpayhigherbenefitstothosewith

alongerworkhistory,maybeencouragingpositiveattitudestoworkbysuch

conditionality.Britain'spoorbenefits,bycontrast,arclargelyindependentofprevious

employment,whichmaymeantheyareseenasanalternativetowork,ratherthanasone

ofthegoodthingsthatflowfromit.

1、Homoeconomicusischaracterizedas

A、economical.

B、lazy.

C、leisure-obsessed.

D、benefits-driven.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D

知識點(diǎn)解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)Homoeconomicus定位到第一段。其中講到“經(jīng)濟(jì)

人”深諳工作的目的——獲得報(bào)酬，言外之意是其只受利益驅(qū)使，故D項(xiàng)正確。

2、Whatcanbeinferredfromthesecondparagraph?

A、Thekeeneronworkitspeopleare,themoregenerousastateis.

B、Peoplewhoarekeenonworkwillmaketheirstategenerous.

C、ThebenefitswhichBritonsgetwerethestingiest.

D^AmericansgotstingierbenefitsthanBritonsdid.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C」「

知識點(diǎn)解析：推理判斷題。答案在第二段。最后一句話提到“英國人緊隨美國人之

后，獲得的福利最微薄”，故C項(xiàng)正確.

3、Bysaying"theircomparativeimmunitytotheattractionsoftoil"(Linc4,Paragraph

3),theauthormeans

A、Britonsarehealthyenoughnottofeelill.

B、Britonshavegoodimmunesystem.

C、Britonsarenotkeenonwork.

D、Britonsareafraidofhardwork.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C

知識點(diǎn)解析：語義理解題。答案在第三段第五行。該句中冒號后面的內(nèi)容是對前半

句的解釋，即“每個社會階層，每個教育層次的英國人對工作都更缺乏熱情”，因此

C項(xiàng)正確。

4、AccordingtotheBritishSocialAttitudesReport,"encompassing"statesaregenerous

dueto

A^thedependencyculture.

B、astrongworkethic.

C、theriseofbenefits.

D^variousworkingattitudes.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案；B

知識點(diǎn)解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。考查因果細(xì)節(jié)。根據(jù)"encompassing”states定位剋第四

段。根據(jù)原文中l(wèi)avishness...havebeenmadepossibleby...可知by后的內(nèi)

容即為答題信息點(diǎn)。主要涉及對ratherthan詞組的理解：否定它后面的，肯定前面

的astrongworkethic,因此B項(xiàng)正確。

5、Germanyismentionedinthelastparagraphtoshowthat

A^Germanypayshigherbenefitstothosewithalongerworkhistory.

B、corporatiststateslikeGermanyprovidebetterbenefitsthanBritain.

C、welfaresystemisalsolikelytoinfluenceworkincentives.

D、Germanyencouragespositiveworkattitudesbypayinghigherbenefits.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C

知識點(diǎn)解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題?？疾槔C細(xì)節(jié)。德國的例子表明“工齡較長的人能獲得

更好的福利”，這實(shí)際上是為了說明該段中心句“工作的動力還會受到福利體制的特

點(diǎn)影響”，因此C項(xiàng)正確。

AstheSenatepreparestovoteonlegislationtoempowertheFoodandDrug

Administrationtoregulatetobaccoproducts,itsmemberswouldbewisetoconsulta

recentappealscourtdecision.Thedecisionmakesitclearthatthetobaccocompanies

haveengagedindeceitfulandharmfulbehaviorformanydecadesandcannotbetrusted

toreformontheirown.Regulatoryoversightisthebestchancetoreinthemin.The

unanimousrulingbyathree-judgepaneloftheUnitedStatesCourtofAppealsforthe

DistrictofColumbiaupheldmajorelementsofa2006lowercourtdecisionthatfoundbig

tobaccocompaniesguiltyofracketeeringandfraudaspartofaprolongedcampaignto

deceiveandaddictthepublic.That1,742opinion,renderedbyJudgeGladys

Kessicr,laidoutinpainstakingdetailhowthetobaccocompaniesmadefalsestatements

andsuppressedevidencetodenyorplaydowntheaddictivequalitiesandtheadverse

healtheffectsofsmoking.JudgeKesslerfoundthatthecompaniesmanipulatedthe

designofcigarettestodeliveraddictivedosesofnicotine,falselydeniedthatsecondhand

smokecauseddiseaseandfalselyrepresentedthatlightandlow-tarcigarettespresen:ed

fewerhealthrisks.Theappealscourtnotonlyupheldherdecisionaslegallysound,it

seemeddeeplyimpressedbythe"volumesofevidence"and"countlessexamplesof

deliberatelyfalsestatements"underlyingmanyofJudgeKessler'sfindings.Italsoupheld

somebutnotallofthemarketingrestrictionsandotherrequirementssheimposedto

preventthecompaniesfrommakingfuturefalseclaimsandengaginginadditional

fraudulentactivities.Thecompaniesprotestedthattheyshouldnothesubjectedtosuch

requirementsbecausetheyhadalreadyagreedtonumerousremediesunderasettlement

agreementwith46statesandtheDistrictofColumbia.Theappealspanelwasrightly

unimpressed.Itupheldthedistrictcourt'sfindingsthatafterthesettlementwentinto

effectin1998,thecompaniesalmostimmediatelybegantoevadeandviolatevarious

prohibitionsagainstjointactivitiesandfalsestatements.TheHousehasalreadyvotedto

givetheF.D.A.powertoregulatetobacco.Senators,whoaregettingreadytovoteon

similarlegislation,nowhavefairwarning,iftheyneededanymore,thatthisisa

dishonestindustry.Itcan'tbetrustedtobehaveresponsiblyorevenadheretoagreements

ithassigned.ItistimetogranttheF.D.A.thepowertoregulatethecontentand

marketingoftobaccoproducts.

6、Whywoulditbewiseforthesenatorstoconsultarecentappealscourtdecision

beforevoting?

A^Itrevealstosenatorstobaccocompanics,incompetenceinsclfdiscipline.

B、Itmakesthesenatorslearnhowprofitablethetobaccoindustryis.

C^Ithelpsthesenatorsrealizethenecessityofregulatoryoversight.

D、Itpointsoutthattobaccocompanieshavebeenliarsfbrmanydecades.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C

知識點(diǎn)解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題?？疾橐蚬?xì)節(jié)。根據(jù)wise定位到第一段，其中最后一

句明確說明對煙草公司進(jìn)行監(jiān)管是必要的，可見之所以說這樣做是“明智的“，是由

于這項(xiàng)裁決能讓參觀員認(rèn)識到對煙草行業(yè)進(jìn)行監(jiān)管的必耍性，并促使他們投上贊成

票，故C項(xiàng)正確。

7、WecaninferfromJudgeKessler'sfindingsthat

A、tobaccocompaniesachievecustomeraddictionatthecostoftheirhealth.

B>theadversehealtheffectsofsmokinghavebeenchronicallyunderestimated.

C、racketeeringandfraudhaveblindedthetobaccocompaniesforalongtime.

D、thediseasescausedbysecondhandsmokehavebeencarelesslydenied.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A

知識點(diǎn)解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)JudgeKessler定位到第二、三段，原文laidmil等

指示詞后面的內(nèi)容即暗示了JudgeKessler對煙草公司的態(tài)度，A項(xiàng)是對煙草公司欺

騙行徑的總結(jié)。

8、TherestrictionsandrequirementsimposedbyJudgeKessler

A、haveentirelybeenapprovedbytheappealscourt.

B、willimmediatelybeviolatedbythetobaccocompanies.

C、severelyoverlapwiththeprevioussettlementagreement.

D、aremeanttopreventtobaccocompaniesfromdeceiving.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D

知識點(diǎn)解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)restrictionsandrequirements定位到第四段。原文

說JudgeKessler提出這些限制和要求的R的是為了防止煙草公司今后再進(jìn)行虛假

宣傳以及從事其他的欺咋行為，D項(xiàng)說明的目的符合原文。

9、Theword"rightly'\Line3,Paragraph5）canbebestreplacedby

A^justly.

B、understandably.

C、evidently.

D、appropriately.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A

知識點(diǎn)解析：語義理解題。根據(jù)題干定位到第五段。這類題型需要根據(jù)上下文推斷

出詞義。此處rightly應(yīng)意為“正當(dāng)?shù)亍睍r，這里是指由于煙草公司1998年立即違反

規(guī)定的行徑，法院對其抗議給予正當(dāng)?shù)哪?。四個選項(xiàng)中與法院最相關(guān)的詞是

justly（正當(dāng)?shù)兀?，也可以由此推測A項(xiàng)正確。

10、Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A、Self-regulatedTobaccoIndustry

B、OnceaLiar,AlwaysaLiar

C^WatchYourVote,Senators

D、ADishonestIndustry

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D

知識點(diǎn)解析：全文主旨題。根據(jù)文章大意，D項(xiàng)dishonest一詞最能表明煙草行業(yè)

的實(shí)質(zhì)，與全文內(nèi)容最為貼切。

Writingforanhistoricalseriesistricky,andtheoutcomeisnotalwaysasuccess.The

bestoverallEuropeanhistoryinEnglishistheoldFontanaHistoryofEurope,butitwas

uneveninquality,anditsufferedbecausethevolumesappearedsofarapartintime.The

newPenguinHistoryofEuropehasonlyrecentlybegun.Butjudgingbythissecond

volumeinaprojectedeight-volumeseries,itisgoingtobeasmashingsuccess.Tim

Blanning,aCambridgehistoryprofessorbringstohisperiodknowledge,experience,

soundjudgmentandacolorfulnarrativestyle.Hisbroadrangeisevidentfromthestart

when,inplaceoftheusualrecitationofpoliticsandbattles,heexpoundsonsuchthemes

ascommunications,transport,demographyandfarming.Indeed,muchofwhatmightbe

seenastraditionalhistoryispushedbacktothefourthandfinalpartofthebook.Notthe

leastofMr.Blanning'sachievementsishisintegratedapproachtotheentirecontinent.He

jumpsnimblyfromSpaintotheLowCountries,fromRussiatoAustria,fromPrussiato

Turkey.ManyofEurope'sroyalfamilieswererelated,afterall.Theauthoralsoexpertly

placesthehistoryofthetwogreatestrivalsoftheday,EnglandandFrance,initswider

Europeancontext.AnyBritishEuroscepticwhothinkshiscountry^historyisdetached

fromcontinentalEurope'swouldrealizefromeventhemostinadequatereadingofthis

bookhowboundupwiththecontinentithasinfactalwaysbeen.The17thand18th

centuriesinEuropewere,aboveall,aperiodofwar.Indeed,itseemedattimesasif

FranceandAustria,theleadingmartialpowersin1648,didlittleelsebutfight.

Sometimeswarhelpedtostimulateeconomicandcommercialdevelopment.Butitis

strikingthatitfelltoBritain,whichenjoyedatleastafewyearsofpeace,topioneer

Europe'sindustrialization.Thebookisstrongeronthe18thcenturythanonthesecond

halfofthe17th,reflectingtheauthor'sownhistoricalbias.Anotherweaknessisthat,

thoughthereisareasonablebibliography,ithasnofootnotescitingsources,ascandalous

omissioninaworkwithseriousacademicpretensions.Italsosometimestakesfor

grainedabasicgroundinginthehistoryoftheperiod,whichmaybeprublenialicfur

studentsatwhomitispresumablyinpartaimed.ButoverallMr.Blanninghasproduced

atriumphantsuccess.

11、WhichofthefollowingistrueabouttheoldFontanaHistoryofEurope?

A、Somepartsaregood,whileothersnot.

B、Itisaneight-volumehistoricalseries.

C、Itisnotasuccessfulhistoricalseries.

D^Itbecomeslessfamousastimegoesby.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A

知識點(diǎn)解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)theoldFontanaHistoryofEurope定位到第一段。

其中講到該書質(zhì)量參差不齊(uneveninquality),編寫時間間隔過長也使書籍受影

響，A項(xiàng)與文中內(nèi)容相符。

12、Inthesecondvolume,TimBlanningwrotetheHistoryofEurope

A、inatraditionalway.

B>inanunconventionalway.

C^inaseparateway.

D、inafunnyway.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B

知識點(diǎn)解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)TimBlanning定位到第二段。第一段最后說，從

剛出版的第二冊就可以看出這套書將大獲成功。第二段自然就是對新版《歐洲史》

已經(jīng)出的書的介紹。根據(jù)inplaceoftheusualrecitationof...（不同于常規(guī)的...）

可以看出,第二冊《歐洲史》是歐mBlanning用不同于常規(guī)的方式寫的,因此B

正確。

13、FranceandAustriaarementionedinParagraph4toshowthat

A、theyweretheleadingEuropeanmilitarypowersinthe17thcentury.

B、warbetweenthesetwocountriesfailedtospureconomicandcommercial

development.

C、warwasquiteacommonthinginthe17thand18thcenturiesinEurope.

D^thewarbetweenthemmadethemlagbehindEnglandindevelopment.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C

知識點(diǎn)。析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題，考查例證細(xì)節(jié)。答案一般在舉例的前后句中。第四段舉

France和Austria這兩個當(dāng)時的軍事大國不時打仗的例子是為了證明它前面的那句

話——?dú)W洲的17、18世紀(jì)是戰(zhàn)爭的世紀(jì)，故選C項(xiàng)。

14、TheauthorthinksMr.Blanning'sworkisflawedbecause

itisethnicallybiased.

B、itisuneveninquality.

C^itlacksbibliography.

D^itomitsthefootnotes.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D

知識點(diǎn)解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題，考查因果細(xì)節(jié)。根據(jù)flawed“有缺陷的”一詞定位到末

段，對應(yīng)的單詞為weakness。末段提到兩點(diǎn)缺陷：一個是author'sownhistorical

bias,另一個是nofootnotes。D項(xiàng)表示“遺漏了腳注”與原文意思一致，故選D。

15、WecanlearnfromthetextthatthesecondvolumeofthePenguinHistoryofEurope

A、isthebestbookonoverallEuropeanhistory.

B、overtlycriticizedBritishEuroscepticism.

C^exploredtheEuropeanhistoryseparately.

D^isanoverallsuccessdespitecertainflaws.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D

知識點(diǎn)解析：推理判斷題。最后一段中作者客觀地指出企鵝出版社新出的《歐洲

史》盡管有缺陷，但總的來說是成功的，D項(xiàng)與之相符。

Howlongyoulivehasalottodowithyourenvironmentandlifestyle,butexceptional

longevitymayhaveevenmoretodowithyourgenes.Forthefirsttime,researchershave

identifiedageneticrecipethataccuratelypredictswhomayliveto100andbeyond.

ScientistsledbyDr.ThomasPerisattheBostonUniversitySchoolofMedicine

conductedageneticanalysisofmorethan1,000centenariansandtheirmatchedcontrols

andfound150geneticvariants-orbitsofDNA—thatdifferedbetweenthetwogroups.

Thesevariantsidentifiedpeoplewholivedtoaveryoldage(past100)with77%

accuracy,researchersfound.Furtheranalysisidentified19distinctgeneticprofiles

associatedwithextremelylonglife;90%ofparticipantswholivedto100possessedat

leastoneofthesignaturegeneticclusters.Eachprofileappearedtoconferadifferent

tendencytodevelopcommonage-relatedchronicdiseases,suchasheartdiseaseorbrain

disorder."Wcrealizethisisacomplexgeneticpuzzle,"Perissaid."WeYequiteaways

awaystillinunderstandinghowtheintegrationofthesegenes—notjustwiththemselves

butwithenvironmentalfactors—areplayingaroleinthislongevitypuzzle."Perishas

studiedmanyfactorsthatcontributetolongevity,andheisthefirsttoacknowledgethat

livinglongerisn'tlikelytobesimplyamatterofgenes.Hispreviousworkhasshown,(or

example,thatamongmostelderlypeoplewholiveintotheir70sand80s,about70%of

theirlongevitycanbeascribedtoenvironmentalfactorssuchasnotsmoking;eatinga

healthy,low-fat,low-caloriediet;andremainingsociallyengagedandintellectually

activethroughoutlife.Still,itseemsclearthatthosewholivetoanexceptionallyripeold

agearebenefitingfromaspecialDNAboost.Infact,Perisbelievesthattheoldera

persongets,themorelikelyitisthathisorhergenesarecontributingtothoseextended

years.Hiscurrentgeneticfindingssupportthattheory:the19mostcommongenetic

profilesthatdistinguishedtheexceptionallylong-livedappeartobecorrelatedwithlower

incidenceofcertaindiseases.Forexample,someprofileswereassociatedwithlower

ratesofhighbloodpressureanddiabetes,whileanotherwaslinkedtoareducedriskof

braindisorder.Althoughmostofuscan'texpecttobecomecentenarians,Perisishoping

thathisworkwillleadtobetterways——perhapsthroughpharmaceuticalinterventions

basedonthegeneticcluestolongevity—tohelpmoreofuslivelikethem.

16、Byanalysingthegenesofcentenarians,scientistsfoundthat.

A、environmentandlifestylecontributemuchtolongevity

centenarians'genesarethesameasotherpeople

C、manygeneticvariantsmayidentifycentenarians

D、19geneticprofilesoicentenariansaredifferentfromothers

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C

知識點(diǎn)解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。第一段第四句講到，科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)某些基因變異體能夠在

某種程度上鑒別特別長壽者，故C項(xiàng)與之相符。

17、WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph2?

A^Chronicdiseasesarecomplexgeneticpuzzlestoscientists.

B>Howexceptionallongevity-relatedgenesfunctionisknown.

C、Mostcentenarianshaveexceptionallongevity-relatedgenes.

D^Theintegrationofgenesandenvironmentalfactorsisimportant.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C

知識點(diǎn)解析：推理判斷題。第二段第一句后半部分提到，90%的特別長壽者都至少

擁有一種與長壽有關(guān)的標(biāo)志基因圖譜.可見C項(xiàng)與之最為貼近。

18、Perismaymostlikelyagreethat.

A、mostextremelylong-livedbenefitfromnotsmoking

B、environmentalfactorsplayanimportantroleinlongevity

C>longevityisonlyassociatedwithcertaingeneticprofiles

D、intellectuallyactivehasnothingtodowithlivinganoldage

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B

知識點(diǎn)解析：觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。第三段第二句表示，Pe#的前期研究表明長壽秘訣中

有70%可歸功于環(huán)境因素，換句話說，長壽與環(huán)境因素關(guān)系很大，B項(xiàng)正確。

19、ByreferringtocurrentgeneticfindingsofPeris,theauthorintendsto.

A、supporttheideathatextremelylongevityarcascribedtogenes

B、showsomegenesareassociatedwithlowerratesofcertaindiseases

C、supporttheideathatcommongenesarerelatedtoextremelylongevity

D、discusstherelationshipbetweengenesandcertaindiseases

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A

知識點(diǎn)解析：推理判斷題。第四段第一、二句都表明一個觀點(diǎn)：特別長壽主要?dú)w因

于基因的作用，第三、四句隨后又用例子加以論證，可見作者是支持這一想法的，

故選A項(xiàng)。

20,Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthistext?

A、Genes,theSecretofLongevity

B、EnvironmentandGenes

C^LifestyleandGenes

D、GenesMayPredictWhoLivesto100

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D

知識點(diǎn)解析：主旨大意題。從開頭、最后以及全文討論內(nèi)容可以推斷出本文的主旨

在于陳述“基因?qū)θ祟愰L壽的影響”，四個選項(xiàng)中，D項(xiàng)與之最為貼切，故為答案。

考研英語二（閱讀）模擬試卷第2套

一、翻譯（本題共4題，每題7.0分，共4分。）

1、"TheHeartoftheMatter,*'thejust-releasedreportbytheAmericanAcademyofArts

andSciences（AAAS）,deservespraiseforaffirmingtheimportanceofthehumanitiesand

socialsciencestotheprosperityandsecurityofliberaldemocracyinAmerica.

Regrettably,however,thereport'sfailuretoaddressthetruenatureofthecrisisfacing

liberaleducationmaycausemoreharmthangood.In2010,leadingcongressional

DemocratsandRepublicanssentletterstotheAAASaskingthatitidentifyactionsthat

couldbetakenby"federal,stateandlocalgovernments,universities,foundations,

educators,individualbenefactorsandothers"to"mainuinnationalexcellencein

humanitiesandsocialscientificscholarshipandeducation."Inresponse,theAmerican

AcademyformedtheCommissionontheHumanitiesandSocialSciences.Amongthe

commission's51membersarctop-ticr-univcrsitypresidents,scholars,lawyers,judges,

andbusinessexecutives,aswellasprominentfiguresfromdiplomacy,filmmaking,

musicandjournalism.Thegoalsidentifiedinthereportaregenerallyadmirable.Because

representativegovernmentpresupposesaninformedcitizenry,thereportsupportsfull

literacy;stressesthestudyofhistoryandgovernment,particularlyAmericanhistoryand

Americangovernment;andencouragestheuseofnewdigitaltechnologies.Toencourage

innovationandcompetition,thereportcallsforincreasedinvestmentinresearch,the

craftingofcoherentcurriculathatimprovestudents'abilitytosolveproblemsand

communicateeffectivelyinthe21stcentury,increasedfundingforteachersandthe

encouragementofscholarstobringtheirlearningtobearonthegreatchallengesofthe

day.Thereportalsoadvocatesgreaterstudyofloreignlanguages,internationalaffairs

andtheexpansionofstudyabroadprograms.Unfortunately,despite2物yearsinthe

making,"TheHeartoftheMatter"nevergetstotheheartofthematter,theilliberal

natureofliberaleducationatourleadingcollegesanduniversities.Thecommission

ignoresthatforseveraldecadesAmerica'scollegesanduniversitieshaveproduced

graduateswhodon'tknowthecontentandcharacterofliberaleducationandarcthus

deprivedofitsbenefits.Sadly,thespiritofinquiryonceathomeoncampushasbeen

replacedbytheuseofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesasvehiclesforpublicizing

"progressive,"orleft-liberalpropaganda.Today,professorsroutinelytreatthe

progressiveinterpretationofhistoryandprogressivepublicpolicyasthepropersubjectof

studywhileportrayingconservativeorclassicalliberalideas-suchasfreemarketsand

self-reliance—asfallingoutsidetheboundariesofroutine,andsometimeslegitimate,

intellectualinvestigation.TheAAASdisplaysgreatenthusiasmfbrliberaleducation.Yet

itsreportmaywellsetbackreformbyobscuringthedepthandbreadthofthechallenge

thatCongressaskedittoilluminate.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：在科學(xué)研究的理想狀態(tài)下，有關(guān)世界的事實(shí)真相有待客觀的研究人員

通過科學(xué)的科研方法加以觀察和收集。然而，在日常的科學(xué)實(shí)踐中，發(fā)現(xiàn)通常遵循

一條模糊而復(fù)雜的路徑。雖然我們力求客觀，但卻無法擺脫我們所處的獨(dú)特的生活

經(jīng)驗(yàn)背景。先前的知識和興趣會影響我們的閱歷及對閱歷的理解，并影響我們隨后

所采取的行動。誤解、錯誤與自我欺騙隨處可見。因此，有關(guān)新發(fā)現(xiàn)的聲明應(yīng)被

視為準(zhǔn)科學(xué)。它們和新近探明的采礦聲明一樣頗具潛力。但若要把某個發(fā)現(xiàn)聲明轉(zhuǎn)

換為成熟的發(fā)現(xiàn)，則需要研究人員集體進(jìn)行仔細(xì)的調(diào)查并令之為大家所接受。這是

一個授信的過程，研究人員從中由個體的“我"“這里''和“現(xiàn)在”變成了集體中的“任

何人，“，任何地方”和“任何時間，，?？陀^知識并非起點(diǎn)，而是最終目標(biāo)。一旦一項(xiàng)發(fā)

現(xiàn)聲明公諸于眾，發(fā)現(xiàn)者便獲得了知識上的信用。但有別于采礦聲明（發(fā)現(xiàn)者可對

所探明的礦產(chǎn)擁有開采權(quán)）。隨后發(fā)生的一切是由科學(xué)界共同掌控的。科學(xué)界具有

錯綜復(fù)雜的社會結(jié)構(gòu)，在這當(dāng)中，研究人員做出新發(fā)現(xiàn)；編輯與評審員充當(dāng)把關(guān)

人，控制著發(fā)現(xiàn)聲明的整個發(fā)表過程；其他科學(xué)家則根據(jù)各自的需要運(yùn)用這個新發(fā)

現(xiàn)；最后，公眾（包括其他科學(xué)家在內(nèi)）接受了該新發(fā)現(xiàn)和可能隨之而來的技術(shù)。人

們對相關(guān)的科學(xué)技術(shù)通常持有共同或是對立的信念，隨著整個發(fā)現(xiàn)聲明逐漸成功地

進(jìn)入科學(xué)界，這些信念之間的互動與沖突就會把個人的發(fā)現(xiàn)聲明轉(zhuǎn)化成整個科學(xué)界

認(rèn)可的發(fā)現(xiàn)。在這個證明可信性的過程中始終存在著兩種對立面。首先，科學(xué)研

究工作傾向于關(guān)注被視為不完整或不正確的流行知識的某些方面。復(fù)制并證實(shí)那些

眾所周知且為人所信的東西是沒有回報(bào)的?？茖W(xué)研究工作的目標(biāo)是新探索，而不是

重新探索。不足為奇的是，那些看起來重要而有說服力的新發(fā)表的發(fā)現(xiàn)聲明和可信

發(fā)現(xiàn)總是要迎接挑戰(zhàn)和面對可能的修正，甚至是未來研究人員的駁斥。其次，新穎

事物本身就經(jīng)常會引起人們的質(zhì)疑。諾貝爾獎得主、生理學(xué)家AlbertAzen"

Gyoergyi曾經(jīng)將發(fā)現(xiàn)描述為“觀察人人都看到的，思考沒人曾想到的?！钡伎既藗?/p>

所未想到的東西并告訴池們遺漏了什么，這可能并不會改變這些人的觀點(diǎn)。有時

候，需要花費(fèi)好多年的時間才能使真正新穎的發(fā)現(xiàn)聲明被人們所接受和認(rèn)可。最

后，一個發(fā)現(xiàn)聲明獲得了信任，這個過程類似于哲學(xué)家安尼特-拜爾所描述的“心靈

的共性“我們共同去推理，去質(zhì)疑，去修改并且完善各自的推理以及各自的推理

概念?！?/p>

知識點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析

2、ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusic

directorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesudden

announcementofhisappointmentin2009.Forthemostpart,theresponsehasbeen

favorable,tosaytheleast."Hooray!Atlast!"wroteAnthonyTommasini,asober-sided

classical-musiccritic.Oneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprise,

however,isthatGilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasini,whohad

advocatedGilbert'sappointmentintheTimes,callshim"anunpretentiousmusicianwith

noairoftheformidableconductorabouthim."Asadescriptionofthenextmusicdirector

ofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierre

Boulez,thatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaintpraise.For

mypart,IhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodone.Tobe

sure,heperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingcompositions,butitisnot

necessaryformetovisitAveryFisherHall,oranywhereelse,tohearinteresting

orchestralmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelf,orbootupmycomputerand

downloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes.Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythat

recordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetime,

attention,andmoneyoftheart-lovingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenot

onlywithoperahouses,dancetroupes,theatercompanies,andmuseums,bu(alsowith

therecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.These

recordingsarecheap,availableeverywhere,andveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticquality

thantoday'sliveperformances;moreover,theycanbe"consumed0atatimeandplaceof

thelistener'schoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthusbrought

aboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalconcert.Onepossibleresponse

isforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableon

record.Gilbert'sowninterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:AlexRoss,a

classical-musiccritic,hasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthe

Philharmonicinto"amarkedlydifferent,morevibrantorganization."Butwhatwillbethe

natureofthatdifference?Merelyexpandingtheorches:ra'srepertoirewillnotbeenough.

IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicaretosucceed,theymustfirstchangetherelationship

betweenAmerica'soldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopestoattract.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：自從2009年紐約愛樂樂團(tuán)突然宣布艾倫?吉爾伯特將擔(dān)任其下一任音

樂總監(jiān)一職以來，該決定就成為了古典音樂界的熱議話題。至少可以說，人們大體

上是支持該決定的。一向言行謹(jǐn)慎的古典音樂評論家安東尼-托馬西尼寫道：“好

啊!總算是他了!”然而，這次委任令人如此驚訝的其中一個原因是，吉爾伯特相對

而言不怎么出名。就連在《紐約時報(bào)》上擁護(hù)吉爾伯特?fù)?dān)任此職的托馬西尼，也把

他稱為“一個謙遜的音樂家，沒有一點(diǎn)偉大指揮家的懾人氣勢作為曾由像古斯塔

夫?馬勒和皮埃爾?布列茲這樣的音樂家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的愛樂樂團(tuán)，其下一任音樂總監(jiān)被如此

評價(jià)，很可能至少令一些《紐約時報(bào)》的讀者感覺這只是蒼白的贊美。就我而

言，我不知道吉爾伯特是不是一個偉大的指揮家，或者甚至他是不是一個好的指揮

家。誠然，他奉獻(xiàn)了許多有趣難忘的曲子，但如果我想聽有趣的管弦樂，卻不一定

得跑去AveryFisher音樂廳（紐約愛樂樂團(tuán)主要演出場地）或其他地方。我只需走到

CD架旁邊，或者啟動電腦，從iTunes上下載更多錄制好了的管弦樂。忠實(shí)的音

樂會?？蜁瘩g說，錄制品不能取代現(xiàn)場演奏，但這樣說就是沒抓住要領(lǐng)。為了贏

得廣大藝術(shù)愛好者的時間、關(guān)注和金錢，古典樂器演奏家不僅要和歌劇院、舞蹈

團(tuán)、劇團(tuán)以及博物館競爭，還要和20世紀(jì)偉大古典音樂家的錄制作品競爭。這些

錄制作品很便宜，隨處都可以買到，而且其藝術(shù)水準(zhǔn)通常比現(xiàn)在的現(xiàn)場演出更高。

此外，聽眾可以自己選擇何時何地“消費(fèi)”這些錄制作品。因此，這種錄制作品的廣

泛流傳已給傳統(tǒng)古典音樂演出行業(yè)帶來了危機(jī)。古典音樂演奏者一個可能的同應(yīng)

是安排尚無錄制作品的有吸引力的新音樂。吉爾伯特對新音樂的興趣是廣為人知

的：古典音樂評論家亞歷克斯-羅斯描述他是一個能把愛樂樂團(tuán)變成“顯著不同卻更

有活力的組織”的人。但這種不同的本質(zhì)是什么?僅僅擴(kuò)展該管弦樂隊(duì)的演奏曲目是

不夠的。如果吉爾伯特和愛樂樂團(tuán)想獲得成功，就必須先得改變這個美國最古老的

管弦樂隊(duì)與它想吸引的新聽眾之間的關(guān)系。

知識點(diǎn)解析：暫無解析

3、OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthe

pastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthe

scopeandseriousnessofiheirartscoverage.Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfor

theaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityarts

criticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthe

mostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlarge

partofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheir

learnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationi