高考英語閱讀課程

第一部分篇章結(jié)構(gòu)

一、科普類文章

1.引出中心內(nèi)容的方法

(1)AbutBoo這個(gè)時(shí)候B是文章的中心。為了不讓文章顯得太突兀，一般會(huì)先講A,

即普通的內(nèi)容(科普類文章一般介紹的是我們不太熟悉的內(nèi)容)。另外，A也有可能是一種欲

揚(yáng)先抑的寫作手法，與B的意思正好相反。Mostanimalshavelittleconnectionwithanimals

ofadifferentkind,unlesstheyhuntthemforfood.Sometimes,however,twokindsofanimals

cometogetherinapartnership(伙伴關(guān)系)whichdoesgoodtobothofthem.Youmayhave

noticedsomebirdssittingonthebacksofsheep.Thisisnotbecausetheywantaride,but

becausetheyfindeasyfoodintheparasites(寄生蟲)onsheep.Thesheepallowthebirdstodo

sobecausetheyremovethecauseofdiscomfort.Soalthoughtheycanmanagewithouteach

other;theydobettertogether.Theideaoffightinganoisebymakingmorenoisesoundsstrange,

butthat'sexactlywhatmotorengineersaredoinginGermanyandsomeothercountries.(2)用

熟悉的事物作類比。用熟悉的事物作類比。這是一種我們可以借鑒的寫作方法。

Decision-thinkingisnotunlikepoker-itoftenmattersnotonlywhatyouthink,butalsowhat

othersthinkyouthinkandwhatyouthinktheythinkyouthink.Thementalprocessissimilar.

Naturally,thiscardgamehasoftenbeenofconsiderableinteresttopeoplewhoare,byany

standards,goodthinkers.

2.說明中心內(nèi)容的方法

(高考文章以說明為主，在高級(jí)閱讀考試中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的議論文在高考中比較少見)(1)舉

例說明。這是最常見的方法,除了我們熟悉的forexample,forinstance,suchas以舉例說明。

外，更主要的是在內(nèi)容上的抽象程度的不同。例子總是說得很具體，比如說有數(shù)字，具體的

人物、事件等。有的時(shí)候，在事實(shí)和例子中間，還有一個(gè)具體說明的中間層次。⑵講原

理Car-maker,sresearchanddevelopmentlaboratorieshavealreadyprovedthatmixinginmore

noisewiththehelpofloudspeakerscanreducetheunwantednoise.(3)講好處講好處

(advantage)Anothergoodthingabouttheusesofnoise-killingsystemsisthatitsavestheneed

forasilencer,whichnotonlyreducestheweightofacar,butalsomakesthemotorburnlessoil

andworkbetter.(4)講問題講問題(disadvantage)Someengineersbelievethatthenoise-killing

systemwillbeusedinmostcarsin1996.Butthecarmakershaven'tdecidediftheywillputit

intoproductionbecauseitwouldaddseveralhundreddollarstothecostoftheircars.

高考英語閱讀教材——第一部分篇章結(jié)構(gòu)

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(5)講應(yīng)用講應(yīng)用(application)講應(yīng)用(6)分類說明：中心的兩個(gè)方面分類說明：分類說

明Therearetwotypesoffat:externalfat(fatunderskin)andinternalfat(fatinsidethebody

wall).Doctors,whohavebeenexaminingtherelationshipbetweenhealthandfatness,have

foundthatthe“pears“havelessinternalfat,butthe“apples“havemoreinternalfatthan

externalfat.Thisseemstobewhatcausesthehealthproblems.⑺強(qiáng)對(duì)比說明強(qiáng)對(duì)比說明One

mistakenideaaboutbusinessisthatitcanbetreatedasagameofperfectinformation.Quitethe

reverse.Business,politics,lifeitselfaregameswhichwemustnormallyplaywithveryimperfect

information.Businessdecisionsareoftenmadewithmanyunknownandunknowablefactors

whichwouldevenpuzzlebestpokerplayers.Butfewbusinesspeoplefinitcomfortabletoadmit

thattheyaretakingachance,andmanystillprefertobelievethattheyareplayingchess,not

poker.

二、社會(huì)觀點(diǎn)類文章

這?類文章比較高級(jí),所以在高考中出現(xiàn)得很少。Computerpeopletalkalotabouttheneed

forotherpeopletobecome“computer-literate."Butnotallexperts（專家）agreethatthisisa

goodidea.Onepioneer;inparticular,whodisagreesisDavidTebbutt,thefounderof

ComputertownUK.Althoughmanypeopleseethisasasuccessfulattempttobringpeoplecloser

tothecomputecDaviddoesnotseeitthatway.HesaysthatComputertownUKwasformedfor

justtheoppositereason,tobringcomputerstopeopleandmakethem“people-literate."David

TebbuttthinksComputertownsaremostsuccessfulwhentiedtoacomputerclubbutheinsists

thereisanimportantdifferencebetweenthetwo.Theclubsareforpeoplewhohavesome

computerknowledgealready.Thisfrightensawaynon-experts,whoarehappiergoingto

Computertownswheretherearecomputersforthemtoexperimenton,withexpertsto

encouragethemandansweranyquestionstheyhave.Theyarenottoldwhattodo,theyfindout.

Thecomputerexpertshavetolearnnottotellpeopleaboutcomputers,buthavetobeableto

answerallquestionspeopleask.Peopledon'thavetolearncomputerterms（術(shù)語），butthe

expertshavetoexplaininplainlanguage.Thecomputersarebecomingpeopleliterate.”

三、社會(huì)問題類文章

1.引出問題：某一部作品中的觀點(diǎn).引出問題OlafStapledonwroteabookcalledFirstand

LastMen,inwhichhelookedmillionsofyearsahead.Hetoldofdifferentmenandofstrange

civilizations,brokenupbylong'darkages,inbetween.Inhisview,whatiscalledthepresent

timeisnomorethanamomentin

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humanhistoryandwearejustheFirstMen.In2,000millionyearsnowtherewillbethe

EighteenthorLastMen.However,mostofourideasaboutthefuturearereallyveryshort-sighted.

Perhapswecanseesomepossibilitiesforthenextfiftyyears.Butthenexthundred?Thenext

thousand?Thenextmillion?That'smuchmoredifficult.2.JW決問題的重要性.Sowhybother

eventotryimagininglifefarinthefuture?Herearetworeasons.First,unlesswerememberhow

shortourownlivesarecomparedwiththewholehumanhistory,wearelikelytothinkourown

interestsaremuchmoreimportantthantheyreallyare.Ifwemaketheearthapoorplacetolive

onbecausewearecarelessorgreedyorquarrelsome,ourgrandchildrenwillnotbothertothink

ofexcusesforus.Second,bytryingtoescapefrompresentinterestsandimaginelifefarinthe

future,wemayarriveatquitefreshideasthatwecanuseourselves.Forexample,ifweimagine

thatinthefuturemenmaygiveupfarming,wecanthinkoftryingitnow.Sosetyourimagination

freewhenyouthinkaboutthefuture.3.解決問題.Manycitiesaroundtheworldtodayare

heavilypolluted.Carelessmethodsofproductionandlackofconsumerdemandfor

environment（環(huán)境）friendlyproductshavecontributedtothepollutionproblem.Oneresultisthat

millionsoftonsofglass,paper;plastic,andmetalcontainersareproduced,andthesearedifficult

togetridof.However,today,moreandmoreconsumersarechoosing“green“anddemanding

thattheproductstheybuyshouldbesafefortheenvironment.Beforetheybuyaproduct,they

askquestionslikethese:"Willthisshampoodamagetheenvironment?""Canthismetal

containerbereusedorcanitonlybeusedonce?"Arecentstudyshowedthattwooutoffive

adultsnowconsidertheenvironmentalsafetyofaproductbeforetheybuyit.Thismeansthat

companiesmustnowchangethewaytheymakeandselltheirproductstomakesurethatthey

are"green,"thatis,friendlytotheenvironment.Onlyafewyearsago,itwasimpossibletofind

greenproductsinSupermarkets,butnowtherearehundreds.Somesupermarketproductcop

labels（標(biāo)簽）toshowthattheproductisgreen.Somecompanieshavemadethemanufacturing

（生產(chǎn)）ofcleanandsafeproductstheirmainsellingpointandemphasizeitintheiradvertising.

四、社會(huì)現(xiàn)象類文章

1.社會(huì)現(xiàn)象的引出：具體的例子，話語，奇特之處，A影響B(tài)o.社會(huì)現(xiàn)象的引出Allan

goeseverywherewithBirgittaAnderson,a54-year-oldsecretary.Hemovesaroundherofficeat

workandgoesshoppingwithher."Mostpeopledon'tseentomindAllan,"saysBirgitta,who

thinksheiswonderful."He*smyfourthchild,"shesays.Shemaythinkofhimand

高考英語閱讀教材——第?部分篇章結(jié)構(gòu)

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treathimthatway,buyinghisfood,payinghishealthbillsandhistaxes,butinfactAllanisa

dog.BirgittaandAllanliveinSwede,acountywhereeveryoneisexpectedtoleadanorderlylife

accordingtoruleslaiddownbythegovernment,whichalsoprovides（提供）ahighlevelofcare

foritspeople.Thislevelofcarecostsmoney./BettyandHaroldhavebeenmarriedforMrs.But

onethingstillpuzzles（困擾）oldHarold.HowisitthathecanleaveBettyandherfriendJoan

sittingonthesofa,talking,goouttoaballgame,comebackthreeandahalfhourslater;andthey'

restillsittingonthesofa?Talking?Whatintheworld,Haroldwonders,dotheyhavetotalkabout?

Bettyshrugs.Talk?We'refriends.Researchingthismattercalledfriendship,psychologistLillian

Rubinspenttwoyears,interviewingmorethantwohundredwomenandmen.Nomatterwhat

theirage,theirjob,theirsex,theresultswerecompletelyclear:womenhavemorefriendships

thanmen,andthedifferenceinthecon-tentandthequalityofthosefriendshipsis"markedand

unmistakable/7Maybeten-year-oldElizabethputitbestwhenshesaidtoherfather;"But,Dad,

youcan'tbehealthyifyou'redead."Dad,inahurrytogethomebeforedarksohecouldgofora

run,hadforgottentowearhissafetybelt-amistake75%oftheUSpopulationmakeeveryday.

Thebigquestioniswhy./Whenagroupofchildrenpolitelystopaconversationwithyou,saying:

"Wehavetogotoworknow,"you'releftfeelingsurprisedandcertainlyuneasy.Afterall；thisis

the1990sandtheideaofchildrenworkingisjustunthinkable.Thatis,untilyouaretoldthatthey

areallpupilsofstageschools,andthatthe"work"theygoofftoistogoonthestageina

theatre./Americaisgrowingolder.Fiftyyearsago,only4outofevery100peopleintheUnited

Stateswere65orolder.Today,10outofevery100Americansareover65.Theagingofthe

populationwillaffect（影響）Americansocietyinmanyways-education,medicine,and

business.Quietly,thegrayingofAmericahasmadeusaverydifferentsociety-oneinwhich

peoplehaveaquitedifferentideaofwhatkindofbehavior（彳亍為）issuitable（合適）atvarious

ages.2.說明的方法.（1）舉例Aspricesandbuildingcostskeeprising,the"do-it-yourself"（DIY）

trend（趨勢(shì)）intheU.S.continuestogrow."Weneededfurniture（家具）forourlivingroom,"

saysJohnRoss,"andwejustdidn'thaveenoughmoneytobuyit.Sowedecidedtotrymakinga

fewtablesandchairs."Johngotmarriedsixmonthsago,andlikemanyyoungpeoplethesedays,

theyarestrugglingtomakeahomeatatimewhenthecostoflivingisveryhigh.TheRossestook

a2-weekcoursefor$280atanightschool.Nowtheybuildalltheirfurnitureandmakerepairs

aroundthehouse.JimHatfield...

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（2）中心的一個(gè)側(cè)面…Thatis,untilyouaretoldthattheyareallpupilsofstageschools,

andthatthe"work"theygoofftoistogoonthestageinatheatre.Stageschoolsoftenactas

agencies（代理機(jī)構(gòu)）tosupplychildrenforstageandtelevisionworkAvisittosuchschools

willleaveyouinnodoubtthatthechildrenenjoythemselves.../Researchingthismattercalled

friendship,psychologistLillianRubin...thedifferenceinthecontentandthequalityofthose

friendshipsis"markedandunmistakable/'Morethantwo-thirdsofthesinglemenRubin

interviewedcouldnotnameabestfriend"Ingeneral/writesRubininhernewbook,

“women'sfriendshipswitheachotherrestonsharedemotionsandsupport,butmen's

relationshipsaremarkedbysharedactivities.”"Evenwhenamanissaidtobeabestfriend,"

Rubinwrites,"thetwosharelittleabouttheirinnermostfeelings…（3）解釋原因…Thebig

questioniswhy.Therehavebeenmanymythsaboutsafetybeltseversincetheirfirstappearance

incarssomefortyyearsago.Thefollowingarethreeofthemostcommon.MythNumberOne…

（4）評(píng)價(jià)Whilemostpeopleuselittlewhiteliestomakelifeeasier,themajorityofAmericans

careabouthonestyinbothpublicandpersonallife.Theysaythatpeopletodayarelesshonest

thantheyweretenyearsago.Althoughitisbelievedthatthingsaregettingworse,lyingseemsto

beanage-oldhumanproblem.Frenchphilosopher（哲學(xué)家）Vauvenarges,writinginthe

eighteenthcentury,touchedonthetruthwhenhewrote,"Allmenareborntruthfulanddieliars

（說謊者）（5）存在的問題Theschoolsthemselvesadmitthatnotallchildrenwillbesuccessful

intheprofessionforwhichtheyarebeingtrained.Sowhathappenstothosewhodon'tmakeit?

Whilealltheleadingschoolssaytheyplacegreatimportanceonchildrengettinggoodstudy

results,thefactsseemtosuggestthisisnotalwaysthecase.（6）排比說明Aperson'sageno

longertellsyouanythingabouthis/hersocialposition,marriageorhealth.There'snolongera

particularyearinwhichonegoestoschoolorgoestoworkorgetsmarriedorstartsafamily.The

socialclockthatkeptusontimeandtolduswhentogotoschool.Itdoesn'tsurpriseustohear

ofa29-year-olduniversitypresidentora35-year-oldgrandmother;ora70-year-oldmanwhohas

becomeafatherforthefirsttime.Publicideasarechanging.

高考英語閱讀教材——第一部分篇章結(jié)構(gòu)

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五、事件類文章

（包括歷史事件，日常事件，災(zāi)禍，軼事）。關(guān)鍵是找時(shí)間點(diǎn)。沒有時(shí)間點(diǎn)的找最特殊的

土也方。ThereportcametotheBritishonMay21,1941.GermanbattleshipBismarck,themost

powerfulwarshipintheworld,wasmovingoutintotheAtlanticOcean.Hertask:todestroythe

shipscarryingsuppliesfromtheUnitedStatestowar-tornEngland.TheBritishhadfearedsucha

task.NowarshiptheyhadcouldmatchtheBismarckinspeedorinfirepower.TheBismarckhad

eight15-inchgunsand81smallerguns.Shecouldmoveat30nauticalmiles（海里）anhour.She

wasbelievedtobeunsinkable.However;theBritishhadtosinkher.Theysentoutataskforce

headedbytheirbestbattleshipHoodtohuntdowntheBismarck.OnMay24,theHoodfound

theBismarck.ItwasameetingthattheGermancommanderLuetjensdidnotwanttosee.His

ordersweretodestroytheBritishshipsthatwerecarryingsupplies,buttostayawayfromafight

withBritishwarships.Thebattledidn'tlastlong.TheBismarck'sfirsttorpedo（魚雷）hittheHood,

whichwentdowntakingallbutthreeofher1,419menwithher.Butinthefight,theBismarck

wasslightlydamaged（損壞）.HercommanderdecidedtorunforrepairstoFrance,whichhadat

thattimebeentakenbytheGermans.TheBritishforcefollowedher.However,becauseofthe

Bismarck'sspeedandtheheavyfog,theylostsightofher.Fortwodays,everyBritishshipinthe

AtlantictriedtofindtheBismarck,butwithnosuccess.Finally,shewassightedbyaplanefrom

Ireland.TryingtoslowtheBismarckdownsothattheirshipscouldcatchupwithher,theBritish

firedatherfromtheair.TheBismarckwashit.OnthemorningofMay27,thelastbattlewas

fought.FourBritishshipsfiredontheBismarck,andshewasfinallysunk./Wewalkedinso

quietlythatthenurseatthedeskdidn'tevenlifthereyesfromthebook.Mumpointedatabig

chairbythedoorandIknewshewantedmetositdown.WhileIwatchedmouthopeninsurprise,

Mumtookoffherhatandcoatandgavethemtometohold.Shewalkedquietlytothesmall

roombytheliftandtookoutawetmop.Shepushedthemoppastthedeskandasthenurse

lookedup,Mumnoddedandsaid,nVerydirtyfloors.""Yes,I'mgladthey'vefinallydecidedto

cleanthem,"thenurseanswered.ShelookedatMumstrangelyandsaid,"Butaren*tyouworking

late?"Mumjustpushedharder,eachswipe(拖一下)ofthemoptakingherfartherandfarther

downthehall.Iwatcheduntilshewasoutofsightandthenursehadturnedbacktowritingin

thebigbook.AfteralongtimeMumcameback.Hereyeswereshining.Shequicklyputthemop

backandtookmyhand.Asweturnedtogooutofthedoor,Mumbowedpolitelytothenurse

andsaid,"Thankyou."

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Outside,Mumtoldme:"Dagmarisfine.Nofever.""Yousawher,Mum?"HOfcourse.Itold

heraboutthehospitalrules,andshewillnotexpectusuntiltomorrow.Dadwillstopworryingas

well.It'safinehospital.Butsuchfloors!Amopisnogood.Youneedabrush."

六、事物類文章

1.舊事物：注意與現(xiàn)在事物的不同之處舊事物：In19thcenturyEnglandpeoplelikedto

gototheseaside.Inthosedays,ladiesworelongbathingdresses,andmenworebathingsuits***

2.新事物(1)引出新事物引出新事物Excusedfromrecyclingbecauseyouliveinahighrise

witharubbishchute?Youwon'tbeforlong.Miami'sMarkShantzishasmadeitsimpleforthose

livingintallbuildingstousethechuteandrecycletoo./Holidaymakerswhoareboredwith

bakingbeachesandoverheatedhotelroomsheadforabigigloo.SwedishbusinessmanNile

Bergqvistisdelightedwithhisnewhotel,theworld'sfirstigloohotel.(2)結(jié)構(gòu)或原理怎么造的

結(jié)構(gòu)或原理(怎么造的結(jié)構(gòu)或原理怎么造的)Sixworkmenspentmorethaneightweekspiling

1,000tonsofsnowontoawoodenbase;whenthesnowfroze,thebasewasremoved.⑶優(yōu)勢(shì)優(yōu)

勢(shì)(advantage)勢(shì)Thepopularityoftheiglooisbeyonddoubt:itisnowattractingtourists

fromallovertheworld.3.事物的起源：找時(shí)間點(diǎn)，注意轉(zhuǎn)折之處。事物的起源：找時(shí)間點(diǎn)，

注意轉(zhuǎn)折之處。Today,rollerskatingiseasyandfun.Butalongtimeago,itwasn'teasyatall.

Before1750,theideaofskatingdidn'texist.ThatchangedbecauseofamannamedJoseph

Merlin.Merlin'sworkwasmakingmusicalinstruments.Inhissparetimebelikedtoplaythe

violin.JosephMerlinwasamanofideasanddreams.Peoplecalledhimadreamer.Oneday

Merlinreceivedaninvitationtoattendafancydressball(化裝舞會(huì)).Hewasverypleasedanda

littleexcited.Asthedayofthepartycamenear,Merlinbegantothinkhowtomakeagrand

entranceattheparty.Hehadanidea.Hethoughthewouldgetalotofattentionifhecouldskate

intotheroom.Merlintrieddifferentwaystomakehimselfroll.Finally,hedecidedtoputtwo

wheelsundereachshoe.Thesewerethefirstrollerskates.Merlinwasveryproudofhisinvention

anddreamedofarrivingatthepartyonwheelswhileplayingtheviolin.Onthenightoftheparty

Merlinrolledintotheroomplayinghisviolin.Everyonewasastonishedtoseehim.Therewasjust

oneproblem.Merlinhadnowaytostophisrollerskates.

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Herolledonandon.Suddenly,heranintoahugemirrorthatwashangingonthewall.Down

fellthemirror,breakingtopiece.NobodyforgotMerlin'sgrandentranceforalongtime.

七、新聞報(bào)道類文章：抓住報(bào)道主體。

JINTAN,JIANGSU:The20students-18boysand2girls-hadathousandreasonstobeproud

ofthemselves.Theyhadjustclimbedtheirwaytothetoprung（階梯）outof4millionstudents

takingpartintheFifthNationalHuaLuogengGoldGupMathematicsContest（競(jìng)賽）onTuesday

evening.The20goldmedalwinnersareallprimaryandmiddleschoolstudentsundertheageof

14.“Maryoftheproblemsareofcollegelevelandthesepupilscanfigurethemout.Itisjust

unbelievable!vsaidateacherfromGuangdongprovince.NamedafterChina'smostfamous

mathematician,HuaLuogeng,theconteststartedin1986,oneyearafterhisdeath.Inlessthan

10years,ithasbeenrecognisedbytheStateEducationCommission（國家教委）asthecountry's

biggestandbestcontestofitskind.

八、應(yīng)用文和說明文：安排，廣告，介紹，產(chǎn)品說明。九、其他可能出現(xiàn)的文章類型：

1.人物抓住人物生平發(fā)生的幾件大事人物（抓住人物生平發(fā)生的幾件大事抓住人物生

平發(fā)生的幾件大事）2.地理3.節(jié)日4.風(fēng)俗和社會(huì)文化

第二部分段落結(jié)構(gòu)

一、引子-主題型

l.AalsoB結(jié)構(gòu)，重點(diǎn)一般在B±o結(jié)構(gòu)，

10

高考英語閱讀教材——第二部分段落結(jié)構(gòu)

MostofthediaryisarecordofbigeventsinPhiladelphia.Italsoincludesadescriptionof

BritishsoldiersburningWashington,D.C.inthewarof1812.ShedescribesPresidentJames

Madisononhorsebackas'"perfectlyshakingwithfear“duringthetroubleddays.George

Washington,shewrites,mistookherforthewifeofaFrenchman,andpraisedherexcellent

English.2.AbutB結(jié)構(gòu)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)量甚多，一般來說B是本段的重點(diǎn)。結(jié)構(gòu)，Allangoes

everywherewithBirgittaAnderson,a54-year-oldsecretary.Hemovesaroundherofficeatwork

andgoesshoppingwithher."Mostpeopledon'tseentomindAllan,"saysBirgitta,whothinkshe

iswonderful."He'smyfourthchild,"shesays.Shemaythinkofhimandtreathimthatway,

buyinghisfood,payinghishealthbillsandhistaxes,butinfactAllanisadog./Theideaof

fightinganoisebymakingmorenoisesoundsstrange,butthat'sexactlywhatmotorengineers

aredoinginGermanyandsomeothercountries./Computerpeopletalkalotabouttheneedfor

otherpeopletobecome"computer-literate."Butnotallexperts（專家）agreethatthisisagood

idea./IfyouaskpeopletonametheonepersonwhohadthegreatesteffectontheEnglish

language,youwillgetanswerslike“Shakespeare,“"SamuelJohnson,"and"Webster,“but

noneofthesemenhadanyeffectatallcomparedtoamanwhodidn'tevenspeak

English-WilliamtheConqueror./Thebesttreatmentforfatnessistoreducetheinternalfat.But

unfortunatelyitseemsthatdietingsimplymakes.../Someengineersbelievethatthenoise-killing

systemwillbeusedinmostcarsin1996.Butthecarmakershaven'tdecidediftheywillputitinto

productionbecauseitwouldaddseveralhundreddollarstothecostoftheircars./DavidTebbutt

thinksComputertownsaremostsuccessfulwhentiedtoacomputerclubbutheinsiststhereis

animportantdifferencebetweenthetwo./Holidaymakerswhoareboredwithbakingbeaches

andoverheatedhotelroomsheadforabigigloo.SwedishbusinessmanNileBergqvistis

delightedwithhisnewhotel,theworld'sfirstigloohotel.BuiltinasmalltowninLapland,ithas

beenattractinglotsofvisitors,butsoonthefunwillbeover.*/Whenmenandwomenlivedby

hunting50,000yearsago,howcouldtheyevenbegintopicturemodernlife?Yettomenof

50,000yearsfromnow,wemayseemasprimitiveinourideasastheStone-Agehuntersdotous.

Perhapstheywillspendtheirdaysgollockingtomakenewspundels,orstrugglingwiththeir

ballalatorsthroughthecribe.Thesewords,whichIhavejustmadeup,havetostandforthings

andideasthatwesimplycan'tthinkof./Today,rollerskatingiseasyandfun.Butalongtimeago,

itwasn'teasyatall.Before1750ztheideaofskatingdidn'texist.Thatchangedbecauseofaman

namedJosephMerlin.Merlin*s

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workwasmakingmusicalinstruments.Inhissparetimebelikedtoplaytheviolin.Joseph

Merlinwasamanofideasanddreams.Peoplecalledhimadreamer./Mostanimalshavelittle

connectionwithanimalsofadifferentkind,unlesstheyhuntthemforfood.Sometimes,however,

twokindsofanimalscometogetherinapartnership（伙伴關(guān)系）whichdoesgoodtobothof

them./4.A意味著B,重點(diǎn)在B上。，Arecentstudyshowedthattwooutoffiveadultsnow

considertheenvironmentalsafetyofaproductbeforetheybuyit.Thismeansthatcompanies

mustnowchangethewaytheymakeandselltheirproductstomakesurethattheyare“green,“

thatis,friendlytotheenvironment.5.背景和主題。背景和主題。Inthe1930s,alotofpeople

intheUSAwereoutofwork.AmongthesepeoplewasamannamedAlfredButts.He…6.具體

例子和抽象現(xiàn)象。具體例子和抽象現(xiàn)象。Threeliesinoneday!YetDickSpivakisjustan

ordinaryman.Eachtime,hetoldhimselfthatsometimesthetruthcausestoomanyproblems.

Mostofustellmuchthesamewhitelies,harmlessuntruthsthathelptosavetrouble.Howoften

dowetellwhitelies?

二、總-分型

1.評(píng)價(jià)（現(xiàn)實(shí)和解釋評(píng)價(jià)現(xiàn)實(shí)）和解釋現(xiàn)實(shí)Physicistshaveknownaboutthetechniquefor

alongtime.Soundismadeupofpressurewavesintheair.Iftwosoundwaves,-7Peoplein

Swedenpaytaxesoneverything,soaren*tsurprisedtofindthatowningadogmeansyetmore

taxes.Somepeoplearepayingasmuchas500Swedishkronorintaxesayearfortherightto

keeptheirdog,moneythatisspentbythegovernmentondoghospitalsandsometimesmedical

treatmentforadogthatfallsill.2.整體和側(cè)面Mostofustellmuchthesamewhitelies,

harmlessuntruthsthathelptosavetrouble.Howoftendowetellwhitelies?Itdependsinpart

onourage,education,andevenwherewelive./ThegreatmathematicianJohnwonNeumann

wasoneofthefoundersofgametheory.Inparticular;heshowedthatallgamesfallintotwo

classes:3.總述和分述Onlyafewyearsago,itwasimpossibletofindgreenproductsin

Supermarkets,butnowtherearehundreds.Somesupermarketproductscoplabels（標(biāo)簽）to

showthattheproductisgreen.Somecompanieshavemadethemanufacturing（生產(chǎn)）ofclean

andsafeproductstheirmainsellingpointandemphasizeitintheiradvertising./Thepopularity

oftheiglooisbeyonddoubt:itisnowattractingtouristsfromallovertheworld.Atleast800

peoplehavestayedattheigloothisseasoneventhoughthereareonly10rooms.

12

高考英語閱讀教材——第二部分段落結(jié)構(gòu)

“Youcangetalotofpeoplein/explainsBergqvist./zThebedsarethreemeterswidebytwo

meterslong,andcanfitatleastfouratonetime/7Fatonhumanbeingsisdistributedindifferent

ways.Somefatpeoplehavealargestomachandonwaistline-whichmakesthemlookround,

ratherlikeapples.Othersarefatterbelowthewaist,whichmakesthemappearpear-shaped./

However,today,moreandmoreconsumersarechoosing“green“anddemandingthatthe

productstheybuyshouldbesafefortheenvironment.Beforetheybuyaproduct,theyask

questionslikethese:/zWillthisshampoodamagetheenvironment?""Canthismetalcontainerbe

reusedorcanitonlybeusedonce?"/"Itwasthebestnightwe'veeverhad,“saidAngelaCarraro,

whorunsanItalianrestauranton42ndstreet.Z/Wehadlotsofcandlesonthetablesandthe

waiterswerecarryingcandlesontheirtrays.Theplacewasfullandallnight,infact,forafterwe

hadclosed,weletthepeoplestayonandspendthenightthere/

三、分?總型

（這類結(jié)構(gòu)是中國人的習(xí)慣，因此在英語文章中很少。）L敘述與點(diǎn)評(píng)以上分總）敘述與

點(diǎn)評(píng)（以上分?jǐn)⑹雠c點(diǎn)評(píng)以上分?總OnthenightofthepartyMerlinrolledintotheroom

playinghisviolin.Everyonewasastonishedtoseehim.Therewasjustoneproblem.Merlinhad

nowaytostophisrollerskates.Herolledonandon.Suddenly,heranintoahugemirrorthatwas

hangingonthewall.Downfellthemirror,breakingtopiece.NobodyforgotMerlin'sgrand

entranceforalongtime./Theoppositeofevaporationisprecipitation,suchasrain,bywhich

waterisaddedtotheocean,Heretheoceanisbeingdilutedsothatthesalinityisdecreased.This

mayoccurinareasofhighrainfallorincoastalregionswhereriversflowintotheocean.Thus

salinitymaybeincreasedbythesubtractionofwaterbyevaporation,ordecreasedbythe

additionoffreshwaterbyprecipitationorrunoff.2.并列關(guān)系并列關(guān)系Thezooshadtheir

problemslikeeveryoneelse.Keepersworkedthroughthenight.Theyusedblanketstokeepflying

squirrelsandsmallmonkeyswarm.Whilezooshadproblemskeepingwarm,supermarketshad

problemskeepingcool.（iM\ofouricecreamandfrozenfoodsmelted/