大學(xué)英語語法第二講非謂語動(dòng)詞

1、第二講 非謂語動(dòng)詞,1,大學(xué)英語語法 Grammar,非謂語動(dòng)詞,概念：非謂語動(dòng)詞指的是在句中起名詞、形容詞和副詞作用的動(dòng)詞形式，而不是作謂語的動(dòng)詞形式。 特點(diǎn)：與謂語動(dòng)詞相比，非謂語動(dòng)詞既不能單獨(dú)作謂語，其形式又不受主語的人稱或數(shù)的限制。故又稱為非限定動(dòng)詞。 分類：三種形式：動(dòng)名詞，不定式和分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)。,一、動(dòng)名詞 動(dòng)名詞是一種非謂語動(dòng)詞，形式為v+ing，與現(xiàn)在分詞同形。 基本形式：,非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)名詞,A. 動(dòng)名詞的特點(diǎn)：兼具名詞和動(dòng)詞的特征。 1. 動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞特征：動(dòng)名詞可以有賓語，可以用狀語修飾 （1）帶賓語 a. He avoided giving us an an

2、swer. 動(dòng)名詞giving后有雙賓語。 b. The doctor advised taking exercise. 動(dòng)名詞taking后有賓語exercise. （2）用狀語修飾 a. I enjoy working with you. with you 是狀語，修飾動(dòng)名詞working b. She doesnt allow smoking in her house. in her house 是狀語，修飾動(dòng)名詞smoking,非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)名詞,2. 動(dòng)名詞的名詞特征即其語法功能：在句中充當(dāng)主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)語。 （1）作主語 a. Smoking may cause c

3、ancer. b. Hunting for a job is not easy for those who have just graduated. c. Its nice talking to you. It 是形式主語，真正的主語是動(dòng)名詞短語talking to you d. Its a waste of time arguing about it.,非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)名詞,（2）作表語 a. The real problem is getting to know the needs of the customers. b. His greatest interest in life is tr

4、aveling. （3）作賓語 a. Would you mind not using your mobile phone in the meeting room? b. Your shoes need polishing(擦一擦). c. Are you interesting in going to the show(演出)？ d. Im proud of having a friend like you.,非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)名詞,【考試重點(diǎn)】 參看P16 以下動(dòng)詞只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語 admit 承認(rèn) appreciate 贊賞，感激 finish 完成 avoid 避免，避開 imagine

5、想象 miss 錯(cuò)過 practice 練習(xí) delay 耽擱 mind 介意 consider 考慮 postpone 推遲 enjoy 享受 risk 冒風(fēng)險(xiǎn) suggest 建議,非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)名詞,非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)名詞,B. 動(dòng)名詞的完成時(shí)和被動(dòng)式 表示的動(dòng)作在謂語所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生時(shí)，用動(dòng)名詞的完成時(shí)。,非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)名詞,B. 動(dòng)名詞的完成時(shí)和被動(dòng)式 完成時(shí) a.He regrets having wasted so much time when he was young. 年輕時(shí)浪費(fèi)了那么多時(shí)間，他現(xiàn)在很后悔。 b.He apologized for not having kept h

6、is promise. 他對(duì)于沒有遵守諾言表示歉意。 被動(dòng)式 c.He dislikes being interrupted when he is working. 他不喜歡在工作時(shí)被人打擾。 d.He didnt mind being left at home. 他并不介意把他留在家里。,非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)名詞,C. 動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語 當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語是代詞時(shí)，可使用形容詞的物主代詞或代詞的賓格。 Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 她來幫忙鼓舞了我們所有人。 Janes being careless caused so much trouble.

7、簡這么粗心惹來了不少麻煩。 Whats troubling them is their not having enough food. 困擾他們的是食物不足。 18-year-old,非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)名詞,C. 動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語 當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語是代詞時(shí)，可使用形容詞的物主代詞或代詞的賓格。 Would you mind _ the computer game in your room?(04) A.he play B.his playing C.him to play D. him play B He forgot about _ him to attend my wifes birthday

8、 party. A.I asking B.my asking C.me to ask D. mine to ask B,二、不定式 不定式是一種非謂語動(dòng)詞，由不定式符號(hào)to加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成，多與某些動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞搭配。 基本形式：,非謂語動(dòng)詞不定式,語法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)足語。 1）作主語 不定式或不定式短語作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)。如： To serve the people well is our duty. 動(dòng)詞不定式短語作主語時(shí)，往往放在謂語動(dòng)詞的后面，用引導(dǎo)詞it作形式主語。上述句子也可改為： It is our duty to s

9、erve the people well. 類似這樣不定式做主語的句型有: It is + n.+ to do It takes sb.+ some time + to do It is + adj.+ for sb.+ to do It is + adj.+ of sb.+ to do,非謂語動(dòng)詞不定式,語法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)足語。 1）作主語 例如： It is our duty to help them. It will take you quite a long time to finish it. It is easy for us to a

10、nswer this question. It is kind of you to help me. 注： 1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特點(diǎn)，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy， hard， difficult， interesting， impossible等： 2)of sb.的句型一般表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如good， kind， nice， clever， foolish， right等。,非謂語動(dòng)詞不定式,語法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)足語。 2)作賓語 We hope to have more opportuni

11、ties to talk with native speakers. 注意： 如果不定式作賓語而又跟有補(bǔ)語，這時(shí)，通常要用it作形式賓語，而將不定式放到補(bǔ)語后面去。 例如： 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)提前把一切都準(zhǔn)備好是不可能的。 They found to get everything ready in advance impossible. 賓語賓補(bǔ) They found it impossible to get everything ready in advance.,非謂語動(dòng)詞不定式,【考試重點(diǎn)】 以下動(dòng)詞只能跟不定式作賓語 afford 花費(fèi)得起，提供 appear 好像 happen 碰巧 arra

12、nge 安排 hope 希望 attempt 試圖 Intend 企圖 decide 決定 learn 學(xué)會(huì) plan 計(jì)劃 expect 期望 offer 打算 pretend 假裝 promise 答應(yīng) refuse 拒絕 fail 未能 manage 設(shè)法 fear 害怕 want 要想 wish 希望,非謂語動(dòng)詞不定式,語法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)足語。 3)作定語 This is the best way to solve the problem. 注意： 用不定式作定語時(shí)，它與它所修飾的詞有時(shí)是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，所以如果不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，其后面應(yīng)跟上必

13、要的介詞。 例如： Mary needs a friend to play with. There is nothing to worry about. Because air pollution has been greatly reduced， this city is still _ . A.a good place to live B.a good place for living in C.a good place to be lived in D.a good place to live in 答案：D,非謂語動(dòng)詞不定式,語法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語

14、和補(bǔ)足語。 3)作定語 不定式作定語，如果與他所修飾的詞是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，則不定式后面不能再帶賓語。 例如： Here is a letter for you to type it. Here is a letter for you to type. The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for them. The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for. 同時(shí)要注意：在這類結(jié)構(gòu)中，常用不定式的主動(dòng)式代替被動(dòng)式。,非謂語動(dòng)詞不定式,語法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)

15、主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)足語。 4)作狀語 In order to overcome difficulties， we must work hard. 注意： 不定式能夠修飾作表語或賓語補(bǔ)足語的形容詞，在句中作狀語，這時(shí)不定式不能再帶賓語。 例如： The water is unfit to drink. 錯(cuò)誤：The water is unfit to drink it. They found Mr. Jones lecture hard to understand. 錯(cuò)誤： They found Mr. Jones lecture hard to understand it. 同時(shí)

16、要注意：在這類結(jié)構(gòu)中，常用不定式的主動(dòng)式代替被動(dòng)式。,非謂語動(dòng)詞不定式,語法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)足語。 4)作狀語 作狀語的不定式的邏輯主語必須與句子主語一致。 例如： To save money， we took the bus instead of plane. To save money， the bus was taken instead of plane. 看一道2005年11月份的三級(jí)試題： To succeed in a scientific experiment，_. A.one needs being patient person. B

17、.patience is to need. C.one needs to be patient. D.patience is what needed. 答案：C,非謂語動(dòng)詞不定式,語法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)足語。 4)作賓補(bǔ) 動(dòng)詞+賓語+不帶to的不定式（do）作賓語補(bǔ)足語 1）感官動(dòng)詞：see, watch, notice , look at, hear, listen, smell, taste, feel 2）使役動(dòng)詞：make, let, have（使得），help（可帶to，也可不帶to） 3）某些詞組：would rather, would/h

18、ad better,非謂語動(dòng)詞不定式,語法功能：不定式在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)足語。 4)作賓補(bǔ) 動(dòng)詞+賓語+不帶to的不定式（do）作賓語補(bǔ)足語 【注意】當(dāng)感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞后面的不定式變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，必須加to。 Henry is often seen_English aloud every morning in the classroom. A.read B.reads C.reading D.to read 答案：D,非謂語動(dòng)詞不定式,不定式的語態(tài) 每個(gè)不定式都有其邏輯主語，如果邏輯主語是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，不定式用主動(dòng)式，如果其邏輯主語是動(dòng)作的承受者，不定式用被動(dòng)式

19、。如： The doctor recommended him to air the room. 醫(yī)生建議他打掃房間。 The doctor recommended the room to be aired. 醫(yī)生建議打掃房間。,非謂語動(dòng)詞不定式,不定式的語態(tài) 【考試重點(diǎn)】：使用不帶to的不定式的幾種情況 (1)在口語中，以why開頭的簡單問句中。例如： Why do it that way? Why not go out for a walk? (2)某些使役動(dòng)詞，如make， let，have等后面跟動(dòng)詞不定時(shí)作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，用省略to的不定式。如 Let him do it.讓他做吧。 I

20、 would have you know that I am ill.我想要你知道我病了。,非謂語動(dòng)詞不定式,不定式的語態(tài) 【考試重點(diǎn)】：使用不帶to的不定式的幾種情況 (3)表示生理感覺的動(dòng)詞后接不定時(shí)作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，不定式不帶to.這類詞有： feel覺得observe 注意到，看到hear聽到 watch注視listen to聽perceive察覺，感知 notice注意see看見look at看 如要表明不定式或不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)出者(即邏輯主語)，就要在不定式前用for+名詞(或代詞的賓格)。如： Is the road wide enough for two cars to pass?

21、 The conference is too important for you to miss.,非謂語動(dòng)詞不定式,非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)名詞與不定式區(qū)別,1） 動(dòng)名詞與不定式的區(qū)別 動(dòng)名詞表達(dá)的是： 狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)，心境，抽象，經(jīng)常性，已發(fā)生的 不定式表達(dá)的是： 目的，結(jié)果，原因，具體，一次性，將發(fā)生的 2） 接不定式或動(dòng)名詞，意義相同。 3） 動(dòng)名詞與不定式語義不同的有11 組： 1 stop to do stop doing 2 forget to do forget doing 3 remember to do remember doing 4 regret to do regret doing

22、5 cease to do cease doing 6 try to dotry doing 7 go on to do go on doing 8 afraid to do afraid doing 9 interested to dointerested doing 10 mean to do mean doing 11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing,分詞（v + ing 和v + ed） 分詞的語法功能：分詞在句中可作定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語和表語 1）作定語 現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)，進(jìn)行，過去分詞表示被動(dòng)，完成。 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時(shí)，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，

23、或表示現(xiàn)狀。同時(shí)表示主動(dòng)。 例如： Give the note to the man sitting at that desk.,非謂語動(dòng)詞分詞,1）作定語 過去分詞作定語時(shí)，表示完成的動(dòng)作。同時(shí)表示被動(dòng)。有時(shí)過去分詞僅僅表示被動(dòng)。 例如： Weve met the doctor sent to work here by the city hospital.（表被動(dòng)和完成） Some of the questions _ in the book are easy to perform.（僅表被動(dòng)） A.being described B.described C.to be described

24、D.Having been described 答案：B,非謂語動(dòng)詞分詞,2）作狀語 分詞或分詞短語可作狀語，說明謂語表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間、條件、原因、結(jié)果、伴隨情況、行為方式或?qū)χ^語加以補(bǔ)充說明等?，F(xiàn)在分詞作狀語含有主動(dòng)的意思，過去分詞作狀語含有被動(dòng)的意思，或是表示狀態(tài)。 _ ,he had asked three people before he got there. A.Not knowing where was the bookstore B.Knowing not where the bookstore was C.Not knowing where the bookstore wa

25、s D.Not to know where the bookstore was 答案：C _ from space, our earth, with water covering 70% of its surface, appears as a blue planet. A.Seen B.Seeing C.To be seen D.Having seen 答案：A,非謂語動(dòng)詞分詞,2）作狀語 注意：分詞作狀語時(shí)，它的邏輯主語必須與句子的主語一致。 判斷對(duì)錯(cuò)： Waiting for a bus, a stone hit me. By swimming an hour everyday, Jan

26、es weight was reduced from 120 to 110 pounds. Made of plastic, I didnt expect the chairs would be that strong. 以上三句話應(yīng)當(dāng)分別改為： While I was waiting for the bus, a stone hit me. By swimming an hour everyday, Jane reduced her weight from 120 to 110 pounds. As the chairs were made of plastic, I didnt expec

27、t they would be that strong.,非謂語動(dòng)詞分詞,2）作狀語 分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu) 分詞作狀語時(shí)，要特別注意其邏輯主語和主句謂語動(dòng)詞的一致性。否則，分詞必須有自己的主語。這種帶主語的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)稱為分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。 The work done, they put away their tools and left the workshop. （= When the work has been done, they put away their tools and left the workshop.） His health failing, he decided to retire

28、 from office. （= Since his health failed, he decided to retire from office.）,非謂語動(dòng)詞分詞,2）作狀語 分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)還可由介詞with, without引出，通常用于補(bǔ)充說明或表示伴隨情況，有時(shí)也有時(shí)間、原因、條件、結(jié)果等含義，翻譯時(shí)可根據(jù)上下文譯為隨著，之后，由于等，有時(shí)也可不譯出，如： With summer coming on, its time to buy air conditioners. 出題形式與應(yīng)對(duì)策略： _ , they went swimming. A.Being a hot day B.I

29、t was a hot day C.Due to a hot day D.The day being hot 答案：D,非謂語動(dòng)詞分詞,2）作狀語 首先看題干，逗號(hào)的后面是一個(gè)完整的句子，兩部分用逗號(hào)連接，現(xiàn)在我們必須清楚的是逗號(hào)并不能連接兩個(gè)并列句，不等于連詞and，因此選項(xiàng)B是錯(cuò)誤的。但是，在考察分詞作狀語或分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語的時(shí)候，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中會(huì)有像選項(xiàng)B這樣的選項(xiàng)。也就是說下列結(jié)構(gòu)是錯(cuò)誤的： It was a hot day, they went swimming. It was a hot day, and they went swimming. Since it was a hot

30、 day, they went swimming. 注：英語的語法是顯性的，句子之間的各種關(guān)系要體現(xiàn)在形式上，而漢語的語法則是隱形的，句子之間的各種關(guān)系要語義來傳達(dá)。,非謂語動(dòng)詞分詞,2）作狀語 小練習(xí)：把句子改為分詞結(jié)構(gòu) 1.As the secretary was away, Mr. Green had to type his final grade. 2.Since Mother was ill, I offered to do the cooking. 3.The machine consists of three parts, each of which has its own mo

31、tor. 4.When class was over, the students went to the playground to watch the ball game. 5.Because the book was written in English, we found it easy to read. 6.Because a heavy rain flooded the road, he returned three days late than expected. 7.He prayed silently and his eyes were closed.,非謂語動(dòng)詞分詞,2）作狀

32、語 小練習(xí)：把句子改為分詞結(jié)構(gòu)： 參考答案： 1.The secretary being away, 2.Mother being ill, 3., each having its own motor. 4.Class being over, 5.The book being written in English, 6.A heavy rain flooding the road, 7., his eyes closed.,非謂語動(dòng)詞分詞,3）作賓語補(bǔ)足語 注意1： 使役動(dòng)詞have, make, get的后面可以接過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)，keep的后面則接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)。在“have+ sth.+過

33、去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，賓語補(bǔ)語所表示的動(dòng)作往往是由別人來完成的。 I cant see the blackboard very well. Perhaps you need _ . A.to examine your eyes. B.to have examined your eyes. C.having your eyes examined. D.to have your eyes examined. 答案：D,非謂語動(dòng)詞分詞,3）作賓語補(bǔ)足語 注意1： When visiting a foreign country, I sometimes found it difficult_. A.to

34、make myself understood B.to make others understand myself C.to make myself understand D.making others understand me 答案：A,非謂語動(dòng)詞分詞,3）作賓語補(bǔ)足語 注意1： There was so much noise outside that the speaker could hardly_. A.make the audience hear B.make himself be heard C.make that the audience would hear D.make himself heard 答案：D Its about the time we got the kitchen repainted. Ill try not to keep you waiting. Youd better keep the engine running all