高中英語構詞法

1、Classify: pathway freedom darkest place unfair lock everyday riverside nurse disagree,合成詞(有兩個或更多的詞合成一個詞):,轉(zhuǎn)化詞(將一種詞性轉(zhuǎn)化成另一種詞性):,派生詞(在詞根上加上前、后綴構成另外一個詞):,everyday pathway riverside,unfair darkest disagree freedom,lock place nurse,構詞法,構詞法：,合成(Compounding),派生法（Derivation） 【前綴/后綴】,轉(zhuǎn)化法（Conversion） 【詞性轉(zhuǎn)換】,合成

2、詞 Compound,pain-killer,止痛藥,color- blind,色盲,sleep-walk,夢游,sleep-walker,1. 合成名詞 (1) n+n air conditioner blood pressure income tax credit card (2) adj + n central bank fast food,空調(diào) 血壓 所得稅 信用卡 中央銀行 快餐,solar system remote control (3) v-ing +另一詞 washing machine driving license (4) 其他方式 by-product editor-i

3、n-chief,太陽系 遙控 洗衣機 駕駛執(zhí)照 副產(chǎn)品 主編,2. 合成形容詞 (1) 過去分詞或帶ed詞尾的詞構成。 absent-minded grey-haired (2) 動詞的ing 或另一詞構成 long-suffering far-reaching,心不在焉的 頭發(fā)灰白的 長期受苦的 深遠的(影響),3. 合成動詞及合成副詞 overeat baby-sit empty-handed,吃得太多 看孩子 一無所獲的,加前綴： happy - _happy 加后綴： develop - develop_ 既加前綴又加后綴： employ -_employ_,un,ment,un,me

4、nt,派生詞（derivation）,派生法（Derivation）-詞綴法,1. 前綴:,Pre- （前）,Pre-reading, preview, prepay,Re- (重新),Rewrite, reconsider, reuse,dis- （不）,disagree , dislike , disappear,in/im- （不）,incorrect , impossible,mis （錯誤或失當）,super- （超級）,mini-（微小）,misunderstand, mislead,supermarket, superman,miniskirt, minibus,foretell

5、, forecast,post(之后),postwar, post-reading,fore-(前，預先),semicircle, semi-final,semi-(半，部分),antiwar, anti-Japanese war,anti- (阻止，抗),underground, under-develop,under- （在下， 在中）,2. 常見的后綴,1).名詞后綴 ： -er -or -tion -ment -ity -ist -hood -ion,請將以下單詞和上列相應的后綴相連，組成新詞： work, educate, develop, visit, satisfy, teach

6、, sail, ability, piano, art, child, act, brother, solute, conclude, move,possible,-er -or -tion -ment -ity -ist -hood -ion,teacher, worker visitor, sailor education, satisfaction development, movement ability, possibility pianist, artist childhood, brotherhood action, solution, conclusion,如 ：,-ous -

7、ful -able, -ible -ant, -ent -ary,dangerous, humorous helpful, careful comfortable, responsible important, excellent military, voluntary,2）.形容詞后綴：,3）. 副詞性的詞綴：,-ly -wards,quickly, softly, yearly backwards, forwards,轉(zhuǎn)化法（Conversion）,It has a good taste.,It tastes very good.,record,n.記錄,v. 記錄,Liu Xiang B

8、roke the 100m Hurdles World Record .,He lies to record something while reading a book.,correct,correction,incorrect,independent,depend,dependable,disable,disability,impossible,possible,possibility,wrong,mistaken,mistake,misunderstand,understand,undergraduate,graduate,graduation,n.,反義,獨立的,詞根,adj.,殘疾的

9、,n.,不可能的,n.,反義,n.,誤解,詞根,大學生,詞根,n.,近義,反義,Words Building,correct,n.,反義,獨立的,詞根,adj.,殘疾的,n.,不可能的,n.,反義,n.,誤解,詞根,大學生,詞根,n.,近義,反義,Words Building,correct,correction,incorrect,independent,depend,dependable,disable,disability,impossible,possible,possibility,expression,education,wrong,mistaken,mistake,underst

10、and,underground,undergraduate,graduate,graduation,underway,subway,subtitle,always,sideways,n,教育,表達,O,獨立的,root,adj,殘疾的,n,不可能的,O,n,S,S,n,誤解,root,大學生,root,n,地下的,地下通道,地鐵,副標題,總是,misunderstand,縮寫和簡寫 : 縮寫和簡寫(也被稱為截斷法或縮短法)主要采取: “截頭”,“去尾”或者 “既截頭又去尾”的方法生成新詞.,telephone-phone airplaneplane laboratory-lab mathema

11、tics-math advertisementad examination-exam,另外還有許多縮寫詞是由各個單詞的首字母組成. CD ( compact disk) CCTV( China Central Television) NBA (National Basketball Association) UFO( unidentified flying object) UN( United Nations) ID( identification) USA( United States of America),1. He was one of the best _ in yesterdays

12、 football match. (play) 2. Look! How _ Kate is laughing! (happy) 3. It snowed _ last night and now the streets are covered with snow. (heavy) 4. Edison was a great _. During his life he had many _. (invent),players,happily,heavily,inventor,inventions,構詞法精練,Use the appropriate form of the words to fi

13、ll in the blanks.,按括號內(nèi)的要求改寫下列單詞:,rain(形容詞) _ agree(反義)_ nation(形容詞)_ farm(人)_ recent(副詞)_ friend(形容詞)_ hope(形容詞)_ back(形容詞)_ visit(名詞)_ home(形容詞) _ eight(序數(shù)詞)_ true(名詞)_ America(形容詞)_ China(形容詞)_,rainy,national,recently,hopeful,visitor,eighth,American,disagree,farmer,friendly,backwards,homeless,trut

14、h,Chinese,5. More and more _ have come to visit China over these years. （foreign） 6. We want _ reasons for your failure to help. (satisfy) 7. Please give me some reference work. It will _ my task. (simple) 8. The boy had the _ of being half starved. (appear) 9. The police have _ a plot against the P

15、resident. (cover) 10. The doctor said that Marys mother needed an _.(operate),foreigners,satisfactory,simplify,appearance,uncovered,operation,11. She hoped that her son would become a _. (music) 12. Few _ words made us excited. (speak) 13. The days on the moon get hotter than _ water. (boil) 14. Tha

16、nk you for your _. (kind) 15. Many college students work while they are studying because they want to make some money for their college _ . (expensive) 16. Most international _ letters are written in English, too. (busy),musician,spoken,boiling,kindness,expenses,business,17. The boy noticed an _ mis

17、take on his paper, but he decided not to say anything about it. (correct) 18. When in Rome, do as the _ do. (Rome) 19. The teacher was pleased with her _. (honest) 20. The mother didnt know why her daughter was crying _. (noise),uncorrected,Romans,honesty,noisily,Fill in the blanks with proper words

18、,With the (1)_ (develop) of industry, air pollution is getting more (2)_ more serious. In Beijing, many people suffer different kinds of illnesses because (3)_ air pollution. Air pollution is caused (4)_ the following reasons: about half of the problem is caused by vehicles. There are more and more

19、cars, buses on the roads, and they give (5)_ poisonous gases. 25%of air pollution is caused by factories. Another (6)_ (fact) is the smokers. Smoking not only does (7) _ to their health(8)_ also to others. Besides these, about 10% of air (9) _ is caused by other reasons. We should take some measures

20、 to fight(10)_ pollution. New fuel can be used to replace gas. We can plant more trees. If everybody realizes the importance of environment and does something to stop the problem will be solved.,development,and,of,by,out,factor,harm,but,pollution,against,附：類比構詞（Word-Formation by Analogy）,類比構詞是英語中一種有

21、趣而又實用的構詞方式。 構詞特點是，以某個同類詞為模式，在語義上進行聯(lián)想類比，替換其中某個詞素，構造出與之對應或類似的新詞來。 例如：work-aholic（工作迷）系仿alcoholic（嗜酒者）而造seajack（海上劫持）和skyjack（空中劫持）則是類比hijack （攔路搶劫） hijacker（強盜）而成，故都屬類比詞。,從原形詞與類比詞的聯(lián)系來看，英語類比構詞大致可分以下三大類：,一.數(shù)字、色彩類比,數(shù)字類比，例如，美國總統(tǒng)夫人在英語中稱First Lady（第一夫人），通過該詞美國人又聯(lián)想類比出 Fist Family（第一家庭）。First Mother（第一母親）等詞。就

22、連總統(tǒng)的愛犬也身價倍增，獲得了First Dog（第一狗）的殊榮，可謂一人得道，雞犬升天。 色彩類比，例如，Black Power （黑人權力）最初是美 國黑人在爭取自身權力斗爭中提出的政治口號，后為美國其他少數(shù)種族所借用。為了反歧視爭平等。印第安人提出了Red Power，美籍墨西哥人也提出了 BrownPower。另外，老年人為維護自身權益則提出Gray Power.美國英語中還因美元為綠色鈔票而類比出green power一詞，借指“金錢的力量”。green power雖與上述種 種Power風馬牛不相及，但同屬色彩類比，甚是有趣，亦含幽默。再看一例，較早出現(xiàn)的blue-collar （

23、藍領階層的）和white-collar（白領階層的）分別指“體力工作者的”和“腦力工作者的”，稍后產(chǎn)生的pink-collar（粉領階層的）和gray-collar（灰領階層的），則分別指“典型女性職業(yè)工作者的”和“維修保養(yǎng)行業(yè)工作 者的”。近年來，又有兩個新的英語類比詞問世，即gold-collar （金領階層的）和bright-collar（亮領階層的）， 分別表示“高級專業(yè)人士的”和“電腦及通訊專業(yè)人士的”。,二.反義、對義類比,這方面英語類比詞數(shù)目不少，俯拾可得。 例如，nightmare （夢魘daymare（晝魘），brain-drain（人 材流失）brain-gain（人材流入），flashback（倒敘）flash-forward（超前敘述），high- tech（高技 術的）low-tech（低技術的），等等。 在這方面，有些類比詞來得有趣，仿造奇特。例如man Friday源于小說魯濱遜飄流記，指主人公于星期五救出的一個土人，后成其忠仆，故名。該詞進入英語詞匯后泛指“忠實的仆人”或“得力的助手”。后來 出現(xiàn)的girl Friday一詞系仿此而造， 專指“忠實的女仆”或“得力的女助手”。又如，boycott（聯(lián)合抵制）一詞的來歷可追溯到19世紀末。當