戶外家具出口新標(biāo)準(zhǔn).ppt

1、Outdoor furniture testing -Physical 戶外家具測(cè)試-物理部分,Jun. 29, 2011 Donna Gu,Content-Physical內(nèi)容-物理部分,Recall case 分享召回案例 Failure case 分享實(shí)驗(yàn)室常見不合格案例 European outdoor testing standards 分享歐洲戶外檢測(cè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),Search site of recall cases召回案例查詢網(wǎng)站,/ http:/ec.europa.eu/consumers/dyna/rapex/create_rapex_searc

2、h.cfm,Several general facets of recall cases 召回案例常見幾個(gè)方面,Safety question of construction design由于結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)導(dǎo)致的安全問(wèn)題召回 Failure of Mechanical strength 由于機(jī)械強(qiáng)度不足召回 Chemical matter recall 由于化學(xué)物質(zhì)超標(biāo)召回 Fire retardant recall由于阻燃不利召回,Recall case召回案例,Category: Furniture分類： 家具 Product: Folding chair - Black folding cha

3、ir, 3 positions產(chǎn)品：折疊椅-黑色，有3個(gè)調(diào)節(jié)位置 Brand: EDL品牌: EDL型號(hào): Type/number of model Ref.: gencod: 21502170Description: Black folding chair.描述: 黑色折疊椅.Country of origin: China 原產(chǎn)國(guó): 中國(guó) Injure 傷害 The product poses a risk of injuries because the possibility of falling and crushing fingers.The product does not com

4、ply with the relevant European standards EN 581 and EN 1022.該樣品使用中會(huì)傾翻，并且會(huì)夾手。該樣品不符合EN581和EN1022。,Recall case 召回案例,Category: Furniture分類： 家具 roduct: Garden furniture - Oler 產(chǎn)品： 花園椅 Brand: Nefryt品牌： Nefryt 型號(hào)： EAN: 80180640356180; 001322; HP 09.Description: The product is an outdoor, folding arm-chair

5、made of hard plastic, coloured forest green. The product is packed in a plastic, transparent bag. On the product there are stickers with information concerning the product and trader/manufacturer. Maximum 90 kg.描述： 該樣品是戶外用的的折疊椅，硬質(zhì)塑料，綠色。最大承重90kg。 Country of origin: China 原產(chǎn)國(guó): 中國(guó) Injure 傷害 The product

6、 poses a risk of injuries due to insufficient durability of the armrests, which can easily break. This can lead to a lack of stability and cause the user to fall, resulting in serious injuries of head and limbs.該樣品扶手強(qiáng)度不夠，容易損壞，這樣會(huì)導(dǎo)致使用者傾翻，傷害頭部和肘部。該樣品出現(xiàn)了1起安全事故，另外若干起投訴。,召回案例,Category: Furniture分類： 家具Pro

7、duct: Folding chair 產(chǎn)品：折疊椅Brand: Mc-Geiz品牌： Mc-GeizType/number of model: 8711295591808 型號(hào)： 8711295591808 Description: Folding Chair with a top in triangle shape描述： 折疊椅三角形椅面Country of origin: China 原產(chǎn)國(guó)：中國(guó) Injury 傷害 The product poses a risk of injuries because fingers can get entrapped in the folding

8、scissor mechanism underneath the seat. The product does not comply with the relevant European standard EN 581該樣品存在剪切點(diǎn)和擠壓點(diǎn)危險(xiǎn)，不符合EN581的要求。,召回案例,Category: Furniture分類： 家具Product: Garden chair - Wooden Directors Chairs 2 Pack 產(chǎn)品： 花園椅 Brand: Tesco品牌：Tesco樂(lè)購(gòu) Type/number of model:型號(hào)： EAN 5051898183547 Desc

9、ription: Hove table and 4 chairs comprising of 2 pack wooden directors chairs EAN描述：該套樣品共有4張椅子和一張桌子，椅子不合格，桌子合格。 Country of origin: Vietnam 原產(chǎn)國(guó)：越南 Injury 傷害The product poses a risk of injuries because there is a risk of the chair collapsing under certain load conditions. Six incidents reported樣品強(qiáng)度不合格

10、，導(dǎo)致了6起事故。,召回案例,Category: Furniture分類：家具Product: Rocking chair產(chǎn)品：搖椅Brand: Lazypap品牌： LazypapType/number of model:型號(hào)： 111013-2, Description: The frame of the rocking chair is made from rattan; the seating part and backrest are made from natural material. The seat is provided with a cushion made of PVC

11、 foam covered in brown textile material.描述：該搖椅的框架是藤條所制，椅面椅背部分是天然材料，椅面椅背配有PVC墊子，出售時(shí)無(wú)包裝。Country of origin: Indonesia原產(chǎn)國(guó)：印度尼西亞 Injury 傷害 The product poses a risk of injuries because it can tip over. The product does not comply with the relevant European standard EN 1022.該樣品使用時(shí)會(huì)傾翻，不符合EN1022。,召回案例,Catego

12、ry: Furniture分類： 家具 Product: Deckchair 產(chǎn)品：帆布躺椅 Brand: Soltera品牌：SolteraType/number of model:型號(hào)： SOLTERA KENTDescription: Deckchair. 描述：帆布躺椅. Country of origin: Vietnam 原產(chǎn)國(guó)：越南 Injury 傷害 The product poses a risk of injuries because the locking mechanisms, which should hold the legs of the chair in pla

13、ce, are assembled the wrong way round and do not work as intended. 該樣品的鎖定機(jī)構(gòu)不能有效的鎖緊椅腿。,召回案例,Category: Furniture分類： 家具Product: Relax chair - Wooden 2-position relax chair 產(chǎn)品類型：休閑椅Brand: Ellen品牌：EllenType/number of model:型號(hào)： EAN 6405422521791Product number:產(chǎn)品貨號(hào)： 300096358Suppliers product number: OF210

14、銷售商貨號(hào)： OF210 Description: White or unpainted relax chair.產(chǎn)品描述：白色休閑椅Country of origin: Vietnam 原產(chǎn)國(guó)：越南 Injury 傷害 the backrest and side stretchers have sharp edges, when lifted from the armrests, the backrest can come out of its stop locations, the body of chair breaks during the arm impact test.not co

15、mply with the relevant European standard EN 581. 靠背出現(xiàn)尖點(diǎn)利邊。當(dāng)移動(dòng)扶手時(shí)，靠背支撐部分會(huì)松動(dòng)，不能定位。當(dāng)進(jìn)行扶手沖擊測(cè)試時(shí)休閑椅結(jié)構(gòu)被破壞。該產(chǎn)品不符合EN581的要求。,召回案例,Category: Garden Furniture分類： 花園家具 product：Folding chair 產(chǎn)品類型：花園折疊椅Brand: Unknown 品牌：未知Type/number of model:型號(hào)：EAN 4003368173009Country of origin: Germany 原產(chǎn)國(guó)：德國(guó) Injury 傷害 The prod

16、uct poses a serious risk of crash/jam/brake of fingers because it does not have a locking mechanism when unfolded. When attempting to move the chair by lifting the seat, there is a possible risk of shear and squeeze point between movable parts of the folding construction of the product. The product

17、does not comply with the relevant European standard EN 581由于缺少鎖定機(jī)構(gòu)，樣品了產(chǎn)生剪切點(diǎn)和擠壓點(diǎn)。事故報(bào)道：1例。一位8歲小孩的雙手手指被夾。該產(chǎn)品不符合EN581的要求。,召回案例,Category: Furniture分類： 家具Product: Table - Jet Set產(chǎn)品：桌子Brand: Unknown品牌: 未知Type/number of model:型號(hào)： RF 1022 - 1 DT; barcode 100015890.Description: Folding table with glass top, s

18、pring-mounted.描述： 玻璃臺(tái)面折疊桌，帶有彈簧機(jī)構(gòu)Country of origin: Malaysia原產(chǎn)國(guó)：馬來(lái)西亞 Injury 傷害 The product poses a risk of injuries due to shearing and pinching points which are created when the table is folded. There is a particular risk of trapping parts of the body if the user attempts to open the table whilst th

19、e table is upside down or on its side because the table could spring open violently.該樣品折疊時(shí)產(chǎn)生剪切點(diǎn)和擠壓點(diǎn)，并且這種危險(xiǎn)的出現(xiàn)使用者無(wú)發(fā)控制，導(dǎo)致1起事故。,戶外家具常用標(biāo)準(zhǔn),EN 581-1:2006 Outdoor furniture-Seating and tables for camping, domestic and contract use-Part 1:general safety requirements戶外家具露營(yíng)、家用和公共場(chǎng)合用椅子和桌子第1部分：總的安全要求 EN 581-2:2

20、009 Outdoor furniture Seating and tables for camping, domestic and contract use Part 2: Mechanical safety requirements and test methods for seating戶外家具露營(yíng)、家用和公共場(chǎng)合用椅子和桌子第2部分：椅子的機(jī)械安全要求和測(cè)試方法 EN 1022:2005 Domestic furniture Seating Determination of stability 室內(nèi)用椅子的穩(wěn)定性測(cè)試 EN 581-3:2007 Outdoor furniture Se

21、ating and tables for camping, domestic and contract use Part 3: Mechanical safety requirements and test methods for tables 戶外家具椅子和桌子第3部分：桌子的機(jī)械安全要求和測(cè)試方法,EN 581-1:2006,Scope 范圍 Specifies the general safety requirements for outdoor seating and tables for camping, domestic and contract use. 針對(duì)戶外座椅類、桌類一般

22、安全要求。主要包括露營(yíng)類、花園類、公共場(chǎng)合類等戶外家具。 注：It does not apply to removable upholstery, coverings and permanently fixed furniture 永久固定的室外家具、高使用要求的室外公共場(chǎng)合家具、路邊家具不適用于此份標(biāo)準(zhǔn),EN 581-1:2006,Grade and level of selected of outdoor furniture 戶外家具的分級(jí)和級(jí)別的選定 1. Camping 露營(yíng)類戶外家具 2. Domestic 家庭類戶外家具 3. Contract 公共場(chǎng)所用家具,EN 581-1:2

23、006,Three facets 三個(gè)方面 1. Edges and corners 尖角、利邊 2. Tubular components, holes and gaps accessible during use 孔洞、間隙 3. Shear and squeeze points 剪切點(diǎn)、擠壓點(diǎn),EN 581-1:2006,All other edges and corners 所有的邊以及角落 Requirement 要求: 1. For table tops the edges and corners which are directly in contact with the use

24、r shall be rounded or chamfered 使用者在實(shí)際使用中會(huì)直接接觸到的部件的邊和角必須倒圓角或者倒斜角 ，如座面、靠背、扶手、桌邊、桌面等 2. All other edges and corners of seating and tables, accessible during use shall be free from burrs or/and sharp edges.其他使用者可能接觸的部件必須沒(méi)有鋒利的邊或者毛刺, 如座位背面、扶手背面、桌底、桌腿等,Failure case 不合格案例,EN 581-1:2006,Tubular components,

25、holes and gaps accessible during use 管狀部件、孔洞及使用過(guò)程中可觸及的間隙等 Requirements 要求: Tubular components, holes and gaps accessible during use shall be covered if a 7 mm or 12 mm test probe can be pushed into them in any direction with a maximum force of 30 N to a depth of more than 10 mm and cannot be pulled

26、out again in the reverse direction by a maximum force of 30 N. 任何可接觸的管狀部件、開孔、間隙等，在一個(gè)7mm或者12mm的探棒用30N的力在任何可能的方向可以深入10mm以上并且需要至少30N以上的反方向的力才能拔出的情況下，必須被覆蓋以防止對(duì)手指?jìng)Α?EN 581-1:2006,Shear and squeeze points 剪切或擠壓點(diǎn) Requirements 要求: 在以下三種情況下會(huì)產(chǎn)生剪切擠壓點(diǎn)，2和3是絕對(duì)不允許產(chǎn)生危險(xiǎn)點(diǎn) shear and squeeze points that are created on

27、ly during setting up or folding are acceptable providing the user can be assumed to be in control of his/her movements and to be able to cease applying the force immediately on experiencing pain.在安裝、折疊和打開過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的剪切擠壓點(diǎn)是允許的 2. There shall be no accessible shear and squeeze points created by parts of the

28、 furniture operated by powered mechanisms, e.g. mechanical springs, gas lifts. 在強(qiáng)力裝置驅(qū)動(dòng)、啟動(dòng)過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的剪切擠壓點(diǎn)是禁止的，如彈簧、觸發(fā)裝置等 3. There shall be no accessible shear and squeeze points created by loads applied during normal use. 在使用過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的剪切或擠壓點(diǎn)也是不允許的，如搬運(yùn)、自重條件下,EN 581-1:2006,EN 581-2:2009,Scope 范圍 This part of EN

29、 581 specifies the mechanical safety requirements and test methods of outdoor seating for camping, domestic and contract use for adults, without regard to materials, design/construction or manufacturing processes . The test requirements are based on use by persons weighing up to110 kg. 此部分針對(duì)戶外成人座椅的機(jī)

30、械安全要求和相應(yīng)的測(cè)試方法，包括露營(yíng)類、花園類、公園類座椅，主要是力學(xué)性能方面的要求。 該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制定的基礎(chǔ)是110kg的使用者。,EN 581-2:2009,Safety requirements 安全要求 The requirements are fulfilled after testing as below: 在每項(xiàng)測(cè)試完成后, 不能產(chǎn)生以 下情況： there are no fractures of any joint, member or component; 結(jié)構(gòu)或部件斷裂 there is no loosening of joints intended to be rigid 結(jié)構(gòu)

31、或部件產(chǎn)生松動(dòng) the seating fulfils its function after removal of the test loads. 重量移除后樣品能保持其原有的功能性,EN 581-2:2009,Seat and back static load test for seating 椅面椅背靜載測(cè)試（座椅）,Detail View,EN 581-2:2009,Seat front edge static load test for seating椅面前端靜載測(cè)試（座椅） 80mm back from front edge 加載點(diǎn)為椅面前端往后80mm處,EN 581-2:2009

32、,Seat and back fatigue test for seating 椅面椅背疲勞試驗(yàn)（座椅）,Seat and Back Fatigue Test,EN 581-2:2009,Fatigue test on back rest mechanism for seating 靠背可調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)構(gòu)疲勞測(cè)試（座椅）,Back alternative fatigue Test,EN 581-2:2009,Arm downwards static load test for seating 扶手向下靜載測(cè)試（座椅）,Arm downward static load Test,EN 581-2:200

33、9,Arm fatigue test for seating 手疲勞試驗(yàn)機(jī)（座椅）,Arm Fatigue Test,EN 581-2:2009,Leg forward static load test for seating 腿部前向靜載強(qiáng)度測(cè)試（座椅）,EN 581-2:2009,Leg sideways static load test for seating 腿部側(cè)向靜載強(qiáng)度測(cè)試（座椅）,EN 581-2:2009,Seat impact test for seating 椅面沖擊測(cè)試（座椅）,EN 581-2:2009,Foot rail static test for high S

34、eating 高椅擱腳靜載強(qiáng)度測(cè)試（座椅）,EN 581-2:2009,Seat and back static load test for lounger chair 椅面椅背靜載測(cè)試（躺椅）,Seat and Back Static Load Test,EN 581-2:2009,Seat and back fatigue test for lounger chair 椅面椅背疲勞試驗(yàn)機(jī)（躺椅）,Seat Fatigue Test,EN 581-2:2009,Fatigue test on back rest Mechanism for lounger chair 靠背可調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)構(gòu)疲勞測(cè)試（

35、躺椅）,Back Alternative Fatigue Test,EN 581-2:2009,Arm downwards static load test for lounger 扶手向下靜載測(cè)試（躺椅）,Arm downward static load Test,EN 581-2:2009,Arm fatigue test for lounger chair 扶手疲勞試驗(yàn)機(jī)（躺椅）,Arm Fatigue Test,EN 581-2:2009,Seat impact test for lounger chair 椅面沖擊測(cè)試（躺椅）,EN 581-2:2009,Lifting test f

36、or lounger chair 抬起測(cè)試（躺椅）,EN 581-2:2009,Sideways stability for lounger chair 側(cè)向穩(wěn)定性測(cè)試（躺椅）,扶手長(zhǎng)度大于400mm,EN 581-2:2009,Forward stability for lounger chair 前向穩(wěn)定性測(cè)試（躺椅）,EN 1022:2005,Scope 范圍 This European Standard specifies test methods and requirements for the determination of the stability of all types

37、of domestic seating for adults 此份標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定了各種類型的室內(nèi)用成人椅的穩(wěn)定性要求和測(cè)試方法 Note 注: No applicable to adjustable geometry seating where the backrest is at an angle of 10 or less to the horizontal. 不適用于幾何中心可調(diào)的、其靠背傾斜角在10度或10度以下的座椅 There are two methods for stability test 關(guān)于穩(wěn)定性的方法共有兩種. Experimental method 實(shí)驗(yàn)方法 2. The

38、calculative method 計(jì)算的方法（No applicable to seating, which have variable geometry and to seating, which visibly flex under the applied loads 不適用于幾何中心可調(diào)的和加載后易形變的座椅） Requirements 要求 No overturn during the test 座椅在測(cè)試過(guò)程中不能傾翻,EN 1022:2005,Forwards overbalancing, all seating 前向穩(wěn)定性, 所有座椅 the front legs or ba

39、se restrained by stops 用擋塊擋住座椅前腳 2. Apply a force of 600N vertically by means of the loading pad acting at those points 60 mm behind the front edge of the load bearing structure most likely to result in overturning.在距承力結(jié)構(gòu)前邊緣60mm的位置施加垂直向下的力600N.選擇任何可能導(dǎo)致失敗的位置進(jìn)行測(cè)試 3. At each loaded position apply a for

40、ce F of 20 N for at least 5 s horizontally outwards along a horizontal line extended forward from the point在任何加載力的位置，沿座位平面向外施加20N的力，保持5秒，看是否發(fā)生傾翻,EN 1022:2005,Forwards overturning for seating with footrest 帶擱腳凳座椅的前向穩(wěn)定性 the front legs or base restrained by stops 用擋塊擋住座椅前腳 Apply a force of 600N vertica

41、lly by means of the loading pad acting at those points 60 mm behind the front edge of the footrests most likely to result in overturning 在距擱腳凳前邊緣60mm的位置施加垂直向下的力600N.選擇任何可能導(dǎo)致失敗的位置進(jìn)行測(cè)試 3. At each loaded position apply a force F of 20 N for at least 5 s horizontally outwards along a horizontal line ext

42、ended forward from the point 在任何加載力的位置，沿座面平面向外施加20N的力，保持5秒，看是否發(fā)生傾翻,EN 1022:2005,Sideways overbalancing, all seating without arms 沒(méi)有扶手座椅的側(cè)向穩(wěn)定性 the front legs or base restrained by stops 用擋塊擋住座椅側(cè)向腳 2. Apply a force of 600 N vertically by means of the loading pad at those points 60 mm behind the edge o

43、f theload bearing structure of the side nearest the stopped feet most likely to result in overturning.在距側(cè)向擋腳承力結(jié)構(gòu)邊緣60mm的位置施加垂直向下的力600N.選擇任何可能導(dǎo)致失敗的位置進(jìn)行測(cè)試 3. Apply a sideways force F of 20 N horizontally outwards for at least 5 s along a line from the point where the base of the loading pad meets the u

44、pper surface of the seat在任何加載力的位置，沿座面平面?zhèn)认蛳蛲馐┘?0N的力，保持5秒，看是否發(fā)生傾翻,EN 1022:2005,Sideways overbalancing, all seating with arms 帶扶手座椅的側(cè)向穩(wěn)定性 with the side legs or base restrained by stops用擋塊擋住坐椅側(cè)向腳 2. Apply a vertical force F of 350 N at a position on the centre line of the arm up to a maximum 40 mm inwar

45、ds from the outer edge of the arm structure at the most adverse position along its length.在扶手中心線上前端向內(nèi)40mm范圍內(nèi)最不利的位置向下加載垂直力350N 3. Apply a vertical force of 250 N at a point 100 mm to the side of the fore and aft centre line of the seat which is nearest the stopped feet and at the same distance from t

46、he backrest as the arm loads.在座椅中心線靠擋塊的方向100mm的位置加載250N,加載力的位置距離靠背的距離和扶手距離靠背的距離相同 4. Apply a horizontal force F of 20 N outwards, and perpendicular to the line joining the stopped feet, for at least 5 s, at the upper surface of the armrest in line with the vertical arm force and on the side with sto

47、pped feet 沿扶手平面向外施加20N的力，保持5秒，看是否發(fā)生傾翻,EN 1022:2005,Rearwards overbalancing, all seating with backs 帶靠背座椅的后向穩(wěn)定性 only applies to seating with backs extending 50 mm or more above the unloaded seat僅適用于靠背高度超過(guò)50mm的座椅 All adjustable backs shall be set in their most upright position 可調(diào)靠背調(diào)節(jié)至靠背最垂直的位置 All adju

48、stable backs shall be set in their most upright position 用擋塊擋住坐椅后腳 Apply a vertical force of 600 N to the seat 在座面加載點(diǎn)加載600N垂直力 4. Apply the force F horizontally for at least 5 s in a rearward direction to the back of the seating at the point Determined by the loading point template, or at the top ed

49、ge of the back rest, whichever is the lower 在靠背加載點(diǎn)或靠背頂端（選擇低點(diǎn)）施加水平向后的力F,持續(xù)5秒看是否翻倒。若座位高度 H=720mm, F=80N, 否則, F=0.2875(1000-H)，,EN 1022:2005,Tilting chairs 整體傾斜椅 The test method applies to all values of 10 and values of between 90 and 170. 該測(cè)試方法只使用與 =10、 在 90 和 170之間的椅子 If the seating has a locking sys

50、tem it shall be set in the fully tilted position 如果樣品有鎖定機(jī)構(gòu)，應(yīng)將樣品置于最傾斜位置。 Load the seat with 11 loading discs so that the discs are firmly settled against the back rest 在座面上加載11個(gè)10kg加載盤，加載盤完全與靠背接觸. the seating shall not overturn. 檢查樣品是否傾翻,EN 1022:2005,搖椅 Rocking chairs The most adverse floor surfacing

51、 shall be used 將搖椅放置在光滑平整的地面上 Load the chair with eight loading discs so that the discs rest against the chair back.作用8個(gè)10kg加載盤使加載盤作用到靠背上 3. Rock the chair forwards as far as is practicable or until the back is vertical . Allow the chair to rock rearwards freely under gravity 盡可能向前搖動(dòng)搖椅或直到靠背垂直為止，然后在自

52、重下向后搖動(dòng)搖椅 4. the seating shall not overturn 檢查樣品是否傾翻,EN 1022:2005,Reclining chairs with footrest 有擱腳的靠背可調(diào)節(jié)椅 The test method applies to all values of 10 and less than 55 and values of between 90 and 170. 該測(cè)試方法適用的樣品1055、 90 170 1. With the chair in the fully reclined configuration 將靠背調(diào)至最低位置 2. load the

53、 back of the chair with eight loading discs by means of the support device 通過(guò)支撐裝置在靠背上加載8個(gè)加載盤 3. place three loading discs onto the footrest 在擱腳上加載3個(gè)加載盤，加載位置見表 4. the seating shall not overturn 檢查樣品是否傾翻,EN 1022:2005,Reclining chairs without footrest 無(wú)擱腳的靠背可調(diào)節(jié)椅 The test method applies to all values of

54、 10 and less than 45 and values of y between 90 and 170 該測(cè)試方法適用的樣品1045、 90 170 1. Load the back of the chair with eight loading discs by means of the support device 通過(guò)支撐裝置在靠背上加載8個(gè)10kg加載盤 2. place three loading discs onto chair at a distance X from the intersection of the seat and back在前端加載3個(gè)加載盤，加載位置

55、X見表 3. the seating shall not overturn 檢查樣品是否傾翻,EN 581-3:2007,Scope 范圍 This European Standard specifies the mechanical safety requirements and test methods for outdoor tables used by adults for camping, domestic and contract use without regard to materials, design/construction or manufacturing proces

56、ses 此部分規(guī)定了戶外用成人桌類的機(jī)械安全要求及測(cè)試方法，不考慮桌子的材料、設(shè)計(jì)、結(jié)構(gòu)和生產(chǎn)工藝 Note: This document does not apply to outdoor furniture for severe contract use where higher requirements may be necessary, nor does it apply to street furniture and furniture permanently fixed to the ground/wall. 注: 此份標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不適用于要求極為苛刻的戶外桌類，同樣也不適用于街道桌類及永久固定于墻或地上的桌類,EN 581-3:2007,Stability test under vertical load 在垂直力作用下的穩(wěn)定性 1. loading F at most likely to cause overturning, as far away from th