英語語法教案憲宗

1、高中英語語法教案整理 中小學英語 名詞(一)概述名詞是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念名稱的詞,可以說名詞是萬物之名稱。它們可以是：學英語 ，請看生活英語簡易讀物，長知識，學英語人的名字 Li Ming, Tom資料：世界著名大學(Universities & Colleges)大全地方名稱 China, London資料：世界學校(K12 Schools)大全職業(yè)稱呼 teacher, doctor少女護膚(Skin Care) 網(wǎng)上最好的幾篇文章，白皙清純，青春無限物品名稱 pencil, dictionary行為名稱 study, inventi

2、on抽象概念 history, grammar(二)普通名詞和專有名詞1普通名詞凡不屬于特定的人名、地名、事物名稱或概念名稱的名詞,都屬于普通名詞。這類名詞在所有的名詞中占絕大多數(shù)。普通名詞大致有以下四種類型：1)個體名詞個體名詞指作為個體而存在的人或物。可以指具體的人或物,例如：He has two aunts.他有兩個姑姑。Most classrooms have computers.多數(shù)教室里都有電腦。也可指抽象東西,例如：Weve lived here for twenty years.我們在這里住了二十年了。I had a dream last night我昨晚做了一個夢。個體名詞有

3、復數(shù)形式,如：weeks, problems;單數(shù)形式可以和a/an連用,如：a week, a problem, an old man.2)集體名詞集體名詞表示由個體組成的集體,下面是一些常見的集體名詞：family(家,家庭) army(軍隊) company(公司；全體船員) enemy(敵人) government(政府)group(小組,團體) public(公眾) team(隊；組) police(警方)作單數(shù)看待 作復數(shù)看待His family isnt large.他家人不多。The government is planning to build a dam here.政府打算

4、在這里建一座水壩。The public was unlikely to support it.公眾支持它的可能性不大。 His family are all music lovers.他家的人都喜歡音樂。The government are discussing the plan.政府在討論這個計劃。The public were deceived by the newspaper.公眾受到報紙的蒙騙。集體名詞有時作單數(shù)看待,有時作復數(shù)看待。一般說來,視為整體時作單數(shù)看待,想到它的成員時作復數(shù)看待：例如：有的集體名詞通常用作單數(shù),例如：Our company is sending him to

5、 work in Berlin.我們公司將派他去柏林工作。有的集體名詞多作復數(shù)看待。例如：The police are looking for him.警察正在找他。3)物質(zhì)名詞物質(zhì)名詞指無法分為個體的東西,我們學過的常見的物質(zhì)名詞有：beer, cloth, coal, coffee, coke, cotton, ice, ink, jam, juice, meat, medicine, metal, milk, oil paper, rain, salad, salt, sand, snow, soup, steel, sugar, tea, water, wine, wood, wool

6、等。一般說來,物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)折,因而沒有復數(shù)形式。但有一些特殊情況：a有些物質(zhì)名詞可用作可數(shù)名詞,表示“一份”,“一杯”：Tree beers, please.請來三杯啤酒。A chocolate ice-cream for me.給我一份巧克力冰淇淋。b有此物質(zhì)名詞可作可數(shù)名詞,表示“一種”：It was a special tea which tasted of orange blossoms.這是一種特別的茶,有桔子花葉。It was a delicious wine.那是一種美味的紅酒。c個別物質(zhì)名詞可用于復數(shù)形式或有特殊意義：It was now the time of the s

7、pring rains.現(xiàn)在是春天雨季的時候。Here are the snows of last year.這是去看的積雪。d抽象名詞抽象名詞主要表示一些抽象概念,一般不可數(shù),因此沒有復形,前面也一般不加不定冠詞a/an。常見的抽象名詞有：age, anger, beauty, childhood, death, duty, fear, fun, happiness, health, help, history, industry, joy, labour, love, luck, music, nature, peace, pleasure, power, safety, silence,

8、 sleep, time, training, travel, trust, truth, waste, weather, work, worth, youth等。在多數(shù)情況下,這種名詞常用于單數(shù)形式,不加任何冠詞。例如：safety first!安全第一!Its wonderful weather.天氣好極了。但有時也加定冠詞the,或不定冠詞a/an.例如：I shall never forget the beauty of that lake.我永遠不會忘記那個湖的美麗。Theres a beauty in simplicity.樸實之中有一種美。2專有名詞專有名詞主要指人名、地名及某些

9、類人和事物專有的名稱。例如：1)人名：Mary, Mrs Green, Zhanghua2)地名：Beijing, West Lake3)某類人的名稱：Americans, Russians4)某些抽象事物的名稱：English, Chinese5)月份、周日及節(jié)日名稱：May, Saturday, Easter6)書名、電影及詩歌的名稱：Cone with the Wind7)對家人等的稱呼：Mum, Dad, Uncle Tom專有名詞的第一個字母要大寫。(三)可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞名詞按其所表示的事物的性質(zhì)分為可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞兩類?？蓴?shù)名詞有復數(shù)形式,不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有復數(shù)形式。單數(shù) 復數(shù)

10、a countrya classa sheepa tomato countriesclassessheeptomatoes普通名詞中的個體名詞和集體名詞一般是可數(shù)的,所以它們又可稱為可數(shù)名詞?？蓴?shù)名詞單數(shù)往往要同不定冠詞a或an連用,復數(shù)則要使用其復數(shù)形式。例如：普通名詞中的物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞及專有名詞一般是不可數(shù)的,這些名詞又可稱為不可數(shù)名詞。不可數(shù)名詞不能用不定冠詞修飾,也不存在復數(shù)形式,如ice (冰),water (水), rice (稻子)等。在英語中個別名詞既可以作不可數(shù)名詞,又可以作可數(shù)名詞。但由于用法不同,它們的意思往往也不大相同,對這些名詞要特別注意。例如作不可數(shù)名詞 作可數(shù)

11、名詞glass 玻璃paper 紙張time 時間work 消息 玻璃杯；鏡子；眼鏡報紙；文件；考卷次數(shù)；時代單詞；話語一般說來,漢語和英語對某一個名詞是否可數(shù)的看法基本上是一致的。但也有不少名詞在漢語中常被用作可數(shù)名詞,而在英語中卻絕對是不可數(shù)名詞,對這些名詞也要特別注意,發(fā)如：fun ,work ,advice ,weather ,homework ,news ,money ,information ,bread ,hair ),chalk ,furniture 等。(四)可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)形式的構成可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)形式通常是在單數(shù)形式后加-s或-es,現(xiàn)將其復數(shù)的一般構成方法及讀音列表如下：情況

12、 構成方法 例詞 讀音一般情況 在詞尾加-s deskdesksmapmaps -s在請輔音后發(fā)s音daydaysgirlgirls -s在元音私濁畏音后發(fā)z以s, x, ch, sh結尾的詞 在詞尾加-es bus busesboxboxeswatchwatchesfishfishes es發(fā)iz音以輔音字母加y結尾的詞 變y為I再加-es familyfamiliesfactoryfactoriespartyparties -ies發(fā)iz音以元音字母y結尾的詞 在詞尾加-s daydaysboyboyskeykeys -s發(fā)z音以f或fe 結尾的詞 變f或fe為v再加-es knifekn

13、iveslifeliveswifewiveshalfhalves -ves發(fā)vz音以輔音字母加o結尾的詞 在詞尾加-es potatopotatoestomatotomatoesheroheroes -es發(fā)z音以元音字母加o結尾的詞 在詞尾加-s radioradioszoozoos -s發(fā)z音少數(shù)以輔音字母加o結尾的名詞變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)時只加-s。如：photophotos, pianopianos 等。有些以f結尾的名詞變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)時也只加-s。如：handkerchiefhandkerchiefs, roofroofs等。英語中還有不少名詞的復數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的,必須把它們牢記在心。如：manmen

14、, womanwomen, FrenchmanFrenchmen, childchildren, toothteeth, footfeet, goosegeese, mousemice, sheepsheep, deerdeer, fishfish等。(五)名詞的所有格在英語中,有些名詞的詞尾 可以加上s,用來表示所有關系,這種結構稱為名詞的所有格。1名詞所有格的構成名詞所有格的構成一般有以下三種情況：1)如果名詞是單數(shù),只在詞尾加s。例如：the boys schoolbag 這男孩的書包the workers shoes 這個二人的鞋2)復數(shù)名詞如果以s結尾,只加(在s的右上角)即可如：t

15、he teachers office 老師們的辦公室the students classroom 學生們的教室3)復數(shù)名詞如果不以s結尾,則在詞尾加s如：Womens Day 婦女節(jié)the Peoples Park 人民公園2名詞所有格的用法名詞的所有格主要有以下五種用法：1)表示人成動物與其他的人、動物或事物的所有關系。例如：He is Marys younger brother.他是瑪麗的弟弟。They are reading Lei Fengs Diaries.他們在讀雷鋒的日記。2)表示時間、距離、國家、城市等名詞與其他事物的所有關系。例如：Our school is half an

16、hours walk from here.我們學校離這兒步行有半小時的距離。Beijing is Chinas capital.北京是中國的首都。3)表示無生命東西的名詞的所有關系,一般使用與of構成的短語結構。例如：The front door of the house was painted red.那屋子的前門被漆成了紅色。There is a map of the world on the front wall of our classroom.我們教室前面的墻上有一幅世界地圖。4)名詞所有格后面跟地點,往往要將地點名詞省略。例如：My sister often goes to my

17、uncles.我的妹妹經(jīng)常到我叔叔家去。You look ill. Youd better go to the doctors.你臉色不好,最好去看看病。5)被名詞所有格所修飾的詞,如果前面已經(jīng)提出到過,一般可以省略。例如：I am using my dictionary. You can use Toms.我們字典我正在用,你可以用湯姆的。Our bedroom is much larger than John and Dicks.我們的寢室比約翰私迪克的大得多,(六)可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量表達1兩種名詞都有能修飾的數(shù)量詞有：some, any, plenty of, a lot of,

18、 lots of等。例如：Please give me some paper.請給我一些紙。I dont want to borrow any magazines.我不想借什么雜志。2用來修飾可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量詞有：many, several. hundreds of, a number of, a pair of, a few, few等。例如：You have made quite a few spelling mistakes in your composition.你的俄文中有很多拼寫錯誤。Several days later, a group of students went to he

19、lp the old man.幾天以后,一群學生去幫助了那位老人。3用來修飾不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量詞有：much, a great deal of, a bit of, a drop of, a piece of, quite a little, little,等。例如：I want a piece of red chalk.我想要一支紅粉筆。Please give her a bit of bread.請給她一點面包。(七)名詞的用法1作主語例如：The radio says that it may stop raining later.廣播說一會兒雨可能會停。2作表語例如：Class 3 wer

20、e the winners.三班獲勝了。3作賓語例如：I told him a story.我給他講了個故事。4作賓語補足語例如：He named her Jenny.他給她取名詹妮。5作定語例如：We are discussing the population problem.我們正在討論人口問題。6作狀語例如：He sat here a long time.他坐在這兒很久了。7與介詞組成詞組例如：I am working hard on my Chinese.我正在努力學習漢語。8作介詞賓語例如：Give the money to your sister.把錢給你姐姐。三、隨堂監(jiān)測A組I.

21、 寫出下列名詞的復數(shù)形式：1. house _ 2. village _ 3. map _4. orange _ 5. bag _ 6. exercise _7. brush _ 8. family _ 9. bus _10. city _ 11. box _ 12. baby _13. class _ 14. factory _ 15. glass _16. dictionary _ 17. watch _ 18. woman _19. match _ 20. man _ 21. wish _22. German _ 23. tomato _ 24. policeman _25. kilo

22、_ 26. human _ 27. potato _28. Chinese _ 29. shelf _ 30. Japanese _31. leaf _ 32. American _33. life _34. tooth _ 35. wife _ 36. foot _37. knife _ 38. sheep _ 39. half _40. child _II. 將下列詞組譯成英語：1、一群孩子 2、兩箱子蘋果3、三籃子蔬菜 4、九塊面包5、十杯牛奶 6、五塊肉7、多種植物 8、一副眼鏡9、兩塊冰 10、三張紙11、四瓶橘汁 12、五杯茶13、六碗米飯 14、七袋米15、八塊木頭 16、九塊金

23、屬III. 寫出下列各詞的名詞形式：1. work _ 2. teach _ 3. sing _ 4. ill _5. fight _ 6. invent _ 7. wait _ 8. woolen _9. win _ 10. thankful _ 11. foreign _ 12. cloudy _13. run _ 14. dirty _ 15. visit _ 16. funny _17. wooden _ 18. medical _ 19. operate _ 20. hot _21. invite _22. worried _ 23. build _ 24. please _25.

24、help _ 26. safe _ 27. die _ 28. dangerous _29. draw _ 30. noisy _四、隨堂監(jiān)測B組. 選擇填空：1. I want to buy _.A. two bottles of ink B. two bottle of ink C. two bottle of inks D. two bottles of inks2. They dont have to do _ today.A. much homework B. many homeworks C. many homework D. much homeworks3. The _ of m

25、achine made us feel sick.A. voice B. noise C. sound D. noises4. The blouse is made of _.A. a wool B. these wood C. wools D. wool5. There are three _ and seven _ in the picture.A. cows, sheeps B. cows, sheep C. cow, sheep D. cow, sheeps6. June 1 is _.A. childrens day B. childrens Day C. Childrens Day

26、 D. Childrens day7. _ room is next to their parents.A. Kates and Joans B. Kates and Joan C. Kate and Joans D. Kate and Joan8. Miss Green is a friend of _.A. Marys mothers B. Marys mother C. Mary mothers D. mothers of Mary9. Tom is _. He will come to see me.A. my a friend B. a friend C. mine friend D

27、. a friend of mine10. Sheep _ white and milk _ also white.A. is, are B. are, is C. is, is D. are, are11. Id like to have a glass of milk and _.A. two breads B. two pieces of breadsC. two pieces of bread D. two piece of bread12. Its a long _ to Paris. Its two thousand kilometers.A. street B. road C.

28、way D. end13. Many _ are singing over there.A. woman B. women C. girl D. child14. He bought _.A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoesC. two pairs of shoe D. two pair of shoe15. Mr. White has three _.A. child B. children C. childs D. childrens16. Beijing is one of the biggest _ in the world.A. cit

29、ys B. city C. cityes D. cities17. - Wheres Mr. White? - Hes in _.A. the room 202 B. Room 202 C. the Room 202 D. room 20218. Shops, hospitals and schools are all _.A. places B. homes C. rooms D. buildings19. Every morning Mr. Smith takes a _ to his office.A. 20 minutes walks B. 20 minutes walk C. 20-

30、minutes walk D. 20-minute walk20. -Are these _? - No, they arent. Theyre _.A. sheep, cows B. sheep, cow C. sheeps, cow D. sheeps, cows21. There are many _ in the fridge.A. fish B. fruit C. eggs D. bread22. - Whose room is this? - Its _.A. Li Ming B. Li Mings C. Li Mings D. Li Mings23. Here are _ for

31、 you, Sue.A. potatos B. some potatoes C. three tomatos D. some tomato24. Here are some birthday cards with our best _ for her.A. wish B. hope C. wishes D. hopes25. I always go to that _ to buy food on Sunday.A. shop B. park C. zoo D. garden26. Whats the Chinese for “ PRC”?A. 中國人民解放軍 B. 中華人民共和國 C. 聯(lián)合

32、國 D. 中國共產(chǎn)黨27. Sam gave Ann some _ to look after Polly while he was away.A. picture-books B. inventions C. instructions D. messages28. - Which of the following animals lives only in China? - The _.A. monkey B. elephant C. panda D. cat29. _ room is on the 5th floor.A. Lucy and Lily B. Lucy and Lilys C

33、. Lucys and Lily D. Lucys and Lilys30. The third month of the year is _.A. March B. January C. February D. April31. Mum, Im quite thirsty. Please give me _.A. two orange B. two bottle of orangesC. two bottles of orange D. two bottles of oranges32. How wonderful! The _ is made of _.A. house, glass B.

34、 house, glasses C. houses, glass D. houses, glasses33. I met some _ in the park and talked with them the other day.A. Janpaneses B. American C. Chineses D. English34. _ is the best time for planting trees.A. Summer B. Winter C. Spring D. Autumn35. Tom was badly hurt in the match. They carried him to

35、 the _ as quickly as possible.A. bank B. post office C. shop D. hospital36. There are two _ in the room.A. shelf B. shelfs C. shelfes D. shelves37. There are seven _ in a week.A. years B. months C. days D. minutes38. My father is a _. He works in a hospital.A. teacher B. doctor C. farmer D. writer39

36、. Its very cold today. Why dont you put on your _?A. watch B. shirt C. sweater D. glasses40. - Excuse me, are you _? - Yes, Im from _.A. Japan, Japanese B. China, Chinese C. England, English D. American, AmericaV. 各地中考題選編：1. - Where is Tom? - Hes left a _ saying that he has something important to do

37、.A. excuse B. message C. exercise D. news2. There is no _ in the bus so we have to wait for another bus.A. room B. a room C. rooms D. seats3. - Would you like some _? - Oh, yes. Just a little.A. pears B. oranges C. sugar D. apples4. You can find the following INSTRUCTIONS on _. KEEP IN A COLD PLACEA

38、. food B. money C. clothes D. books5. Mr. Green has lived in the _ hotel since he came to China.A. five-star B. five-stars C. five stars D. five stars6. She was born in Wuhan, but Beijing has become her second _.A. home B. family C. house D. place7. - Whats the _ today? - Its June 26.A. day B. date

39、C. time D. hour8. English is spoken as a first language in _.A. the USA B. India C. Japan D. China9. _ comes from cows.A. Wool B. Chicken C. Pork D. Milk10. Which of the following does paper burn in?A. B. C. D.11. Let the children go away. Theyre making too much _ here.A. noise B. voice C. noisy D.

40、sounds12. _ comes from sheep and some people like eating it.A. Wool B. Pork C. Mutton D. Milk13. - Oh, there isnt enough _ for us in the lift.- It doesnt matter, lets wait for the next.A. ground B. floor C. place D. room14. _ is the biggest city in China.A. Beijing B. Shanghai C. Guangzhou D. Kunmin

41、g15. The Englishman Stephenson (史蒂芬孫), invented _.A. the ship B. the car C. the plane D. the train冠詞重點知識歸納及講解(一)概說1冠詞是一種虛詞,不能獨立擔任一個成分,只能附著在一個名詞上,幫助說明其詞義。英語中有兩個冠詞：1)定冠詞the2)不定冠詞a/an定冠詞the通常讀作,在元音前讀作i,特別強調(diào)或單念時讀作i:。不定冠詞在元音音素開始的單詞前用an這個形式,讀作n；在其他情況下則使用a,讀作。2冠詞的基本意義不定冠詞a/an與數(shù)詞one同源,表示“一個”的意思,用在可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)前。例如

42、：She is a nurse.她是個護士。He is an Englishman, with an Irish wife.他是一位英國人,有一個愛爾蘭妻子。定冠詞the,與this同源,有“這(那)個”的意思,但比較弱,表示一(幾)個特定的人或東西,有時可譯作“這個(些)”或“那個(些)”。例如：Thats the book you want.這就是你要的那本書。Whos the young man over there?那邊那個年輕人是誰？但在很多情況下,“這”或“那”這類詞在譯文中并不出現(xiàn)。例如：Put it on the table.把它放在桌上。Shut the door, plea

43、se.請把門關上。3特指和泛指一般來說,名詞有特指和泛指兩種情況,請比較下面的句子：A gentleman is asking to see you.有位先生要求見你。(泛指)Ask the gentleman to come in.請那位先生進來。(特指)在特指時一般前面要加定冠詞,而泛指時則有三種情況：1)在可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)前加不定冠詞。例如：She sent me a postcard她寄給我一張明信片。2)在可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)前可不加冠詞,可使用some, any這類詞。例如：These are new words.這些是生詞。She sent me some flowers.她送給我一些花。3

44、)在不可數(shù)名詞前多不加什么,有時也可加some, any等。例如：Its lovely weather.天氣真好。Do you want any sugar in your tea?你茶里要放點糖嗎？Give us some help.給我們一些幫助。(二)不定冠詞的基本用法1泛指某一類人或事物中的一個,代表某一類別(不一定譯為“一”)例如：His father is a doctor.他父親是醫(yī)生。2代表某一類人或事物,相當于any(+名詞)(不必譯為“一”,但必須用a,表示類別)例如：A horse is a useful animal.馬是有用的動物。3指某人或某物(不是指某一類),但不

45、具體說明何人或何物(一般譯為“一”)例如：This book was written by a worker.這本書是一位工人寫的。4表示數(shù)量,有“一”的意思,但數(shù)的概念沒有one強烈(一般譯為“一”)例如：Wait a moment.等一下。5表示單位,相當于“每”的意思例如：We have three meals a day.我們每日吃三餐。6用于某此固定詞組中例如：a few, a little, a bit (of), a lot of等。(三)定冠詞的基本用法1特指某(些)人或某(些)事物例如：Give me the book.把那本書給我。2指談話雙方都知道的人或事物例如：Wher

46、e is the doctor?醫(yī)生在哪兒？3再次提到上文提到過的人或事物例如：I bought a dictionary yesterday. The dictionary is at home.昨天我買了一本詞典。詞典在家里。4用在大家所熟悉的、世界上獨一無二的事物例如：The earth is bigger than the moon, but smaller than the sun.地球比月亮大,但比太陽小。5用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級前例如：Mr Wang teaches the first class.王先生上第一節(jié)課。Of all the stars the sun is the

47、 nearest to the earth.在所有的恒星中,太陽離地球最近。6用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,表示某一類人或事物例如：The horse is a useful animal.馬是有用的動物。7與下列專有名詞連用1)在江、河、湖、海、群島、山脈的名稱前例如：the Changjiang River, the Great Lake2)在姓氏的復數(shù)名詞前,表示夫婦二人或全家人例如：The Greens are sitting at the breakfast table.格林一家人正圍坐在早餐桌旁。8和某些形容詞連用,表示一類人例如：the old 老人 the young 年輕人the ric

48、h 富人 the poor 窮人the sick 病人 the dead 死人9在一些習慣說法中the east (west, south, north)in the morning (afternoon, evening)on the left (right)in the endgo to the cinema(四)不用冠詞的幾種情況1在專有名詞,抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞前例如：Have you ever been to Shanghai?你到過上海嗎？We love science.我們愛好科學。2在表示一類人或事物的復數(shù)名詞前例如：Girls can be scientists.女孩子可以當科

49、學家。3在季節(jié)、月份、星期、一日三餐的名稱前例如：It is hot in summer.夏天天氣熱。Its Tuesday, August the 22nd.今天是八月二十二日,星期三。Have you had breakfast?你吃過早飯沒有？4稱呼語或表示頭銜,職務的名詞前例如：Whats the matter with you, Mike?怎么啦,邁克？He is headmaster of our school.他是我們學校的校長。5學科和球類運動的名稱前例如：We study English.我們學習英語。Do you like to play football?你喜歡踢足球嗎？

50、6名詞前已有用作定語的this, that my, your, some, any, no, whose, every, each等代詞時,不用冠詞例如：That is her bike.那是她的自行車。Each student in his class studies hard.這個班的每個學生都努力學習。7在某些固定詞組的名詞前例如：at home, at night, after school, by bus, in bed, in town, in front of, go to school, go to bed等。三、隨堂監(jiān)測A組I. 在下列句子的空格中填上適當?shù)墓谠~,不需要的地方

51、用“/”表示：1. This is _ old map. It is _ useful map.2. We have no classes in _ afternoon on _ Saturday.3. _ spaceship flies at about eleven kilometers _second.4. Beijing is _ capital of _ China. It is _ beautiful city.5. Roman was not built in _ day.6. Chinese is quite _ difficult language for Mike.7. M

52、any _ students will take _ active part in sports meet.8. There is _ interesting picture on _ wall.9. Jenny found _ wallet lying on _ground. _ wallet was Mr. Blacks.10. Which is _ biggest, _ sun, _ moon, or _ earth?11. - Which picture is more beautiful? - _one on _ left, I think.12. - Which is _ way to _ hospital?- Go down this road and t