法律英語典型句型的翻譯.ppt

1、法律英語典型句型的翻譯,1. 引言,改革開放以后，尤其是中國(guó)加入世貿(mào)組織后，法律翻譯成為熱點(diǎn)。 一方面是為了讓世界了解中國(guó)的法律制度和具體法律法規(guī)，需要將大量的中國(guó)的法律文本譯成外文。 另一方面，為了學(xué)習(xí)借鑒國(guó)外的先進(jìn)法制建設(shè)成果，需要將大量的國(guó)外的法律法規(guī)法學(xué)著作等譯成外文。,然而，由于法律文本意思艱深晦澀、用詞古板守舊、句型復(fù)雜冗長(zhǎng)等特點(diǎn)，使得法律翻譯的難度大大高于其他類型的翻譯實(shí)踐。 法律文本用詞用語有僵化的傾向，某些句型重復(fù)使用的頻率非常高；而且，法律翻譯的一個(gè)重要原則就是保持術(shù)語和句型結(jié)構(gòu)在譯文中的同一性。因此，如果能掌握此類典型句型的翻譯，可以大大提高翻譯翻譯工作的效率。 本講擷取

2、法律文本中的高頻句型并就其典型譯法進(jìn)行討論。,2. 法律英語典型句型的翻譯2.1 OTHERWISE,Otherwise 在法律英語中的用法： 跟unless引導(dǎo)的句子（讓步狀語從句）連用； 置放在連詞or之后使用； 與than一起，通常用來否定句子的主語。,例 1 In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires, state means a territory or group of territories having its own law of nationality. (Laws of Hong Kong, Cap.3

3、0, Wills Ordinance, Art. 2) 在本條例中除文意另有所指外, “國(guó)家”指擁有本身國(guó)籍法的領(lǐng)域或一組領(lǐng)域。,例 2 A notice under subjection (1) shall, unless it otherwise provides, apply to the income from any property specified therein as it applies to the property itself. 根據(jù)第（1）款發(fā)出的通知書除其中另有訂定外亦適用于通知書內(nèi)指明的財(cái)產(chǎn)的收入一如適用于該項(xiàng)財(cái)產(chǎn)本身。,例3 Any person who by

4、 threats, persuasion or otherwise induces a witness or a party not to give evidence in any hearing before the Board commits an offence. 任何人籍恐嚇慫恿或以其它手段誘使證人或一方當(dāng)事人不在仲裁處聆訊中作證即屬犯罪。,例4 If 2 or more persons are defendants to a claim, as partners or otherwise, a process may be served on any of them and an a

5、ward may be obtained and execution issued against any person so served notwithstanding that any other persons jointly liable may not have been served or been a party or may not be within the jurisdiction of the Board. 如有2名或以上的人以合伙人或其它身分而屬同一宗申索的被告人法律程序文件可送達(dá)予其中任何一人而判定該收件人敗訴的裁定可由申索人獲得執(zhí)行程序亦可向該受件人進(jìn)行即使任何其

6、它共同有責(zé)的人可能未獲得送達(dá)法律程序文件或不屬當(dāng)事人或不在仲裁處的司法管轄權(quán)范圍內(nèi)均無例外。,例 5 No will or any part thereof shall be revoked otherwise than - (a) by marriage as provided by section 13; or (b) by another will executed in accordance with section 5; or (c) by a written revocation executed in the manner in which the will was execut

7、ed; or (d) by the burning, tearing or otherwise destroying of it by the testator, or by some person in his presence and by his direction, with the intention of revoking it. 除籍以下方式外任何遺囑的全部或任何部分均不得撤銷- (a)根據(jù)第13條的規(guī)定籍締結(jié)婚姻而撤銷或 (b)籍按照第5條簽立的另一份遺囑而撤銷或 (c)籍依照簽立遺囑方式簽立的遺囑撤銷書而撤銷或 (d)由立遺囑人或由其它人在立遺囑人面前并依其指示將遺囑燒毀撕毀

8、或以其它方法毀滅而其意愿是撤銷該遺囑。,2.2 SUBJECT TO,該短語在法律英文中一般都跟 “agreement”, “section”, “contract”等法律文件名或文件中特定條款名配合使用。 通?？煞g成“以為條件”、“根據(jù)規(guī)定”、“ 在符合的情況下”、“除另有規(guī)定外”以及“在不抵觸下”等。,例 6 Subject to this section, an appeal shall be brought in such manner and shall be subject to such conditions as are prescribed by rules made un

9、der subsection (5). 在符合本條的規(guī)定下,上訴須按根據(jù)(5)款訂立的規(guī)則內(nèi)訂明的方式提出,并須受該規(guī)則所訂明的條件規(guī)限。,例7 Subject to subsection (3), the Board shall have jurisdiction to inquire into, hear and determine the claims specified in the Schedule. 除第（3）款另有規(guī)定外仲裁處具備查訊聆訊及裁決附表內(nèi)指明的申索的司法管轄權(quán)。,2.3 WITHOUT PREJUDICE TO,這個(gè)英文法律短語的功能相當(dāng)于普通英文中的“without

10、 affecting”。與上一節(jié)“subject to.”的句法結(jié)構(gòu)相同，跟在“without prejudice to”這個(gè)短語之后的通常是一個(gè)指代某項(xiàng)法律條款的名詞。但對(duì)有關(guān)事物或條款的規(guī)限程度，沒有前者那么強(qiáng)硬。前者規(guī)限的程度是必須“符合”或“依照”有關(guān)條款或規(guī)定，后者指不要影響或損害其規(guī)限的事物。在漢語中，其意思相當(dāng)于“在不損害的原則下”、“在不影響的情況下”、“ 不受影響”、“ 不妨礙”、以及“不規(guī)限”等等。,例 8 Without prejudice to section 24, the following shall be treated as properly executed

11、 . 在不影響第24條規(guī)定的原則下以下的遺囑須視為正式簽立,例 9 Without prejudice to the rights of the Attorney General every complainant or informant shall be at liberty to conduct the complaint or information respectively and to have the witnesses examined and cross-examined by him or by counsel on his behalf. 在不損害律政司權(quán)利的原則下每名申

12、訴人或告發(fā)人可進(jìn)行其申訴或告發(fā)并親自或由代表律師訊問及盤問證人。,2.4 WHERE,在普通英文中，用where引導(dǎo)的狀語從句，一般為地點(diǎn)狀語從句。但在法律英文中，where引導(dǎo)的是法律條款中的條件狀語從句，相當(dāng)于“in the case where”。在香港，其最典型的譯法是“凡.” or “如.”。 例如：,例 10 Where a defendant is fined and the same is not forthwith paid, the magistrate may order the defendant to be searched. 凡被告人被判處罰款但沒有隨即繳付罰款裁判

13、官可命令搜查被告人。,例 11 Where a claimant has a claim which exceeds the monetary amount mentioned in the Schedule and which, but for the excess, would be within the jurisdiction of the Board, the claimant may abandon the excess, and thereupon the Board shall have jurisdiction to inquire into, hear and determ

14、ine the claim. 如只因申索人的申索超逾附表所述的款額以致該申索超逾仲裁處的司法管轄權(quán)范圍則申索人可放棄追討超額的款項(xiàng)而在此情況下仲裁處有查訊聆訊及裁決該宗申索的司法管轄權(quán)。,2.5 ANY PERSON WHO DOES. SHALL .,在法律條例中，尤其是在各地的刑法條例中(或類似性質(zhì)的條例)，“any person who does shall be guilty of an offence”這種句型重復(fù)率相當(dāng)高，因?yàn)榉傻闹饕δ苁墙缍ê畏N行為屬于違法以及應(yīng)受到怎樣的處罰，而這個(gè)句型是其中一個(gè)最簡(jiǎn)明、直接的表達(dá)方式。在句法上，這個(gè)句型通常會(huì)把主語和謂語用逗號(hào)分開，中間加插

15、一個(gè)定語修飾詞。 以下是典型的例句及其若干變種：,例 12 Any person who, without lawful authority or reasonable excuse, while having dealings of any kind with any other public body, offers any advantage to any public servant employed by that public body, shall be guilty of an offence. 任何人與其它公共機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行任何事務(wù)往來時(shí)無合法權(quán)限或合理辯解而向受雇于該公共機(jī)構(gòu)的公

16、職人員提供任何利益即屬犯罪。,例 13 A person shall not, by reason only of his being an executor of a will, be incompetent to be admitted a witness to prove the execution of such will, or a witness to prove the validity or invalidity thereof. 任何人不會(huì)僅因?yàn)樯頌檫z囑執(zhí)行人而沒有資格獲接受為見證人以證明遺囑的簽立或證明該遺囑具備或不具備效力。,例 14 At the hearing of

17、a complaint or information, a party may be represented by counsel; and an absent party so represented shall be deemed not to be absent. 在申訴或告發(fā)案聆訊時(shí)任何一方均可由代表律師代表；某一方如有律師代表即使缺席亦不當(dāng)作缺席。,2.6 FOR THE PURPOSE(S) OF .,在大部分情況下，普通辭典里“為. .目的”這一解釋并不適合法律英語中的“for the purpose(s) of.” 如果緊跟這個(gè)短語的是某個(gè)法律條款的指代編號(hào)（如章、條、款、節(jié)等

18、），首選的譯文是“就（有關(guān)）章、條、款、節(jié)而言”，其次才是“為了實(shí)施該（條法例）”。 倘若原英文中的“for the purpose(s) of.”與“章、條、款、節(jié)等”無關(guān)，而該短語又可以用“for”或“in order to”去取代（這種用法在法律英文中屬于少數(shù)），則可譯成“為了”。,例15 For the purposes of subsection (2),land does not include incorporeal hereditament; 就第(2)款而言, “土地”(land) 并不包括無體可繼承產(chǎn)； 例16 For the purposes of subsection

19、(3) permission shall be in writing and - 就第（3）款而言許可須為書面形式并且,例17 For the purposes of subsection (1) of this section the attestation of a will by a person to whom or to whose spouse there is given or made any such disposition as is described in that subsection shall be disregarded if the will is duly

20、executed without his attestation and without that of any other such person. 為第（1）款的施行獲得該款所述的處置的任何人或其配偶如為遺囑作見證而該遺囑沒有其見證或任何這些人的見證亦已屬妥為簽立則該人所作的見證須不予理會(huì)。,例18 A judge may, on the application of an appellant who is in custody, order the appellant to be brought up to the court in custody for the purpose of

21、attending his appeal or any application or any proceeding therein. 法官可應(yīng)在羈押中的上訴人的申請(qǐng)為了使上訴人能出席其上訴或其中任何申請(qǐng)或法律程序而命令將他在羈押下帶上法庭。,例19 For the purpose of the Landlord and the Tenant Ordinance and for the purpose of these presents the rent in respect of the said premises shall be deemed to be in arrear if not

22、paid in advance as stipulated by Clause 1 hereof. 基于租務(wù)條例并基于這些通知，有關(guān)該樓宇的租金，如果未照合約第一條規(guī)定的那樣提前繳付，就應(yīng)該被認(rèn)為是拖欠。,7. PROVIDED THAT .,“Provided that”是一個(gè)普通英文中很少使用的古舊詞，但該句型在法律文書(尤其是合約條款)中廣泛使用。其用法與“if” 或 “but”非常類似，漢語中的意思相當(dāng)于“倘若/如果”或“但”。 該短語放在句首，引導(dǎo)出的是法律英語中的一個(gè)條件分句，與“if”、“when”或“where”引導(dǎo)的法律條件句沒有本質(zhì)上的差異；但如果該短語之前存在一個(gè)主句，則

23、它表示的是一個(gè)與之前的陳述相反的“例外”，相當(dāng)于“with the exception of ”，但英譯漢時(shí)不能譯成“除外”，而是譯成“但”或“但是”，所以法律界通常稱這類句子為“但書” (proviso)。例如：,例 20 Provided that the acceptance of rent or mesne profits by the Landlord after the expiration of the term of the tenancy hereby created shall not be deemed to operate as a waiver or breach o

24、f any of the terms hereof nor as a new periodic tenancy by way of holding over or otherwise. A new Tenancy shall only be created by a fresh tenancy agreement in writing signed by the Landlord and the Tenant. 倘若在本合約規(guī)定的租期屆滿后業(yè)主接受租金或中間收益不應(yīng)被認(rèn)為是起了放棄或違背本合約的任何條件的作用也不應(yīng)認(rèn)為是起了作為繼續(xù)租用或其它的新租期的作用。新租約只能是業(yè)主和租戶簽署的新書面租

25、賃合約。,例21 Every broker, dealer or lender who . shall forfeit to the owner of the goods the full value thereof: Provided that no such order shall bar any such broker, dealer or lender from recovering possession of such goods by action from the person into whose possession they may come by virtue of th

26、e magistrates order, provided that such action is commenced within 6 months next after such order has been made. 每名被如此命令的經(jīng)紀(jì)商人或貸款人如則須向物主償付其全部?jī)r(jià)值 但上述命令并不禁止有關(guān)經(jīng)紀(jì)商人或貸款人向憑籍裁判官命令獲得管有此等財(cái)物的人士提出訴訟以取回其管有權(quán)但有關(guān)訴訟須在此項(xiàng)命令作出后6個(gè)月內(nèi)展開。,例 22 The Licensee shall not be entitled to take any proceedings in any of the aforesai

27、d matters; provided, however, that the Licensor may, at its own discretion and cost, prosecute or otherwise stop or prevent such actual or threatened infringement in the name of both the Licensor and the Licensee or either of them, and in each case the Licensee shall render all reasonable assistance

28、 required by the Licensor. 被許可方無權(quán)就上述任何行為起訴或要求許可方起訴，但許可方可自行決定并自付費(fèi)用，以許可方和被許可方雙方名義或任何一方名義，對(duì)實(shí)際發(fā)生或似將發(fā)生的商標(biāo)侵權(quán)行為提起訴訟，或以其它方式阻止或防止該等侵權(quán)行為。無論許可方采取前述任何行動(dòng)，被許可方均應(yīng)提供許可方所要求的一切合理協(xié)助。,2.8 NOTWITHSTANDING .,介詞notwithstanding 在普通英文中的使用極為罕見，可列入古舊廢詞的行列，但其在法律英文中的使用已經(jīng)達(dá)到“司空見慣”的程度。翻譯帶有該介詞的句子并不難，因?yàn)樗淖g法跟although/though/even if 引

29、導(dǎo)的狀語從句沒有太大分別，基本上都可以譯成“盡管”、“即使.”， 表示一種讓步。 但該詞所引導(dǎo)的并非是一個(gè)讓步狀語從句，因?yàn)樵诹?xí)慣用法上該詞之后不跟句子，只跟一個(gè)名詞性短語。雖然該詞也可作連詞使用，跟一個(gè)完整的讓步狀語從句，例如，He is honest, notwithstanding he is poor. (他雖貧窮，卻誠(chéng)實(shí))，但這種用法并非是法律英語中的典型用法。,例23 Notwithstanding any law or practice to the contrary, it shall be lawful for the court in any proceedings for

30、 an offence under Part II to comment on the failure of the accused to give evidence on oath. 即使任何法律或慣例有相反規(guī)定在因第II部所訂罪行而進(jìn)行的法律程序中法庭可就被控人不宣誓作供一事加以評(píng)論。,例 24 Notwithstanding subsection (3) a magistrate may require the police officer, usher or other officer who served a summons to attend before him and give

31、 evidence on oath as to its service. 盡管有第（3）款的規(guī)定裁判官仍可規(guī)定送達(dá)傳票的警務(wù)人員傳達(dá)員或其它人員在他席前就送達(dá)傳票一事經(jīng)宣誓而作證。,2.9 SAVE./ EXCEPT (FOR).,在法律英文中，它是一個(gè)與except（for）相同的介詞。詞源上這是一個(gè)法文詞，由于歷史的原因，法國(guó)人統(tǒng)治英國(guó)達(dá)相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間。自然而然，相當(dāng)數(shù)量的、反映法國(guó)統(tǒng)治者意志的法語詞進(jìn)入了法律英語的范疇。Save便是其中最典型的、至今仍然保留使用的一個(gè)。漢語的譯文為“除外”。不管是save 還是 except (for) 之后都可跟一個(gè)名詞性短語，也可以跟一個(gè)從句或另一個(gè)

32、介詞短語。,例25 Save as is provided in this Ordinance, no claim within the jurisdiction of the Board shall be actionable in any court. 除非本條例另有規(guī)定否則凡屬仲裁處司法管轄權(quán)范圍內(nèi)的申索不得在任何法庭進(jìn)行訴訟。,例 26 Save under and in accordance with the provisions of this section no action shall lie in any civil court against a magistrate f

33、or any act done in a matter over which by law he has no jurisdiction or in which he has exceeded his jurisdiction. 除根據(jù)及按照本條的條文外不得就裁判官在一項(xiàng)他在法律上并無司法管轄權(quán)或超越其司法管轄權(quán)的事項(xiàng)上所作的任何作為在民事法庭提出針對(duì)裁判官的訴訟。,注意：save/except as (is) provided / stipulated 可以用另一個(gè)法律上常用的句式去取代：unless otherwise provided/stipulated 功能與其相同，可以是一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的

34、替代。,10. IN RESPECT OF,在普通英文中，倘若要表達(dá)一個(gè)與某事物有關(guān)的概念，最常用的介詞莫過于regarding 或concerning。其余表達(dá)類似概念的詞非常豐富，如in connection with, in relation to, relating 等等。但在法律英文中，這一些常用詞似乎都太普通，正式程度欠奉。取而代之的則是in respect of 。不過，由于該詞本身靈活性強(qiáng)、黏附性與詞俱來，而正式程度又高，故在法律英文中往往被過度使用。習(xí)慣普通英語的讀者、譯者，時(shí)常對(duì)該詞感到頭痛：既不好理解，也不好翻譯。其實(shí)，只要懂得其最常用的替代，理解和翻譯都不應(yīng)該有困難。,例27 Where an employee is granted any period of annual leave, the employer shall pay him annual leave pay in respect of that period not later than the day on w