怎樣提高書面表達.ppt

掌握寫作規(guī)范技巧,一、寫對格式：不同文體要求規(guī)范 二、寫好三部分：開頭、中間、結(jié)尾 三、規(guī)范三寫：大小寫； 拼寫和書寫 規(guī)范達標 四、突破四關(guān)：要點全面、語言無誤、表達清楚、行文連貫。,一、文體,書面表達的體裁有四種： 應(yīng)用文 (practical writing) 說明文 (expository writing) 記敘文(narrative essays) 4. 論說文 (persuasive / argumentative essays),1. 應(yīng)用文（practical writing),應(yīng)用文包括書信、日記、便條、通知、講演稿、履歷表等。通常應(yīng)用文都較簡短，它有自己的固定格式，有些應(yīng)用文連措辭都是相對固定的，如：欠條、請柬等。應(yīng)用文重在應(yīng)用、力求平實、準確簡潔。,應(yīng)用文范文 May I have attention, please? I have announcement to make. The Students Union is going to hold a party on Saturday evening, August 15, to welcome our friends from the United States. The party will be held in the roof garden of the Main Building. It will begin at 7:30 pm. There will be music, dancing,singing, games and exchanging of gifts.,Will everybody please bring along a small gift for this purpose ? Remember to wrap it up, sign your name and write a few words of good wishes. Dont forget :7:30, Saturday evening, roof garden, Main Building. Theres sure to be a lot of fun. Everybody is welcome.,2. 說明文 (expository writing),說明文是用說明的方法以簡明的文字介紹事物的形狀、性質(zhì)、構(gòu)造、變化、成因、結(jié)果、功用、特征的文章。 寫好說明文要抓事物特征，安排好合理的說明順序：1）時間 2）空間 3） 邏輯 4） 認識 總體結(jié)構(gòu)：提出對象、 分析說明、 歸納小結(jié),寫說明文要求你作到： 1） 條理清楚 2） 層次分明 3） 語言簡潔 4） 用詞準確 5） 具有嚴格的科學(xué)性,說明文范文： The World Trade Organization (WTO), founded on January 1, 1995, aims to encourage international trade to flow as freely as possible, making sure that trade agreements are respected and that any disputes can be settled.,In the five years since its founding, the WTO has become well-known as one of the worlds most powerful economic organizations, taking its place alongside the World Bank and international Monetary Fund. The WTO, with its head office in Geneva, has 135 members with 30 more waiting to join.,3. 記敘文 （ narrative essays）,記敘文即“故事”：他人的故事或自己的故事。故事最顯著的特點是它有情節(jié)，而故事的情節(jié)由故事的起因、發(fā)展、高潮、結(jié)局組成。內(nèi)容包括寫作角度及目的、來龍去脈、關(guān)鍵情節(jié)等；交代清楚人物、時間、地點、事件等。,寫記敘文要求你做到： 1）按事件發(fā)生的先后順序敘述具體完整； 2）記敘文大多按時間順序敘述；也有倒敘或穿插手法； 3）要重點突出，內(nèi)容完整，條理清楚，詳略得當；主次分明； 4）記敘文一般記述過去發(fā)生的事，多用過去時態(tài)寫。,記敘文范文 ： Mrs Myra Webb, who was told by doctors that she would never hear again, lived for six years in a world of silence. But yesterday she heard a blackbird sing in the garden of her home at Brighton, Sussex. “My hearing is coming back - and its wonderful.”she said.,Mrs Webb, 26, is said to be the first woman in Britain to have her hearing brought back by acupuncture, the needle treatment widely practiced in China. After six months treatment she can listen to music again, carry on a conversation with the aid of a hearing aid, and she has got a job as a typist with the South Eastern Electricity Board.,4. 議論文 （persuasive / argumentative essays),提出論點并給出論據(jù)支撐、 表明觀點。 （1）引論 （2）本論 （3）結(jié)論,議論文范文：Stop Wasting Food 不要浪費食物 Some peoples eyes are bigger than their stomachs. China, and its people, can now enjoy the results of sacrifices made over past decades. Good food, comfort, and beauty are well-deserved rewards. However, we all need to do our little bit to ensure we are not living on natural resources borrowed from Mother Nature. Eventually we must repay the debt. In the even more wasteful west, we call it “Robbing Peter to pay Paul.” My mother often said “waste not, want not.” It is still very good advice.,二、文法基本知識,1。結(jié)構(gòu)完整（句子、篇章） 2。主題突出（支撐句） 3。語言連貫、文字流暢 4。表達準確、達意 5。文體規(guī)范,1對書面表達充滿畏難情緒，哪怕是表達最普通的思想意思，也覺得困難重重，甚至束手無策，習(xí)作質(zhì)量較低，缺乏積極主動性。平時每碰上書面表達練習(xí)，只要不是硬性規(guī)定完成，絕大多數(shù)學(xué)生都會將其束之高閣，考試非做不可時就把它作為漢譯英來對待。 2基本功訓(xùn)練不扎實，句子段落之間不會用連接詞過渡、用詞造句不會多樣化、不習(xí)慣使用修飾語、缺乏遣詞造句、布局謀篇的能力。結(jié)果造成整篇作文的前后常常缺少必要的銜接關(guān)系詞，詞不達意，語義更不連貫，因而無法組成能表達自己真正意思的語篇。 針對這些問題，我采用不同的方式從多方面幫助學(xué)生克服畏難情緒，逐步提高書面表達的興趣和能力。,學(xué)生在書面表達普遍存在以下問題：,一、從頭抓起，循序漸進,二、掌握寫作技能，知道該 怎樣動手。,三、多讀、多背好文章。,四、掌握科學(xué)的寫作步驟， 是寫出高質(zhì)量的英語習(xí) 作的必要條件。,對學(xué)生的指導(dǎo)：,對自己的要求：,及時講評,初一階段，老師應(yīng)重視并逐步地指導(dǎo)學(xué)生掌握簡單句的結(jié)構(gòu)，特別應(yīng)提醒他們在初學(xué)時應(yīng)記住把“地點、時間”放在句頭或句尾等英語式句子，避免中式英語。另外，時態(tài)是英語寫作的關(guān)鍵，在一開始的寫作訓(xùn)練中，教師就要有意識地訓(xùn)練他們的時間觀念，使學(xué)生一動筆時就考慮動詞的時態(tài)，做到心中有數(shù)。,進入初二，教材中的對話、課文的篇幅已經(jīng)較長，內(nèi)容也較廣。在這一階段應(yīng)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生比較兩種語言的差異，能使學(xué)生更理性地學(xué)習(xí)英語、掌握英語表達法。在這一階段，已學(xué)了一般將來時、一般過去時和過去進行時，要注重訓(xùn)練學(xué)生在寫作時選擇哪種時態(tài)。并逐步地從簡單句、并列句轉(zhuǎn)移到包含狀語從句的復(fù)合句。可先從連詞成句到翻譯句子，再到片段作文等。,在初三階段，每學(xué)一篇課文以后，利用連詞、關(guān)鍵詞的提示，要求學(xué)生進行縮寫課文的訓(xùn)練。加強培養(yǎng)學(xué)生用復(fù)合句敘述事件。教師可以給出范文。教師的范文不僅要在格式、內(nèi)容要點、語法修辭與語言習(xí)慣上給學(xué)生樹立樣板，而且要考慮到英語的多種表達方法。學(xué)生在構(gòu)思與寫作之后，如能及時聽到一篇比較規(guī)范的作文，比較一下自己的作業(yè)，可初步衡量出自己的寫作的準確度，找出差距，及時查出作業(yè)中的毛病。同時要加強課外閱讀訓(xùn)練，在課后經(jīng)常讓學(xué)生讀一些同等或略高于同等水平的材料或者名著的簡寫本等，這對提高寫作水平有相當大的幫助。,高中階段，則應(yīng)全面具體的提高學(xué)生運用所學(xué)知識寫好各類文體作文，它要求學(xué)生有扎實的語言基本功，具備一定的審題能力、想象能力、表達能力、評價能力等。,詞匯,句型 , 語法多樣化,1.覆蓋了所有的要點 2. 應(yīng)用了較多的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯 3. 有效地使用了語句間的連接成分，使全文結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,要點全,連接詞,如何算是一篇好文章？,1.(因為)_ his help, I finished the work at last.,Thanks to,As a result of,Owing to,Due to,因為,Because of,/with,2.More roads will have to be built with more cars, _（所以）well have less field to grow rice.,therefore,so,as a result/consequence,thus,結(jié)果,3.The rent is reasonable, _, the location is perfect. 房租很合理，另外，位置也很好。,whats more,moreover/furthermore,in addition,besides,另外(遞進）,4. The young man didnt enjoy his old job. _(相反 ) he finds the new job very interesting.,On the contrary,However,轉(zhuǎn)折,But/yet/while,5. _(總之), we should make good use of computer.,In general,In a word/all in all,總結(jié),In short/brief,Generally speaking,6._(我認為) , students had better not buy a cellphone.we should spend time and money on other more important things.,As far as Im concerned,In my opinion/its my opinion that,個人觀點,I think/believe,寫作步驟一般分為以下幾個階段： 1 審題 理解題意、抓住中心、掌握要領(lǐng)、判斷文體。對題目進行仔細研究、透徹理解是寫好作文關(guān)鍵的一步。 2 構(gòu)思 思考主題所需的題材并按照作文主旨要求組織層次清楚、合乎邏輯，前后連貫的文章框架，然后擬出提綱，根據(jù)提綱所提供的信息設(shè)計每段的主題句，它是一個段落的中心、文章的關(guān)鍵。再圍繞主題句考慮擴展句，它是用來詳細闡述，證明支持主題句的思想。最后是結(jié)尾句，位于全段末，是對全段內(nèi)容歸納、總結(jié)或提出結(jié)論性的句子。 3 組織文章 構(gòu)思階段完成的主題句、擴展句和結(jié)尾句只是以句子的形式出現(xiàn)，組織文章則要把獨立的句子通過使用過渡詞把句與句、段與段很好地連接起來，做到整體結(jié)構(gòu)自然流暢、條理清楚、意思來年意思連貫、語意正確、句子多樣化。 4 修改定稿 在完成一篇作文之后，一定要進行修改，一般從以下幾個方面著手：a.主謂是否一致 b. 時態(tài)是否混亂 c. 拼寫是否有錯 d.標點大寫是否正確 e. 用詞是否得當 f.句子成份是否完整,抓好習(xí)作講評課，及時反饋信息，是提高學(xué)生書面表達能力不可缺少的一項工作。為此我對自己提出了以下要求： 1、如在時間緊的情況下，可抽查部分學(xué)生的作文評 閱，重點抽查中下水平的學(xué)生的作文，采用當面 批改的形式，從而大面積提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量。 2、批閱過程中，認真記錄習(xí)作中存在的帶有普遍性和 典型性的錯誤，為講評課作材料準備。 3、將一些寫得較好的錯誤較少的習(xí)作張貼出來，或講 評時讀給全班學(xué)生聽，給予鼓勵。 4、備好、上好講評課，使不同層次的學(xué)生在每次習(xí)作 中能有所獲。,及時講評,改變句子的開頭-靈活的奧妙 多種句式-精彩總是在變化中 分詞和不定式-極富表現(xiàn)力的表達 過渡詞-文章的潤滑劑 習(xí)語-使你文采飛揚,與眾不同 洋味十足- 話措詞 不難的一招-相同的意思用不同的詞語,A Students version,Many students feel it difficult to finish so much homework. Not only do they have classes in school but also do their homework at home. I have heard that some of students stay up until midnight. How hard they are! In my opinion, there are some reasons causing it. On one hand, the teachers consider that the more exercise the students do, the better they will learn . so the teachers ask the poor students to do a good many work. On the other hand, the parents also demand their children that they should do too much homework in order to get their lessons improved. Im not in favor of taking too much work .The teachers and parents should change their way to bring up their children.,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,a great deal of,_,_,/,_,1. 改變句子的開頭方式.不要一味地用主語開頭,適當使用狀語提前,1).We met at the school gate and went together early in the morning 2). The young man could not help crying when he heard the news. 3) We all Know that internet will help us a lot if we use it properly.,Early in the morning, we met in the school gate and went together,Hearing the news, the young man couldnt help crying,As is known to us all/As we all know, internet will help us a lot if we use it properly,2.多種句式. 避免在整篇文章中只使用一兩個句式,可以靈活運用省略句,強調(diào)句,倒裝句,主從復(fù)句 with獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu),1).My parents praised Ahfu warmly. It had saved my sister bravely. 2).We had to stand there to catch other offenders 3).Our school has changed a lot.,My parents praised Ahfu warmly, who had saved my sister bravely.,What we had to do is to stand there to catch other offenders,Our school has been /is no longer what it was /used to be.,4). He opened his eyes wide and looked at me curiously. 5).When I saw the scene, I felt very frightened. 6).We dont have enough time to have a rest for a single day.,He looked at me curiously with his eyes wide open.,At the scene, how frightened I felt!,Not a single day do we have enough time to have a rest.,分詞和不定式-極強的語言表現(xiàn)力,1.He stopped us half an hour ago and made us catch the next offenders. 2.We had s short rest, then we began to play happily. We sang and danced. Some told stories , some played chess.,He stopped us half an hour ago to make us catch the ,Having had a short rest, we began to play happily, singing and dancing. Some told stories, while others played chess.,3.Tom is a boy of six. He knows three languages. 4.The boss was greatly satisfied with my answer and decided to employ me.,Being a boy of six, Tom knows three languages.,As a boy of six ,Tom,Aged six, Tom,Greatly satisfied with my answer, the boss decided to,過渡詞-文章的潤滑劑,記住積累一些常用的過渡詞,拿來即用: then, besides, furthermore ,moreover, What was/is more What was/is worse, In addition(to this), so far as Im concerned, As well (as) , not onlybut also, on the contrary, after all, apart from that, in my opinion, therefore, As a result, Needless to say(不用說), thereafter(后來) ,afterward, however, nevertheless , sooner or later,巧用一些介詞短語,名詞短語,形容詞短語 使文采不同凡響 1).Many houses are being built. 2).She hurried to catch the train. 3).When I thought of the coming holiday, I just couldnt helping smiling .,巧用習(xí)語-增加文采,Many houses are under construction.,She was in a hurry to catch the train.,At the thought of the coming holiday, I just ,4).We decided to stay to help the poor old lady 5).When the man got on the bus ,he was tired and hungry.,巧用習(xí)語-增加文采,We made a decision to give help to the poor old lady,Tired and hungry, the man got on the bus.,I dont want to live with a stranger in a hotel room. She shouted loudly , “Ive succeeded!” I was very eager to go home.,I dont want to share a hotel room with a stranger.,She shouted at the top of her voice, “I ve made it!”,I coulnt wait to go home.,洋味十足-才是好文章,不難的一招-相同的意思用不同的詞語,1)I like being left quiet while my sister likes being in an active situation. 2)My father lost his work one week after my mother got her work in a supermarket.,I like being left quiet while my sister enjoys being in an active situation.,My father lost his work one week after my Mother got her job in a supermarket.,1. A girl was crossing a road. The girl was pretty. The road was wide.,A pretty girl was crossing a wide road.,2. In the middle of the road, the girl stopped to look at her skirt. She was silly. She looked at her new skirt.,In the middle of the road, the silly girl stopped to look at her new skirt.,3. A truck turned round the corner. The truck turned suddenly. The truck was big.,Suddenly, a big truck turned round the corner.,4. A woman on the sidewalk let out a scream. The woman was terrified. The scream was loud.,A terrified woman on the sidewalk let out a loud scream.,5. The scream woke the girl up. The scream was loud. The girl was absent-minded.,The loud scream woke up the absent-minded girl.,6. The truck stopped just in front of the girl. The girl was frightened.,The truck stopped just in front of the frightened girl.,A girl was crossing a road. The girl was pretty. The road was wide. In the middle of the road, the girl stopped to look at her skirt. She was silly. She looked at her new skirt. A truck turned round the corner. The truck turned suddenly. The truck was big. A woman on the sidewalk let out a scream. The woman was terrified. The scream was loud. The scream woke the girl up. The scream was loud. The girl was absent-minded. The truck stopped just in front of the girl. The girl was frightened.,A pretty girl was crossing a wide road. In the middle of the road, the silly girl stopped to look at her new skirt. Suddenly, a big truck turned round the corner. A terrified woman on the sidewalk let out a loud scream. The loud scream woke up the absent-minded girl. The truck stopped just in front of the frightened girl.,An old man was standing by the door. The conductor asked the young man to give his seat to the old man. The young man pretended to have fallen asleep. I felt sorry for the old man and angry with the young man. The young man should be ashamed of himself and learn to respect old people. (57),The bus was not crowded. When I got on it, I saw an old man standing by the door.,Then I heard the bus conductor asking a young man to give his seat to the old man.,But he did not move. I could see that he pretended to have fallen asleep.,So I felt sorry for the old man and angry with the young man.,I thought the young man should be ashamed of himself and learn to respect old people. (82),I saw two women selecting shoes at the counter. I heard them talking loudly about the shoes. I heard them saying that the shoes were nice and the price was good. I saw more customers coming. I saw the two women talking to other customers. I heard them urging people to buy the shoes. I saw the shop owner giving the two women some money. I heard him offering them more money if he could sell more shoes.(78),Last Sunday I went shopping in Xidan Shopping Center. As I entered a small shoe store,I saw two women selecting shoes at the counter.,Suddenly they raised their voice and began to talk loudly about how nice the shoes were and how low the price was.,Just then an old couple walked into the shop.,The two women showed them the shoes and urged them to buy a pair.,When the couple left the store with their shoes, I saw the shop owner give the two women some money.,He also said he would offer them more if more people bought the shoes.,(104),We went to Beidaihe to enjoy the summer. We went there by train. We stayed at Haibin Hotel. The hotel was located in Shatan Street. We walked on the beach, collected shells, swam in the sea, watched sunrise, went steam-boating and built a campfire. We enjoyed fresh seafood. (48),Last year we went to Beidaihe to enjoy the summer.,Around 4 oclock on Friday afternoon, we got off the train at Beidaihe,a small city on the coast.,We got on a bus, and it took us directly to Haibin Hotel, located in Shatan Street not far from the beach.,Supper was excellent. We all like the seafood because it was fresh and the price was good.,After supper we walked on the beach, sat on the sand, collected shells, and built a campfire.enjoyed the cool wind from the sea.,The next morning we got up early to watch the sunrise. It was so beautiful.,During the day, we went swimming in the sea or went steam-boating.,We spent a whole week there, and I enjoyed every day of it.,(119),(132),The boy wanted to become a writer, but he didnt know how to write or what to write. He found the “Magic Writer”. He suddenly had a lot of ideas and he could write on and on. His new book was soon published, but when the book was opened, the words flew into the air. The boy was surprised, and he was going to keep the book closed forever. (69),The boy wanted to become a famous writer.,However, he was very poor at writing.,He even found it hard to write the short compositions for his Chinese lessons,to say nothing of poems and novels.,One day, he saw a bottle of “Magic Writer” on his desk.,The words on the bottle said that if someone took the pills, he would be able to write good articles.,The boy was delighted and took all of them.,Suddenly he had a lot of bright ideas and he could write on and on.,Soon his new book was published.,The boy was very excited.,But when he opened the book, the words all flew into the air.,He was surprised and couldnt know why.,But he was sure for one thing he had to keep his books closed forever. (138),(117),分詞短語,1. They walked down the street. They saw a robber.,Walking down the street, they saw a robber.,2. He took a large paint brush. He began the task of painting the house.,Taking a large paint brush, he began the task of painting the house.,3. The farmers get very thirsty. They work under the hot sun.,Working under the hot sun, the farmers get very thirsty.,4. We followed a dirt track. We came to an old gold mine.,Following a dirt track, we came to an old gold mine.,5. You can find some very unusual plants. You walk through the bush.,Walking through the bush, you can find some very unusual plants.,6. _ (cook) in the kitchen, she burnt her fingers.,Cooking,7. _ (drive) too fast around a corner, he hit a car stopping by the road.,Driving,8. _ (hear) the good news, she jumped with joy.,Hearing,9. _ (open) the door, I found an old man lying on the ground, dead.,Opening,10. While _ (wait) for the train, I had a long talk with Bill Clinton.,waiting,根據(jù)以下提示寫一篇有關(guān)交通事故的報道。 詞數(shù)100左右。 提示：（1）時間：昨天。 （2）地點：市中心大街第二拐角處。 （3）原因：卡車司機開車前飲酒過多，開 車時頭暈，車失控撞翻一輛小 汽車。 （4）傷亡：4人死亡，部分人受傷。 （5）影響：市區(qū)交通中斷一小時。 （6）損失：一百萬。 （7）市政府告誡司機要從事故中吸取教訓(xùn)。 參考詞匯：頭暈： dizzy 經(jīng)濟損失：economic damage 交通中斷：delay the traffic,要求：至少一處用到分詞短語。,A Traffic Accident,A traffic accident happened yesterday. A truck knocked a car over at the second turning. Four people died and several injured. The driver had too much wine. When he drove, he felt dizzy. He couldnt control the truck. The accident delayed the traffic. It caused an economic damage of one billion yuan. The government warned the drivers to learn a lesson from the accident. (64),A terrible traffic accident happened in a downtown street yesterday. A speeding truck knocked a car over at the second turning of the main street. As a result, four people were killed and several injured. It was soon found out that the truck driver had had too much wine before driving. While driving, he felt dizzy and couldnt control the truck. The accident delayed all the traffic for an hour. and caused an economic damage of one billion yuan. The city government warned all the drivers to learn a lesson from the accident. (93),至少一處用分詞,1. 7:15, February 8, 2000 2. before the gate of the park on Park Road 3. walk along Park Road towards the east 4. drive up Third Street, make a right turn into Park Road, hit the man 5. not stop, drive off, head west along the road 6. yellow, AC864, woman,It was 7:15 on the morning of February 8, 2000.,Walking along Park Road towards the east, I saw an old man come out of the park on the