句子的種類與類型（整理）.doc

句子的種類與類型句子是具有一定的語法結(jié)構(gòu)，表達(dá)一個(gè)獨(dú)立完整意義的語言單位。高考重點(diǎn)要求： 1. 掌握感嘆句的用法和構(gòu)成2. 掌握祈使句的構(gòu)成及作用3. 掌握一般疑問句、選擇疑問句、特殊疑問句、反意疑問句的應(yīng)答4. 分清簡單句和復(fù)合句的類型一、句子的成分句子一般可以分為幾個(gè)部分，每一個(gè)部分在句子中具有一定的功能，稱為句子的成分。句子的成分有主語、謂語、表語、賓語、補(bǔ)語、定語和狀語。1主語是一個(gè)句子的中心，主語的位置一般在句首。2謂語動(dòng)詞說明主語的動(dòng)作與狀態(tài)，一般在主語之后。3表語位置在連系動(dòng)詞之后，說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)。4賓語表示動(dòng)作的對象，即動(dòng)作的承受者，一般放在及物動(dòng)詞或介詞后。5補(bǔ)語補(bǔ)充說明賓語或主語的特征或狀態(tài).6定語修飾名詞、代詞7狀語修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞以及全句。二、句子的類型1、按句子的用途可分為陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句四種：1）陳述句（肯定、否定）：用來陳述一件事實(shí)或表達(dá)一種看法如：He is six years old. She didnt hear of you before.2）疑問句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）：用來提出疑問如： Do they like skating?How old she is?Is he six or seven years old?Mary can swim. cant she?3）祈使句：用來表示發(fā)出命令或發(fā)出請求如：Be careful, boys. Dont talk in class.4）感嘆句：用來表示各種強(qiáng)烈的感情如：How clever the boy is! What a delicious hamburger!2、按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分為簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句三種：1）簡單句：只有一個(gè)主語（或并列主語）和一個(gè)謂語（或并列謂語）。如.： He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. She like drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspaper.2) 并列句：包含兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子，句語句之間通常用并列連詞或分號(hào)來連接。常見并列連詞（and, but, or等）如：You help him and he helps you. The future is bright; the road is tortuous.3）復(fù)合句：含有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上從句的句子，從句由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)。復(fù)合句包含：名詞性從句（主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句）、定語從句和狀語從句等。如： The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall. 三、祈使句、感嘆句、疑問句1、祈使句：表示請求、命令、禁止、勸告或建議的句子叫祈使句。祈使句的主語往往省略。其常見的句式結(jié)構(gòu)可歸納為四種基本形式：（1）肯定祈使句；（2）否定祈使句；（3）以Lets開頭的祈使句；（4）以助動(dòng)詞do開頭的祈使句。1)肯定祈使句。如：Stop talking! Come here in time!2)否定祈使句，即以Dont或Never開頭的句子。如：Dont talk in class. Never leave todays work for tomorrow.3)以Lets 或let開頭的句子。如：Lets go together. Let him go first.4)以助動(dòng)詞do開頭的祈使句，在句中起加強(qiáng)語氣的作用，譯成“一定，務(wù)必”。如：Do come to see me if you have time.2、感嘆句：含有表示情緒色彩的句子叫感嘆句。感嘆句的結(jié)構(gòu)通常有三種形式：（1）what引導(dǎo)的感嘆句，強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的名詞；（2）how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句，強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的形容詞或副詞；（3）由感情色彩的單詞或詞組構(gòu)成的感嘆句。1)What引導(dǎo)的感嘆句。What+a/an+adj.+n.+主謂結(jié)構(gòu)?。ㄓ袝r(shí)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)可省略）。如：What a hot day （it is）!What good advice the teacher gave us!What high buildings （they are）!2)How引導(dǎo)的感嘆句。How+adj./adv.+主謂結(jié)構(gòu)！如：How interesting the book is!How hard they are working!3、疑問句：用來提出問題，表示疑問的句子就叫疑問句。這類句子的形式比較多，中學(xué)階段常見的有一般疑問句、特殊疑問句、選擇疑問句和反意疑問句。1).一般疑問句: 一般疑問句是用來詢問某人或某物是否屬實(shí)，并且要用yes或no來回答的疑問句。這種疑問句朗讀時(shí)要用聲調(diào)。其語序一般要用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如：-Are you an engineer?-Yes, I am或No, I am not.2).特殊疑問句:以疑問代詞（who, whom, whose, what, which等）或疑問副詞（when, where, why, how等）開頭的疑問句就叫特殊疑問句。這種疑問句朗讀時(shí)用降調(diào)。其句式結(jié)構(gòu)分正常語序和倒裝語序兩種形式。如：What has happened to her?When did he fly to America?3).選擇疑問句: 在句中提供的兩個(gè)或多個(gè)答案中選擇一個(gè)作回答的疑問句，就叫做選擇疑問句。朗讀時(shí)前面的一個(gè)或多個(gè)選擇用升調(diào)，最后一個(gè)選擇用降調(diào)。這種疑問句的句式結(jié)構(gòu)有兩種情況：即一般疑問句和特殊疑問句再加上供選擇的兩個(gè)或多個(gè)部分。但不管用哪種形式，都要按實(shí)際情況來回答。如：Do you enjoy playing football or volleyball? I enjoy playing volleyball.Which floor do you live , on the 15th floor or on the 21st floor? On the 21st floor.4).反意疑問句:表示提問者對自己所陳述的事情有懷疑或是沒有把握，需要?jiǎng)e人加以證實(shí)的疑問句，就叫做反意疑問句。其句式結(jié)構(gòu)由兩部分組成，即陳述部分再加一個(gè)簡略問句。如果陳述部分是肯定句，簡略問句就用否定形式；反之，簡略問句用肯定形式。但不管用哪種形式，前后兩部分中的人稱、數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)等都要保持一致，并且陳述部分中的主語不論是用什么詞充當(dāng)，簡略問句中的主語一定是一個(gè)人稱代詞。對反意疑問句的回答，其肯定形式都用yes，否定回答用no。朗讀時(shí)，陳述部分通常用降調(diào)，簡略問句部分用升、降調(diào)隨情況而定。如：You spoke at the meeting yesterday, didnt you?Yes, I did. 或No, I didnt .四、簡單句的五種基本句型1、主語+不及物動(dòng)詞：如： We work. He died. 2、主語+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語：如： Henry bought a dictionary. She studies English.3、主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語：如： He is a student. I am busy.4、主語+及物動(dòng)詞+雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語）：如： My father bought me a car.5、主語+及物動(dòng)詞+復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)）：如： Tom made the baby laugh.注：其他各種句子都可由這一種基本句型擴(kuò)展、變化或省略而構(gòu)成。五、并列句的分類1、表示連接兩個(gè)同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等連接。如：The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John.2、表示選擇，常用的連詞有or, eitheror, otherwise等。如： Hurry up, or youll miss the train.3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折，常用的連詞有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。如：He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.4、表示因果關(guān)系，常用的連詞有so, for, therefore等。如：. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.六、復(fù)合句：含有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上從句的句子，從句由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)。復(fù)合句包含：名詞性從句（主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句）、定語從句和狀語從句等。歷屆高考試題分析例1、There was a loud scream from the backstage immediately after the concert ended, _? A. wasnt there B. was there C. didnt itD. did it答案為A【解析】 反意疑問句前面肯定，后面否定。there be句型的反意部分不作特殊變化。例2、Dont be discouraged. _things as they are and you will enjoy the days of your life. A. Taking B. To take C. Take D. Take答案選C。【解析】 查“祈使句+and+簡單句”句型。表示：如果就。例3、Mrs Black doesnt believe her son is able to design a digital camera, _?A. is he B. isnt he C. doesnt she D. does she答案為D?！窘馕觥?因?yàn)橹骶涫欠穸ň?，其主語是Mrs Black，所以它的反意疑問句是does she。在含有賓語從句的句子中，除第一人稱外，要根據(jù)其主句的主語確定反意疑問句。 例4、_role she played in the film! No wonder she has won an Oscar.A. How interesting B. How an interesting C. What interesting D. What an interesting答案選D?！窘馕觥扛鶕?jù)感嘆句的構(gòu)成規(guī)則，不難看出正確選項(xiàng)。例5、Brian told you that there wasnt anyone in the room at that time, _?A. was there B. wasnt there C. didnt he D. did he答案為C?！窘馕觥?這是一個(gè)反意疑問句。主語是Brian，所以要填didnt he。例6、 English has a large vocabulary, hasnt it?Yes. _ more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and communicate.A. Know B. Knowing C. To know D. Known答案為A。【解析】 本句用“祈使句+and+句子”的并列句型，表示含有條件狀語從句的復(fù)合句的意思，所以祈使句應(yīng)以不帶to的不定式開始。例7、I thought Jim would say some thing about his school report, but he _ it.A. doesnt mention B. hadnt mentioned C. didnt mention D. hasnt mentioned答案為C。【解析】 賓語從句中的動(dòng)作和but引導(dǎo)的分句中的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在同一時(shí)間，所以兩個(gè)并列成分的時(shí)態(tài)保持一致，都是過去時(shí)。例8、Thanks for the lovely party and the delicious food._.A. No thanks B. Never mind C. All right D. My pleasure答案為D。【解析】 本題考查回答感謝的交際用語。“No thanks”不符合英語表達(dá)法。“Never mind”是沒關(guān)系，“All right”是“好吧”的意思，可以排除A、B、C。例9、Lets go swimming, shall we? _.A. Its my pleasure B. It doesnt matterC. Yes, lets go D.I agree with you答案為C。【解析】 這是一個(gè)反意疑問句，反意疑問句與一般疑問句的答語相似之處就是要用Yes或No作明確回答。當(dāng)對方用Lets征求意見時(shí)，可以回答Yes, lets譯文：“我們?nèi)ビ斡?，好?”“好的，走吧?！盜ts ones/a pleasure是對“Thank you”的回答；It doesnt matter是對“Sorry”的回答。I agree with you是同意別人的觀點(diǎn)、看法。例10、I enjoyed the food very much.Im glad you like it. Please drop in any time you like._A. Is it all right? B. Im afraid I wont be free.C. Yes, I will. D. Thats great.答案為C?！窘馕觥?當(dāng)對方邀請做某事時(shí)，可以回答Yes, I will.或Certainly, I will.譯文：“我非常喜歡這種食物。”“我很高興你喜歡它。請什么時(shí)候順便到家來。”“好的，我會(huì)來的。”用Is it all right?和I m afraid I wont be free.回答很不客氣。Thats great.的意思是“那太好了。”不符合日常說話的習(xí)慣。鞏固練習(xí)一、判斷下列句子是簡單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句：1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.3. There is a chair in this room, isnt there?4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isnt it?9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.二、選擇填空：1. Give me one more minute _ Ill be able to finish it.A. andB. orC. ifD. so2. Its the third time that John has been late, _?A. hasnt heB. isnt he C. isnt itD. hasnt it3. _ joyful he was to meet his brother again!A. HowB. WhatC. What aD. What an4. Let us pass, _?A. shant weB. shall weC. wont weD. will you5. I suppose hes serious, _ ?A. do IB. dont IC. is heD. isnt he6. You had better not smoke here, _?A. will youB. had youC. shall youD. have you7. Train as hard as you can _ youll win the swimming competition.A. thenB. butC. andD. or8. Im sorry to have to say this, _ you forgot to turn off the lights when you left the room last night.A. andB. butC. soD. because9. John has not yet passed the driving test, and _.A. Henry hasnt too B. Henry also has not either C. neither Henry has D. neither has Henry10. There are many sports lovers in his office. Some love climbing, _ others enjoy swimming.A. orB. forC. whileD. so11. - Do you feel like going out _ would you rather have dinner at home? - Id like to go out.A. orB. andC. butD. so12. - “_ is the temperature today?”-“Its 38 degrees.”A. WhichB. HowC. How hotD. How high13. - Your uncle isnt an engineer, is he?- _.A. Yes, he isntB. No, he isntC. No, he isD. He is14. _ friendly _ to everyone!A. How, is sheB. What, is sheC. How, she isD. What, she is15. Mary went to bed early, _ she felt very tired.A. orB. soC. forD. yet16. Mother _ a dress when she cut her finger.A. was makingB. makesC. is makingD. made17. He lay in bed _ read something borrowed from library.A. butB. andC. orD. yet18. - Id really like some lunch but I have so much work to do. - _ what you want and I can get it for you.A. Tell meB. If you would say to meC. You will tell meD. If you tell me19. As he is strong, _ can lift one hundred pounds.A. yet heB. but heC. andD. he20. - I thought you had an umbrella.- I had, _ Ive lost it.A. sinceB. butC. becauseD. so21. _ down the radio - the babys asleep in the next room.A. Turning B. To turnC. Turned D. Turn22. - I dont like chicken _ fish.- I dont like chicken _ I like fish very much.A. and, andB. and, butC. or, andD. or, but23. - Would you like to come to dinner tonight?- Id like to, _ Im too busy.A. andB. soC. asD. but24. Would you like a cup of coffee _ shall we get down to business right away?A. andB. thenC. orD. otherwise25. She set out soon after dark _ home an hour later.A. arrivingB. to arriveC. having arrivedD. and arrived26. “Cant you read?” Mary said _ to the notice.A. angrily pointing B. and point angrilyC. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointed27. She thought I was talking about her daughter, _, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.A. whomB. whereC. whichD. while28. _ it with me and Ill see what I can do.A. When leftB. LeavingC. If you leaveD. Leave29. - Alice, you feed the bird today, _?- But I fed it yesterday.A. do youB. will youC. didnt youD. dont you30. _ him and then try to copy what he does.A. MindB. Glance atC. Stare atD. Watch三、按要求完成下列句子：1. He dares to tell the truth.（改為否定句）2. They have lived