柴油發(fā)動機渦輪增壓器.doc

柴油發(fā)動機渦輪增壓器渦輪增壓器渦輪增壓器是現(xiàn)代增壓發(fā)動機的關(guān)鍵部件。它利用發(fā)動機排氣能量的動力，吹動渦輪，帶動共軸的壓氣機輪一起高速旋轉(zhuǎn)，壓氣機將新鮮空氣壓縮后，供給發(fā)動機工作，從而使發(fā)動機功率大幅度提高，油耗率下降，噪聲和排污減少，有效改善發(fā)動機的動力、經(jīng)濟和環(huán)保性能。 渦輪增壓器是高效、節(jié)能、環(huán)保高科技產(chǎn)品，它與發(fā)動機配套工作，日益廣泛應(yīng)用于汽車、工程機械、發(fā)電機組、船舶等各領(lǐng)域。構(gòu)造渦輪增壓器是由渦輪室和增壓器組成的機器，渦輪室進氣口與排氣歧管相連，排氣口接在排氣管上；增壓器進氣口與空氣濾清器管道相連，排氣口接在進氣歧管上。渦輪和葉輪分別裝在渦輪室和增壓器內(nèi)，二者同軸剛性聯(lián)接。原理渦輪增壓器實際上是一種空氣壓縮機，通過壓縮空氣來增加進氣量。它是利用發(fā)動機排出的廢氣慣性沖力來推動渦輪室內(nèi)的渦輪，渦輪又帶動同軸的葉輪，葉輪壓送由空氣濾清器管道送來的空氣，使之增壓進入氣缸。當(dāng)發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)速增快，廢氣排出速度與渦輪轉(zhuǎn)速也同步增快，葉輪就壓縮更多的空氣進入氣缸，空氣的壓力和密度增大可以燃燒更多的燃料，相應(yīng)增加燃料量和調(diào)整一下發(fā)動機的轉(zhuǎn)速，就可以增加發(fā)動機的輸出功率了。技術(shù)渦輪增壓器安裝在發(fā)動機的進排氣歧管上，處在高溫，高壓和高速運轉(zhuǎn)的工作狀況下，其工作環(huán)境非常惡劣，工作要求又比較苛刻，因此對制造的材料和加工技術(shù)都要求很高。其中制造難度最高的是支承渦輪軸運轉(zhuǎn)的“浮式軸承”，它工作轉(zhuǎn)速可達(dá)10萬轉(zhuǎn)分以上，加上環(huán)境溫度可達(dá)六、七百度以上，決非一般軸承所能承受，由于軸承與機體內(nèi)壁間有油液做冷卻，又稱“全浮式軸承”。缺點另外渦輪增壓器雖然有協(xié)助發(fā)動機增力的作用，但也有它的缺點，其中最明顯的是，“滯后響應(yīng)”，即由于葉輪的慣性作用對油門驟時變化反應(yīng)遲緩，即使經(jīng)過改良后的反應(yīng)時間也要1.7秒，使發(fā)動機延遲增加或減少輸出功率。這對于要突然加速或超車的汽車而言，瞬間會有點提不上勁的感覺。改進 但是渦輪增壓器畢竟是無本生利的事情，它是利用發(fā)動機的廢氣工作的，這些廢氣的能量如果不加以利用也會白白地浪費掉。因此，自從渦輪增壓器面世以來，人們就經(jīng)常對它進行技術(shù)改造，例如提高加工精度，盡量減少渦輪與渦輪室內(nèi)壁的間隙，以便提高廢氣能量利用率；采用新型材料陶瓷，利用陶瓷的耐熱高，剛度強，重量輕的優(yōu)點，可以將渦輪增壓器做得更加緊湊，體積更少，而且能減少渦輪的“滯后響應(yīng)”時間。在最近30年時間里，渦輪增壓器已經(jīng)普及到許多類型的汽車上，它彌補了一些自然吸氣式發(fā)動機的先天不足，會發(fā)動機在不改變氣缸工作容積的情況下可以提高輸出功率10%以上，因此許多汽車制造公司都采用這種增壓技術(shù)來改進發(fā)動機的輸出功率，藉以實現(xiàn)轎車的高性能化.渦輪增壓器最早是用于跑車或方程式賽車上的，以使發(fā)動機迸發(fā)出更大的功率。 發(fā)動機是靠燃料在汽缸內(nèi)燃燒作功來產(chǎn)生功率的，輸入的燃料量受到吸入汽缸內(nèi)空氣量的限制，所產(chǎn)生的功率也會受到限制，如果發(fā)動機的運行性能已處于最佳狀態(tài)，再增加輸出功率只能通過壓縮更多的空氣進入汽缸來增加燃料量，提高燃燒作功能力。在目前的技術(shù)條件下，渦輪增壓器是惟一能使發(fā)動機在工作效率不變的情況下增加輸出功率的機械裝置。 渦輪增壓器實際上是一種空氣壓縮機，通過壓縮空氣來增加進氣量。它是利用發(fā)動機排出的廢氣慣性沖力來推動渦輪室內(nèi)的渦輪，渦輪又帶動同軸的葉輪，葉輪壓送由空氣濾清器管道送來的空氣，使之增壓進入汽缸。當(dāng)發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)速增快，廢氣排出速度與渦輪轉(zhuǎn)速也同步增快，葉輪就壓縮更多的空氣進入汽缸，空氣的壓力和密度增大可以燃燒更多的燃料，相應(yīng)增加燃料量和調(diào)整一下發(fā)動機的轉(zhuǎn)速，就可以增加發(fā)動機的輸出功率了。 但是渦輪增壓器雖然有協(xié)助發(fā)動機增力的作用，但也有它的缺點，其中最明顯的是，“滯后響應(yīng)”，即由于葉輪的慣性作用對油門驟時變化反應(yīng)遲緩，即使經(jīng)過改良后的反應(yīng)時間也要17秒，使發(fā)動機延遲增加或減少輸出功率。這對于要突然加速或超車的汽車而言，瞬間會有點提不上勁的感覺。但是隨著技術(shù)的改進，這一缺點正在被逐步克服。 在最近30年時間里，渦輪增壓器已經(jīng)普及到許多類型的汽車上，它彌補了一些自然吸氣式發(fā)動機的先天不足，使發(fā)動機在不改變汽缸工作容積的情況下可以提高輸出功率10以上，因此許多汽車制造公司都采用這種增壓技術(shù)來改進發(fā)動機的輸出功率，藉以實現(xiàn)轎車的高性能化。發(fā)動機是靠燃料在氣缸內(nèi)燃燒作功來產(chǎn)生功率的，輸入的燃料量受到吸入氣缸內(nèi)空氣量的限制，所產(chǎn)生的功率也會受到限制，如果發(fā)動機的運行性能已處于最佳狀態(tài)，再增加輸出功率只能通過壓縮更多的空氣進入氣缸來增加燃料量，提高燃燒作功能力。在目前的技術(shù)條件下，渦輪增壓器是唯一能使發(fā)動機在工作效率不變的情況下增加輸出功率的機械裝置。Turbochargers for diesel enginesTurbocharger turbocharger is a key component of modern supercharged engine. It uses the power of the engine exhaust energy, blowing turbine drive co-axial compressor wheel with high-speed rotation, the compressor will be compressed fresh air, the supply of engine work, so that a substantial increase in engine power, fuel consumption rate, noise and sewage reduced, effectively improve the engine power, economic and environmental performance. Turbocharger efficiency, energy saving, environmental protection and high-tech products, which work with the engine supporting the increasingly widely used in various fields of automobile, engineering machinery, generating sets, ship.Constructed turbochargers machine by the turbine chamber and the turbocharger, the turbine chamber inlet and exhaust manifold connected to the exhaust port is connected to the exhaust pipe; turbocharger inlet connected to the air filter pipe row The air inlet is connected to the intake manifold. The turbine and impeller are mounted on the turbine chamber and the turbocharger, the two coaxial rigid connection.Principles of turbochargers is actually an air compressor, compressed air to increase the intake air. It is the use of the engine exhausts inertia momentum to drive the turbine room of the turbine, turbine driven by another coaxial impeller, the impeller pressure to send air sent by the air filter pipe to the supercharger to make it into the cylinder. When the engine speed is increased, the exhaust gas speed and turbine speed synchronization faster, the impeller to compress more air into the cylinder, the air pressure and density can burn more fuel, a corresponding increase in the amount of fuel and adjust the engine speed, you can increase the output power of the engine.Technology turbocharger installed in the engine into the exhaust manifold in the high temperature, high pressure and high-speed operation of the working conditions, their work environment is very poor, job requirements are relatively harsh, so the manufacture of materials and processing technology demanding. Which is difficult to manufacture support the operation of the turbine shaft and floating bearing , it works speed up to 100 000 rev / min or more, plus the ambient temperature of up to six or seven Baidu, by no means a general bearing can bear, due to bearing the body wall of the fluid doing the cooling, also known as full floating bearing.Shortcomings of another turbocharger role to assist the engine to increase power, but also has its drawbacks, one of the most obvious is that the delayed response, due to the inertia of the impeller slow response to throttle suddenly changes, even after the improved reaction time should be 1.7 seconds to make the engine to delay the increase or decrease the output power. Sudden acceleration or overtaking car, and instantly a little mention does not pull its weight on the feeling.Turbochargers improve but after all this revenue-producing things, it is the use of the engine exhaust, exhaust energy, if you do not use will be wasted in vain. Therefore, since the since the launch of the turbocharger, often it is technological innovation, such as improving processing accuracy, minimize the clearance of the turbine and the turbine chamber wall, in order to increase the exhaust gas energy utilization; use of new materials ceramic, a ceramic resistance high heat, stiffness, light weight advantages, the turbocharger can be in a more compact, less volume, but also reduce the turbo lag response time.In the last 30 years, the turbocharger has spread to many types of vehicles, which make up the deficiencies of the naturally aspirated engine, will be the engine does not change the cylinder volume can be increased by more than 10% of the output power , so many car manufacturing companies are using this booster technology to improve the output power of the engine in order to achieve high performance cars.The turbocharger was first used in sports car or a Formula One racing, to enable the engine to burst out more power.Engines rely on the fuel combustion in the cylinder for the power to generate power, enter the amount of fuel subject to the restrictions on the amount of air sucked into the cylinder, the power generated will be limited, if the performance of the engine running at its best, and then increase output power can only be for the function of force by compressing more air into the cylinders to increase fuel consumption, improve combustion. Under the current technical conditions, the turbocharger is a mechanical device only allows the engine to increase the efficiency of the same output power.The turbocharger is actually an air compressor, compressed air to increase the intake air. It is the use of the engine exhausts inertia momentum to drive the turbine room of the turbine, turbine driven by another coaxial impeller, the impeller pressure to send air sent by the air filter pipe to the supercharger to make it into the cylinders. When the engine speed is increased, the exhaust gas speed and turbine speed synchronization faster, the impeller to compress more air into the cylinders, air pressure and density can burn more fuel, a corresponding increase in the amount of fuel and adjust the engine speed, you can increase the output power of the engine.Turbocharger role to assist the engine to increase power, but also has its drawbacks, the most obvious one is that the delayed response, due to the inertia of the impeller slow response to throttle suddenly changes even after the improved The reaction time should be 1.7 seconds, the engines latency increase or decrease the output power. Sudden acceleration or overtaking car, and instantly a little mention does not pull its weight on the feeling. However, as technology improves, this shortcoming is being gradually overcome.In the last 30 years, the turbocharger has spread to many types of car, it makes up for the deficiencies of the natur