2014年四級閱讀模擬題.doc

Classified advertising is that advertising which is grouped in certain sections of the paper and is thus distinguished from display advertising. Such groupings as “Help Wanted”, “Real Estate”, “Lost and Found” are made, the rate charged being less than for display advertising. Classified advertisements are a convenience to the reader and a saving to the advertiser.The reader who is interested in a particular kind of advertisement finds all advertisements of that type grouped for him. The advertisers may, on this account, use a very small advertisement if it were placed among larger advertisements in the paper. It is evident that the reader approaches the classified advertisement in a different frame of mind from that in which he approaches the other advertisements in the paper. He turns to a page of classified advertisements to search for the particular advertisement that will meet his needs. As his attention is voluntary, the advertiser does not need to rely too much extent on display type to get the readers attention. Formerly all classified advertisements were of the same size and did not have display type. With the increase in the number of such advertisements, however, each advertiser within a certain group is competing with others in the same group for the readers attention. In many cases, the result has been an increase in the size of the space used and the addition of headlines and pictures. In that way, the classified advertisement has in reality advertisement. This is particularly true of real estate advertising?1. All of the following facts are advantages of classified advertisement for advertisers EXCEPT that _.A) classified advertisement charges less moneyB) it is easier to attract the attention of the target consumersC) it provides more information for the readersD) it does not have to rely too much on display type2. One of the examples given of types of classified advertisement is _A) houses for saleB) people who are asking for helpC) people who are lostD) job vacancies3. What sort of attitude do people have when they look at classified advertisement, according to the writer?A) They are in the frame of mind to buy anything.B) They are looking for something they need.C) They feel lost because there are so many advertisements.D) They feel the same as when they look at display advertisements.4According to the passage, in which way have the classified advertisements changed nowadays?A) They depend more on display type.B) More money is charged for them.C) They are divided into more groups.D) They are less formal.5Why have classified advertisements changed in appearance?A) Because people no longer want headlines and pictures.B) Because real estate advertising is particularly truthful now.C) Because the increase in the number of such advertisements means they have to be small now.D) Because there are more advertisements now and more competition among advertisers.答案與解析：1. C分類廣告的優(yōu)越性不包括為讀者提供更多的信息。事實辨析題。從文中可看出，分類廣告的優(yōu)越性在于收費低、無需很多的展現(xiàn)形式，以及更易吸引對某類廣告感興趣的讀者的注意力，因此A，B，D都正確。文中唯獨沒有提到C。2. A房地產(chǎn)業(yè)就是分類廣告的其中一塊。細節(jié)題。本題考察對“Real Estate”的理解，它的意思是“房地產(chǎn)”，故選項A 正確。3. B當(dāng)讀者看分類廣告時，他們會搜索自己需要的信息。事實辨析題。從文中可知，讀者在看分類廣告時和看展示廣告的注意力的模式是不一樣的，他們會去瀏覽自己感興趣的類別，查找所需信息。故選項B正確。4. A根據(jù)文章，分類廣告更多地依賴展現(xiàn)形式。推斷題。文章最后指出，由于競爭的加劇，分類廣告商們不得不用大標題和圖片來吸引讀者的注意力。故選項A正確。5. D因為現(xiàn)在更多廣告的投入和廣告商之間的競爭日益加劇，所以分類廣告不斷變化形式。事實辨析題。文中指出，分類廣告的變化是由于“With the increase in the number of such advertisements, however, each advertiser within a certain group is competing with others in the same group for the readers attention”，故選項D正確。Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to old cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Some other researchers who study various aspects of mental life, maintain those rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks in grade-school children suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal Personality and Social Psychology.“If they know theyre working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Esenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. “But its easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.”A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Esenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore falling grades.In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economics, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.1. Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward _.A) the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewardsB) the appropriate amount of external rewardsC) the study of relationship between actions andD) the effects of external rewards on students performance2. What is the view held by many educators concerning external rewards for students?A) They approve of external rewards.B) They dont think external rewards.C) They have doubts about external rewards.D) They believe external rewards can motivate small children, but not college students.3. According to the result of the study mentioned in the passage, what should educators do to stimulate motivation and creativity?A) Give rewards for performances which deserve them.B) Always promise rewards.C) Assign tasks which are not very challenging.D) Be more lenient to students when mistakes are made.4. It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe _.A) rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of studentsB) punishment is more effective than rewardingC) failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standardsD) discouraging the students anticipation for easy rewards is matter of urgency5Which of the following facts about “token economics” is not correct?A) Students are assigned challenging tasks.B) Rewards are given for good performances.C) Students are evaluated according to the effort they put into the task.D) With token economics, students creativity can be enhanced.答案與解析：1. D心理學(xué)家認為外界的獎勵對學(xué)生會有不同的影響。事實辨析題。根據(jù)文章第一句話“Psychologists take opposing views of how external re wards, from warm praise to old cash, affect motivation and creativity”可知，心理學(xué)家的分歧在于來自外界的獎勵對學(xué)生的積極性和創(chuàng)造性究竟有什么影響，故選項D正確.2. C許多教育家對外界的獎勵持懷疑態(tài)度。文章第二段第一句話提到，后一種觀點得到了許多教育工作者的支持，從第一段中可知，后一種觀點是：獎勵會促使學(xué)生對別人的贊許和饋贈產(chǎn)生依賴心理，因此獎勵會破壞創(chuàng)造精神。由此可知，他們對獎勵的正面作用持懷疑態(tài)度。故選項C正確。3. A根據(jù)文中的研究結(jié)果表明，教育家通過給予學(xué)生應(yīng)得的獎勵來提高他們的積極性和創(chuàng)造性。文章第三段指出，給予學(xué)生恰當(dāng)?shù)莫剟睿墒顾麄儼l(fā)揮更大的創(chuàng)造性，但如果對糟糕的表現(xiàn)也給予獎勵，或讓學(xué)生對獎勵有太多的期許，反而會扼殺創(chuàng)造性。故選項A正確。4. B從文中可以得知，一些重點大學(xué)試圖加強等級標準，因為他們相信懲罰比獎勵更有效。事實辨析題。從文中第四段可知，許多大學(xué)之所以嚴格考試的評分標準，是因為“A teacher . who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students”。選項B 與此意相同。5. C根據(jù)學(xué)生的表現(xiàn)對他們做出評價。事實辨析題。根據(jù)最后一段的意思，在這種獎勵制度下，要根據(jù)學(xué)生的表現(xiàn)對他們做出評價，而不僅僅是他們花費了多少精力來完成任務(wù)，故選項C正確。When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to the manufacturers claims, the first step is to present the warranty, or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction. A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager. In general, the “higher up” his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect it to be settled. In such a case, it is usually settled in the consumers favor, assuming he or she has a just claim.Consumers should complain in person whenever possible, but if they cannot get to the place of purchase, it is acceptable to phone or write the complaint in a letter.Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can demonstrate what is wrong with the item in question. If this cannot be done, the consumer will succeed best by presenting specific information as to what is wrong, rather than by making general statements. For example, “The left speaker does not work at all and the sound coming out of the right one is unclear” is better than “This stereo does not work”. The store manager may advice the consumer to write to the manufacturer. If so, the consumer should do this, stating the complaint as politely and firmly as possible. If a polite complaint does not achieve the desired result, the consumer can go to a step further. She or he can threaten to take the seller to court or report the seller to a private or public organization responsible for protecting consumers rights.1. When a consumer finds that his or her in it, the first thing he or she should do is to _.A) complain personally to the managerB) threaten to take the matter to courtC) write a firm letter of complaint to the store of purchaseD) show some written proof of the purchase to the store2. How can a consumer make his or her complaint more effective, according to the passage?A) Explain exactly what is wrong with the item.B) Threaten to take the seller to court.C) Make polite and general statements about the problem.D) Avoid having direct contact with the store manager.3. According to the passage, which of the following is suggested as the last alternative that consumers may turn to?A) Complain to the store manager in person.B) Complain to the manufacturer.C) Write a complaint letter to the manager.D) Turn to the Consumers Rights Protection Organization for help.4. The phrase “l(fā)ive up to” in this context means _.A) meet the standard ofB) realize the purpose ofC) fulfill the demands ofD) keep the promise of5The passage tells us _.A) how to settle a consumers complaint about a faulty itemB) how to make an effective complaint about a faulty itemC) how to avoid buying a faulty itemD) how to deal with complaints from customers答案與解析：1. D當(dāng)顧客發(fā)現(xiàn)自己所購買的商品有問題時，他所做的第一件事就是出示在商場購物的憑具。事實辨析題。文章第一段指明，顧客購買了有瑕疵的商品后，首先應(yīng)出示在某商場購買某商品的相關(guān)記錄或證明。故選項D正確。2. A為了使投訴更加有效，應(yīng)當(dāng)指出商品的問題所在。事實辨析題。根據(jù)第四段第一句話，最有效的投訴方式是指出所購商品的具體問題，故選項A正確。3. D文章表明：消費者最后的處理方向就是向消費者權(quán)益保護組織求助。事實辨析題。文章最后一段指出，顧客購買了有瑕疵的商品后，可以向銷售者或生產(chǎn)者投訴，如得不到滿意答復(fù)，可以進一步向消費者權(quán)益保護組織反映。故選項D正確。4. A達到標準。詞匯題。文中“does not live up to the manufacturers claims”中的live up to意為“沒有達到的標準”。故選項A正確。5. B文章告訴我們怎樣對有瑕疵的商品進行有效投訴。主旨題。本文主要說明顧客在購買了有瑕疵的商品后如何進行最有效的投訴，故選項B正確。The table before which we sit may be, as the scientist maintains, composed of dancing atoms, but it does not reveal itself to us as anything of the kind, and it is not with dancing atoms but a solid and motionless object that we live. So remote is this “real” tableand most of the other “realities” with which science dealsthat it cannot be discussed in terms which have any human value, and though it may receive our purely intellectual credence it cannot be woven into the pattern of life as it is led, in contradistinction to life as we attempt it. Vibrations in the ether(以太) are so totally unlike the color, purple that the gulf between them cannot be bridged, and they are, to all intents and purposes，not one but two separate things of which the second and less “real” must be the most significant for us. And just as the sensation which has led us to attribute all objective reality to a non-existent thing which we called “purple”is more important for human life than the conception of vibrations of a certain frequency; so too the belief in God; however ill founded, has been more important in the life of man than the germ theory of true the latter may be.We may, if we like, speak of consequence, as certain mystics love to do, of the different levels or orders of truth. We may adopt what is essentially a Platonistic (布拉圖式的) trick of thought and insist upon postulating the existence of external realities which correspond to the needs and modes of human feeling and which, so we may insist, have their being in some part of the universe unreachable by science. But to do so is to make an unwarrantable assumption and to be guilty of the metaphysical fallacy of failing to distinguish between a truth of feeling and that other sort of truth which is described as “truth of correspondence” and it is better perhaps, at least for those of us who have grown up in thought, to steer clear of such confusions and to rest content with the admission that, though the universe with which science deals is the real universe, yet we do not and cannot have any but fleeting and imperfect contacts with it; that the most important part of our lives-our sensations, emotions, desires and aspirations-take place in a universe of illusions which science can attenuate or destroy, but which it is powerless to enrich.1. The author suggests that in order to bridge the puzzling difference between scientific truth and the world of illusion, the reader should_.A) try to rid himself of his world of illusionB) accept his words as being one of illusionC) apply the scientific methodD) learn to acknowledge both2. Judging from the ideas and tone of the selection, one may reasonably guess that the author is _.A) a humanist B) a pantheist C) a nuclear physicist D) a doctor of medicine3. According to this passage, a scientist would conceive of a “table” as being _.A) a solid motionless objectB) certain characteristic vibrations in “ether”C) a form fixed in space and timeD) a mass of atoms in motion4. The topic of this selection is_.A) the distortion of reality by scienceB) the confusion caused by emotionsC) Platonic and contemporary views of truthD) the place of scientific truth in our lives5. By “objective reality” (Last line, Para. 1) the author means_.A) scientific realityB) a symbolic existenceC) the viewers experienceD) reality colored by emotion答案與解析：1. B作者暗示為了聯(lián)系起科學(xué)世界和虛幻世界的不同點，把他的話當(dāng)作一種假相。間接題型段尾結(jié)論題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句話，我們可推出B是正確答案。2. A由文章的觀點及語氣可推知作者是人文主義者。暗示推斷題。文中第一段第一句后半句提到“.but a solid and motionless object that we live”由此我們可以推出該作者是一位人文主義者。3. D根據(jù)文章，科學(xué)家相信“table”就是一群運動的原子。直接題型語義指代題。根據(jù)第一段第一 句的前半句“.but it does not reveal itself to us as anything of the kind, and it is not with dancing atoms .”我們可推出D是正確答案。4. D文章的主題為生活中科學(xué)真理的地位。段首主旨題。從第二段最后一句后半句“.that the most important part of our lives-our sensations, emotions, desires and aspirations-takes place in a universe of illusions which science can attenuate or destroy, but which it is powerless to enrich.”我們可以推斷出本文只要講了科學(xué)真理在現(xiàn)實生活中的地位。因而答案應(yīng)選D。5. A 對于作者，“objective reality”意味著科學(xué)現(xiàn)實。語義指代題。根據(jù)文章最后一段，我們可得知“objective reality”即科學(xué)現(xiàn)實的意思，因而，答案應(yīng)該選A。Merchant and passenger ships are generally required to have a life preserver for every person aboard and in many cases, a certain percentage of smaller sizes for children. According to United States requirements, life preservers must design, reversible capable of being quickly adjusted to fit the uninitiated individual, and must be so designed as to support the wearer in the water in an upright or slightly backward position.Sufficient buoyancy(浮力) to support the wearer should be retained by the life preserver after 48 hours in the water, and it should be reliable even after long period of storage. Thus it should be made of materials resistant to sunlight, gasoline, and oils, and it should be not easily set on fire.?The position in which the life preserver will support a person who jumps or falls into the water is most important, as is its tendency to turn the wearer in the water from a face-down position to an upright or slightly backward position, with his face clear of the water, even when the wearer is exhausted or unconscious.The method of adjustment to the body should be simple, and self-evident to uninitiated persons even in the dark under the confused conditions, which follow a disaster. Thus, the life be reversible that it is nearly impossible to get it on wrong. Catches, straps, and ties should be kept to a minimum. In addition, the life preserver must be adjustable to the wide variety of shapes and sizes of wearers, since this greatly affects the position of floating and the self-righting qualities. A suitable life also be comfortable to wear at all times, in and out of the water, not so heavy as to encourage to take it off on shipboard while the ship is in danger, nor so burdensome that it hinders a person in the water while trying to swim.1. The passage is mainly about_.A) the uses of life preserversB) the design of life preserversC) the materials for life preserversD) the buoyancy of life preservers2. According to the passage, a life be first of all _.A) adjustable B) comfortable C) self-evident D) self-righting3. United States Coast Guard does NOT require the life preserver to be made _.A) with as few strings as possibleB) capable of being worn on both sidesC) according to each wearers sizeD) comfortable and light to wear4. By “the uninitiated individual” (Para. 1, Line. 4) the author refers to th