ISSUE寫作素材 整理.doc

ISSUE最后的素材一社會(huì)1、 Immediate, Existing Social ProblemsNowadays, society is undergoing many social problems; they affect person or many members directly or indirectly, mainly related to our living conditions and moral values. On the one hand, the rapid increasing in human population recently has raised public concerns that we are overpopulate the Earth, because such large numbers of human beings has exceeded the carrying capacity of the Earth. Our population expansion and increasing usage of resources poses great threatens to the ecosystem. On the other hand, there are certain racial groups denied rights or benefits; they are constantly suffering from racial discrimination. In a survey from MIT, researchers found that when an applicants name seems to sound as “Black”, he is probably rejected from getting the job. Not only does the discrimination exist, it also causes social instability for there are countless demonstrations every year around the world. Other social problems like sexism, suicide, ageism, crime and health care, are also urgent problems which need to be solved.2、 Animal ProtectionFor their fur and feathers, for food and innards, human have killed a number of animals, nowadays, thousands of animals have disappeared from the earth forever. Human have long ignored the crucial notion that animals are not the resources of us, but a significant part to balance the ecosystem. Fortunately, we have had already taken efforts to save these animals on the verge of extinction. Some people established communities, and government enacted laws to protect animals.3、 Sweden WelfareWelfare is related to national economic, political policies and the general condition of its society. Sweden is a permanent neutral country, thus need not much money to improve its military force. The people there live a stable life.4、 Abortion 墮胎（法律、倫理）England has enacted laws to prohibit abortion since 1967, however, some doctors claimed that these laws would do harm to women who have birth incidentally. Then, the law has changed slightly, allowing doctors who were permitted to do that.5、 Egypt Upheaval 埃及動(dòng)亂（社會(huì)問題）A recent insurgence in Egypt exhibits the consequence of the government setting peoples concerns aside. Most Egyptians can merely make the ends meet according to the statistics from the United Nations; their salaries per capita are only 50 dollars per month in 2010. However, the Egyptian government and president Mubarak still gives a large amount of its money to the arts, which is characterized by the recent construction of art museums and the restoration of the Egypt Museum. As a result, the poor went to the Egypt Museum furiously destroyed precious art works dating from the times of Pharaohs. Had the Egyptian government showed generosity and consideration for the need of its people, there would not necessarily have been any social turmoil.6、 Murthy 穆爾蒂（領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的原則）Murthy was the founder of Infosys Company, which is the most significant IT Company of India. Gandhi has greatly influenced him when he was young, and then he formed his own moral standard and value system. During his management of Infosys Company, he stuck to his principles all the time, such as no bribing, honesty, generosity, making the best out of his employees and so on. It is his high quality of moralities that make him successful in his career.7、 Van Gogh 梵高（堅(jiān)持的精神、依靠興趣堅(jiān)持下去、后人的評(píng)價(jià)才客觀）Van Gogh, Dutch painting, whose still life paintings are marked an unprecedented price for 50 million, sold only one of his paintings during his entire life. Van Gogh was not accepted by the people of world in his time and his work was considered no artistic value until hundreds of years after he had died. Van Gogh is a Dutch postimpressionist painter whose early works, such as The Potato Eaters (1885), portray peasant life in somber, dark colors. His later works, including numerous self-portraits, a series of sunflower paintings (1888), and Starry Night (1889), are characterized by bold, rhythmic brush strokes and vivid colors. His long struggle with depression ended in suicide.8、 Copernicus 哥白尼（后人的評(píng)價(jià)才客觀）Copernicuss heliocentric theory was not accepted until hundreds of years after he had been persecuted by government to death.9、 Bernard Madoff 伯納德麥道夫（領(lǐng)導(dǎo)不好，對(duì)社會(huì)無益）United States Wall Street legend, NASDAQ Stock Markets former chairman, Bernard Madoff is rich and successful. However, he cheated investors rather than made a contribution to society, resulting in being arrested by police. He conducted the greatest hoax.10、 Max Schuschny 舒施尼（爭(zhēng)議的發(fā)明，意外發(fā)明）Schuschny invented plastic bag in 1902 which brought much convenience to people at that time and even awarded Nobel Prize. But later on, “white pollution” has caused widely concerns, and his invention was regarded as the most notorious one.11、 Genus Achatinella 夏威夷蝸牛（動(dòng)物自然滅絕）Genus Achatinella is one of the world twelve endangered animals, a beautiful snail in Hawaii. However, their fascinating appearance has made them on the verge of extinction. Because of the appearance, they are exposed to his natural enemy without anything to hide themselves. It is clearly that, if we do nothing to protect them, they are bound to be disappearing from the earth in the future.12、 其他1) 道德建設(shè)偏重于思想方面的規(guī)范，而司法系統(tǒng)強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、教育等方面。2) 道德行為是人們內(nèi)心里面的行為，法律沒有辦法約束人們，但是，一旦人們選擇了錯(cuò)誤的價(jià)值方向，而且表現(xiàn)出確實(shí)的行為，那么法律的約束就是必要的。3) 雖然道德是什么這個(gè)問題復(fù)雜得連蘇格拉底都弄不清楚，但其中總還是有一些能為人所公認(rèn)的東西，那就是：道德應(yīng)當(dāng)符合人類的整體利益，而某一行業(yè)的道德應(yīng)當(dāng)是就該行業(yè)而言最能滿足人類需求的做法。4) 作為一個(gè)國(guó)家，其中必然存在著多樣性，這主要體現(xiàn)在文化、教育、習(xí)慣、經(jīng)濟(jì)水平等方面。5) 各種領(lǐng)域：政治領(lǐng)域politics or political science、經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域economics、科學(xué)領(lǐng)域science、藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域arts、文化領(lǐng)域culture、教育領(lǐng)域education、社會(huì)學(xué)sociology。6) 一些basic morals：勤奮diligence、節(jié)約thrift、誠(chéng)信sincerity、奉獻(xiàn)dedication、友善friendship、自強(qiáng) self-improvement。7) 生物多樣性的重要性：基因或醫(yī)藥來源genetic and medical resources、生態(tài)體系穩(wěn)定性ecosystem stability及道德原因ethics。8) The value of ecosystem services on one New Zealand island has been imputed to be as great as the GDP of that region。9) 人們對(duì)墮胎abortion、安樂死euthanasia、同性戀homosexuality的法律抱有不同的態(tài)度。網(wǎng)絡(luò)犯罪cyber crime。10) 美國(guó)每4年換屆選舉general election，但是可以連任re-elected。二 行為1、 Hawking 霍金Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA (born 8 January 1942) is a British theoretical physicist. Hawking is the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, and a Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He is known for his contributions to the fields of cosmology and quantum gravity, especially in the context of black holes, and his popular works in which he discusses his own theories and cosmology in general. These include the runaway popular science bestseller A Brief History of Time, which stayed on the British Sunday Times bestseller list for a record-breaking 237 weeks.His key scientific works to date have included providing, with Roger Penrose, theorems regarding singularities in the framework of general relativity, and the theoretical prediction that black holes should emit radiation, which is today known as Hawking radiation, or sometimes as Bekenstein-Hawking radiation. His scientific career spans over 40 years and his books and public appearances have made him an academic celebrity and world-renowned theoretical physicist. He is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts and a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Science. Hawking is disabled by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The illness has progressed over the years and he is now almost completely paralyzed.2、 Nazism 納粹（過于熱愛自己國(guó)家的歷史為帶來災(zāi)難）One apt illustration of this point involves the Nazism. In retrospect, many ethnic Germans felt deeply committed to the goal of creating the greater Germany, which some believe required the use of military force to achieve. To a certain extent, the Second World War stems from the Germens exorbitant respect to the history of their nation and the origin of their race.3、 Nicolas Chauvin 愚忠Nicolas Chauvin, a French soldier and patriot who famous for his love and devotion for Napoleon has been wounded seventeen times in his nations service resulting his severe disfigurement and maiming, but it has earned him only ridicule and derision in Restoration France.4、 Swiss Guard 忠誠(chéng)好Swiss Guard is the Swiss soldiers who served as bodyguards. They have a high reputation for discipline and loyalty to their employers. On May 6, 1527, 189 guards including their commander involve in a battle near German Graveyard and 147 of them died in the battlefield in order to help the pope escape during Sack of Rome.5、 其他1) 由于成長(zhǎng)的環(huán)境和文化不同，人的個(gè)性各不相同。而價(jià)值觀values、性格personality、嗜好interest、道德觀morals、態(tài)度attitudes、信念conviction、理想ideas都會(huì)影響一個(gè)人的行為、決定。2) 服飾只能反映一個(gè)人的衣著品味dress sense及個(gè)人愛好，有時(shí)會(huì)反映一個(gè)人所從事的事業(yè)：常年工作在辦公室的人，一般會(huì)西裝Western-style clothes筆挺；而運(yùn)動(dòng)員會(huì)穿運(yùn)動(dòng)服；演藝人員的穿著通常比較fashionable。朋友可以反映出此人的性格以及興趣愛好：性格直爽的人的朋友性格也比較直爽等等。從走路的姿勢(shì)可以看出一個(gè)人大致的性格特點(diǎn)：自信的人走路的時(shí)候昂首挺胸walk with his head held high，內(nèi)向的人兩眼看地。從吃的東西可以看出地域特點(diǎn)：吃辣的人居住環(huán)境比較冷，草原grassland上的人吃牛羊肉beef and mutton。三 教育1、 The Purpose of Education教育的目的：為個(gè)人奠定基礎(chǔ)、為社會(huì)培養(yǎng)有責(zé)任心的公民、為各個(gè)領(lǐng)域提供人才。There are three basic purposes of education. Firstly, education should lay the foundation for students; impart them with the skills which allow them to assimilate any wisdom that will occur to them. Secondly, education serves to provide the society with conscientious, thoughtful and enterprising residents. This arduous purpose requires deep understanding of morals, values, ethics, and politics for individuals who educate. Thirdly, any process in various fields needs full-capable students with creative ideas. Education is a means to foster such students.2、 Integrated Development of Students教育太強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)生的文化技能，忽視了他們的道德素質(zhì)、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力、合作能力、心理素質(zhì)等。Too much emphasis is placed on academic knowledge nowadays. Admittedly, it is crucial for students to master basic thinking and reasoning skills and specific knowledge relevant to his or her major. But the society has seen its side-effects. Students can publish papers with high quality, but lacking the ability of communicating; they tend to live alone, thus give rise to the decrease in interpersonal contact. They can easily decipher others private album online, but without a sense of morality, they simply upload it to the network. Therefore, priority should be given to establish them with a value system, from which they understand how to behave in a society; with a standard, from which they know how to judge their performance and revise it. Other abilities like leadership, corporation, and tenacious psychological quality should not be ignored either.3、 Interdisciplinary各個(gè)學(xué)科相互依賴，學(xué)生需要學(xué)習(xí)除專業(yè)之外的學(xué)科。In the rapidly growing society, every subject does rely on others to some extent for no one can exist alone. It is favorable for students to study courses other than that of their own major. Philosophy is the foundation of every subject, providing basic thinking and reasoning skills to solve almost every problem. With proficient mastery of Mathematics, we can better improve our research in the fields of engineering or economics which need much computing and analyzing. Computer science makes it possible for biologists to observe the microcosmic structure of DNA, and analyze large amounts of data.4、 Skepticism對(duì)個(gè)人，質(zhì)疑精神能幫助他們理解已經(jīng)存在的知識(shí)；幫他們面對(duì)以后出現(xiàn)的問題。In my opinion, skepticism is indispensible for individuals in two aspects. Firstly, skepticism helps individuals better understand the existing knowledge. It is well understandable, as in common sense, if an individual can cast doubt upon a given fact; he or she is bound to be more involved in the process of thinking and reasoning. Therefore, more effectively and deeply they learn from such fact. Secondly, skepticism also helps them form a thinking pattern which is crucial for them to deal with any problems that may occur to them. Continually absorbing existing knowledge without criticizing, they would lose themselves when faced with a problem which has no correct answer.對(duì)于社會(huì)，質(zhì)疑精神可以修改已經(jīng)存在的理論；還可以促進(jìn)新理論的產(chǎn)生。In my opinion, skepticism is indispensible for societies in two aspects. Firstly, skepticism revises existing theories or even long established ones. It is said that there is no right theory, for human beings observe the world form their own perspectives, more or less a reflection of their own values, experiences. So, any theory, including generally accepted one, need to be questioned in order to further reach its goals and bring benefits to society. Secondly, skepticism expedites the emergence/advent of new ideas. With fierce ideological collision between two different opinions, new ideas would probably come out as a consequence. This in turn, would make our society more prosperous.過分強(qiáng)調(diào)不合理，應(yīng)該結(jié)合其他素質(zhì)教育。However, overemphasize the importance of skepticism is the same as not consider it. If we do so, then an individual may criticize others idea without a thoroughly analysis of it with basic reasoning skills. Such skepticism is irrational and improper, which need to be eliminated by imbue them with academic knowledge, social values, moral standard, corporation, altruism etc.5、 Interest for Education興趣對(duì)于學(xué)生是非常重要的，它可以提高學(xué)習(xí)的主動(dòng)性和積極性，因此提高效率；但是教育應(yīng)該培養(yǎng)學(xué)生基礎(chǔ)能力、價(jià)值觀，這些不能用興趣來決定。Interest is a valuable motivation in inspiring students. When students pursuit something that interest them, they learn with higher efficiency. Because they are more involved in it and thus improve their initiatives and creativity. Interest is not only important for education, but also plays a significant role in society. De Broglie and Einstein are both interested in physics thus lay the foundation of two crucial theories. However, overemphasize the importance of interest for education is the same as not consider it. Education should never rely on students interests because as the inevitable process of their growing up, education must provide them with basic knowledge, the way of thinking and reasoning and ultimately, the value of our society. Without such skills, however interested they are in a particular field, they would achieve less.6、 Archimedes 阿基米德（家庭的影響）As ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician, physicist Archimedes was immersed in family while he was a child, the range of his knowledge was very wide, and found the Archimedes principle when having a bath.7、 Albert Einstein 愛因斯坦（年幼的時(shí)候應(yīng)該把所有的孩子進(jìn)行集中訓(xùn)練；任何據(jù)稱是事實(shí)的信息都應(yīng)該被質(zhì)疑，將來很有可能會(huì)被證明是錯(cuò)誤的；墨守陳規(guī)不會(huì)成功）Einstein was somewhat stupid in his boyhood. Later on, he showed an extreme interest in physics and queried Newtons classic mechanics. After years of researching, he put forward Theory of Relativity. After a few years, he also gave a perfect interpretation of the photoelectric effect and won Noble Prize for Physics in 1921.8、 Leonardo de Vinci 達(dá)芬奇（所有學(xué)生都應(yīng)該被要求學(xué)習(xí)理科，盡管有人對(duì)理科不感興趣；想象力的題目；其他學(xué)科對(duì)自身研究領(lǐng)域的影響）De Vinci was a mathematician, architect, sculpture, and artist; apply the knowledge of other disciplines into painting. There has never been an artist who was more fittingly, and without qualification, described as a genius. Like Shakespeare, Leonardo came from an insignificant background and rose to universal accolade.9、 Churchill 丘吉爾 （童年成績(jī)差、沒上過大學(xué)而自學(xué)成才、毅力、堅(jiān)定的信念）Churchill was always hailed for his speeches which gave courage to an entire nation and inspired allied forces. Yet, its unimaginable that he was suffering from the stammer during his childhood.10、 Ebbinghaus 艾賓浩斯馮特Wundt曾宣布過學(xué)習(xí)和記憶等高級(jí)心理過程不能用實(shí)驗(yàn)研究，加之當(dāng)時(shí)艾賓浩斯既沒有大學(xué)教學(xué)職位，沒有老師，也沒有進(jìn)行研究的專門設(shè)備和實(shí)驗(yàn)室。但是，即便如此，他還是花了5年時(shí)間，用自己做被試，獨(dú)自進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)，完成了一系列有控制的研究。艾賓浩斯的研究方法是客觀的、實(shí)驗(yàn)的、通過細(xì)致觀察和記錄可以量化的。他的程序是把數(shù)據(jù)基礎(chǔ)置于經(jīng)過時(shí)間考驗(yàn)的聯(lián)想和學(xué)習(xí)的研究之上。11、 Descartes 笛卡爾（質(zhì)疑權(quán)威社會(huì)才會(huì)進(jìn)步、學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域都需要獨(dú)立思想家的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、家庭影響深、體弱多病受特殊培養(yǎng)、Beckman喚醒他的能力）Descartes is a famous philosopher, mathematician, and physicist in France; at the same time, having made a lot of study in such disciplines as meteorology, biology and is the founder of analytic geometry. He also proposed the principle of generally suspecting. “I think, therefore, I am”12、 其他1) 全球性課程表比地方性課程表更加經(jīng)濟(jì)，并且能提供更廣闊的視角和范圍，同時(shí)，讓人們對(duì)學(xué)生有了一個(gè)評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。2) 任何學(xué)校都是處于現(xiàn)實(shí)社會(huì)中的學(xué)校，在其中的人同樣會(huì)受到社會(huì)各個(gè)因素的影響，我們不能不考慮社會(huì)價(jià)值觀對(duì)他們的影響。3) 學(xué)生很難一開始就確定他將來的工作和興趣。4) 學(xué)習(xí)途徑：學(xué)校、工作中學(xué)習(xí)、休閑娛樂中學(xué)習(xí)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)習(xí)等。5) 書本的知識(shí)常常落后于時(shí)代。6) 教師的課外經(jīng)驗(yàn)?zāi)軌驇椭鷮W(xué)生規(guī)劃一個(gè)更加切合實(shí)際的職業(yè)生涯。7) 擁有一個(gè)好的圖書館并不能教出好學(xué)生，只有教師的作用是最主要的。8) 高效的教育系統(tǒng)可以開發(fā)出學(xué)生的潛能potential和天賦talent。9) 保證必須課的基礎(chǔ)上，提供選修課來滿足學(xué)生各種興趣的需要。10) 道德教育，比如互相尊重、信任和合作精神、利他精神altruism等等，可以起到約束和防止那些過度的不合理的假設(shè)。11) 免費(fèi)大學(xué)使學(xué)生不珍惜學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會(huì)。12) 全面平衡的教育有助于學(xué)生培養(yǎng)社會(huì)能力、社會(huì)責(zé)任感，使他們有能力迎接各種挑戰(zhàn)；同時(shí)有助于他們確定自己在社會(huì)中應(yīng)該扮演的角色、應(yīng)該承擔(dān)的義務(wù)。13) 人們需要了解人類存在的共同屬性，才能理性地接受人類間、種族間、國(guó)家文化之間的不同，從而相互促進(jìn)。14) 知識(shí)不會(huì)單獨(dú)存在或?qū)儆谀骋粋€(gè)領(lǐng)域：光學(xué)的發(fā)展促進(jìn)了繪畫、電子的發(fā)展促進(jìn)了音樂；哲學(xué)促進(jìn)了自然科學(xué)；自然科學(xué)促進(jìn)了考古；計(jì)算機(jī)促進(jìn)了生物學(xué)。15) 人文專業(yè)的人學(xué)習(xí)自然科學(xué)，可以使自己能全面發(fā)展，對(duì)生活多一些了解；學(xué)自然科學(xué)的人學(xué)習(xí)人文科學(xué)，可以培養(yǎng)對(duì)人性、道德等等的認(rèn)識(shí)和理解。16) 基于求知的學(xué)習(xí)被認(rèn)為是缺少指導(dǎo)的，而學(xué)習(xí)者最初需要一定的指導(dǎo)；同時(shí)基于求知的學(xué)習(xí)可以提高學(xué)生的表現(xiàn)。17) 分?jǐn)?shù)限制了孩子的全面素質(zhì)培養(yǎng)和能力養(yǎng)成；但是，又可以激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)力，如果沒有分?jǐn)?shù)，可能使他們失去學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)力。18) 正規(guī)教育是我們一般說的全日制教育；非正規(guī)教育是通過周圍環(huán)境的教育影響，例如家庭、鄰里、圖書館、大眾傳媒等，從中習(xí)得各種態(tài)度、價(jià)值觀念、知識(shí)和技能。19) 情商教育有助于想象力和創(chuàng)造力的培養(yǎng)，有助于豐富一個(gè)人的性格，提高人的全面素質(zhì)、道德層次，有利于興趣的培養(yǎng)。20) 我們學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué)，懂得用數(shù)字、用邏輯來把這個(gè)世界抽象化；我們學(xué)習(xí)語言，懂得該如何表達(dá)我們的思想、記錄我們的行為、懂得如何思考；我們學(xué)習(xí)自然，從混沌的認(rèn)識(shí)中走出來，學(xué)會(huì)從科學(xué)的角度來認(rèn)識(shí)世界；我們學(xué)習(xí)音樂、美術(shù)，學(xué)會(huì)了如何欣賞周圍的美麗；體育課上我們鍛煉的不僅是身體素質(zhì)，還有耐力以及競(jìng)爭(zhēng)精神。21) 孩子需要具備：領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力、團(tuán)隊(duì)協(xié)作能力、認(rèn)知社會(huì)能力、實(shí)踐能力、想象力、感性思維、文化技能、道德素質(zhì)、身體素質(zhì)、心理素質(zhì)。Honesty, persistence, probity, kindness and so on.22) 社會(huì)化就是由自然人到社會(huì)人的轉(zhuǎn)變過程，每個(gè)人必須經(jīng)過社會(huì)化才能使外在于自己的社會(huì)行為規(guī)范、準(zhǔn)則內(nèi)化為自己的行為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，這是社會(huì)交往的基礎(chǔ)，并且社會(huì)化是人類特有的行為，是只有在人類社會(huì)中才能實(shí)現(xiàn)的。即：一個(gè)人內(nèi)化社會(huì)價(jià)值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、學(xué)習(xí)角色技能、適應(yīng)社會(huì)生活的過程。用弗洛伊德Freud的話說，社會(huì)化就是個(gè)人學(xué)習(xí)控制天性的沖動(dòng)，就是“把野獸關(guān)到籠子里”。四 科技1、 The Purpose of Science and Technology科學(xué)的目的是改造自然，造福人類；人們?yōu)榇硕鉀Q問題，改變現(xiàn)狀。The ultimate purpose of science and technology is to observe nature and remake it; then bring benefits to human beings. In order to reach this goal, people do scientific research to answer unknown questions, to give further evidence to show the exactness of our previous ideas, and to correct our wrong ideas.2、 The Positive Side of Technology改善我們的生活環(huán)境，和以往比起來，我們的生活有了質(zhì)的提升；在精神層面上我們也不再迷信，而是掌握自己的命運(yùn)。Technology has greatly enhanced our living conditions. If we look back to history, we will have a sense of superiority; our means of transportation changes from carriage to automobiles, trains, and airplanes, with which we can trave