【英語(yǔ)專四】Note Writing 便條的寫(xiě)法和技巧.doc

(一) 格式(format)具體來(lái)說(shuō)，它應(yīng)有日期(date)、稱呼(saluwfion)、正文(body)及結(jié)尾(ending)，結(jié)尾包括結(jié)尾套語(yǔ)(complimentary close)和簽名(signature)。1日期指寫(xiě)便條的日期。英文便條與漢語(yǔ)便條的日期寫(xiě)的地方有別，前者的日期一般寫(xiě)在便條的右上角，偶爾也見(jiàn)寫(xiě)在便條的左上角，而后者的日期則寫(xiě)在便條的右下角，即寫(xiě)在簽名的下面。英文日期與漢語(yǔ)日期的寫(xiě)法也有不同，漢語(yǔ)一般先寫(xiě)年，然后再寫(xiě)月、日，而英文則一般把年份寫(xiě)在月、日的后面。另外，英文日期的月、日與年之間通常用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。例如，2008年4月21日通常寫(xiě)成April 21，2008或April 21 st，2008；當(dāng)然，由于是非正式書(shū)信，也可以去掉年份，寫(xiě)成Ap l 2l或April 21st(不過(guò)，這種寫(xiě)法，只是最近兩年才被TEM4接受)，或者寫(xiě)成2142008或4212008。日期能說(shuō)明便條的有效度，沒(méi)有日期，則會(huì)使人感到茫然。2稱呼稱呼是指寫(xiě)便條人對(duì)收便條人的稱謂，一般都以Dear開(kāi)頭，寫(xiě)在日期下一兩行、留出左頁(yè)邊空白，頂格寫(xiě)。TEM4試卷中一般對(duì)寫(xiě)便條人與收便條人之間的關(guān)系作了提示。提示中的“you”指的是寫(xiě)便條人，提到的另一方便是收便條人。稱呼時(shí)，一般只需在其名字前加Dear即可，如Dear Susan，Dear Tom。若此人有頭銜(social title)，稱呼時(shí)，便要保留其頭銜，例如DrHerce，要稱DearDrPierce，不稱DearPierce。如果提示中的另一方是以MrsWang或MrWang出現(xiàn)，稱呼時(shí)也只需在其前加Dear便可，即稱DearMrsWang或DearMrWang，若只稱DearWang則視為不妥。當(dāng)對(duì)方為親屬時(shí)，在Dear 后面加上表示親屬關(guān)系大寫(xiě)的字眼即可，如DearGrandpa，DearAunt。值得一提的是，近年來(lái)TEM4也接受不帶Dear的稱呼。稱呼后面可用逗號(hào)，也可用冒號(hào)。3正文是寫(xiě)便條人要敘述或談?wù)摰氖虑椋潜銞l的主要組成部分。一般書(shū)信是在稱呼下方隔兩行處開(kāi)始寫(xiě)正文。但就TEM4便條而言，一般在稱呼的下一行開(kāi)始寫(xiě)正文便可。正文的首行左邊一般留約5個(gè)字母寬的空白，但也可頂格寫(xiě)。便條的內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)單、字?jǐn)?shù)少，因此，正文一般只需寫(xiě)一段或兩段。若有兩段，第二段的首行應(yīng)與第一段的首行對(duì)齊寫(xiě)。4結(jié)尾如前所述，結(jié)尾包括結(jié)尾套語(yǔ)和簽名。(1)結(jié)尾套語(yǔ)結(jié)尾套語(yǔ)的位置一般是在正文最后一行的下面，從便條的中央部分開(kāi)始，稍向右縮進(jìn)。當(dāng)然，若正文的開(kāi)頭是往左頂格寫(xiě)，此時(shí)的結(jié)尾套語(yǔ)也應(yīng)往左頂格寫(xiě)。開(kāi)頭字母要大寫(xiě)，末尾要用逗號(hào)。結(jié)尾套語(yǔ)為寫(xiě)便條人對(duì)收便條人的謙稱或客套以示禮貌，措辭的變化按照不同的關(guān)系而定?，F(xiàn)分述如下： 致不熟悉的人，宜用較莊重的套語(yǔ)，如Yours sincerely，Sincerely yours，或Sincerely等。 對(duì)上級(jí)、長(zhǎng)者，除了可用上述較莊重的套語(yǔ)，也可用Yoursrespectfully或Respectfully yours。 對(duì)一般朋友或熟人可用中提到的較莊重的套語(yǔ)，也可用Yours等較為隨便的套語(yǔ)。 對(duì)密友則采用較隨便的套語(yǔ)為宜。例如，Yours，Love，With love，Best wishes，Best regards等等。 對(duì)親屬可用下列任何一種：Love，With love，All my love，Yours afectionately，Affectionately yours，Lovingly yours，Yo urslovingly，Your loving son(Dad)；但對(duì)親人，不宜用Sincerelyyours由于TEM4便條寫(xiě)作一般是針對(duì)考生日常生活或?qū)W習(xí)相關(guān)的事情，寫(xiě)作的對(duì)象一般是其朋友、老師、熟人，因此，TEM4通常只接受Yours sincerely，Sincerely yours，Sincerely，或Yours這幾種結(jié)尾套語(yǔ)。(2)簽名即寫(xiě)便條人署名，位于結(jié)尾套語(yǔ)下，偏右。若結(jié)尾套語(yǔ)是往左頂格寫(xiě)，這時(shí)的署名也應(yīng)往左頂格寫(xiě)。簽名也由寫(xiě)便條人和收便條人的關(guān)系和親疏程度而定。有時(shí)TEM4指定了寫(xiě)便條人的名字，簽名時(shí)應(yīng)采用那個(gè)名字。若無(wú)指定名字，考生也不宜用自己的真名。一般只需寫(xiě)名不寫(xiě)姓，但若用了較莊重的結(jié)尾套語(yǔ)，此時(shí)可簽全名。(二)內(nèi)容完整一般而言，一封理想的TEM4便條應(yīng)包括以下三點(diǎn)：(1)寫(xiě)便條的原因；(2)要告訴的事情；(3)有關(guān)的希望、建議或要求等。便條寫(xiě)作提示的情況都是與人們?nèi)粘Ｉ罨驅(qū)W習(xí)相關(guān)的事情。例如，對(duì)別人提供的幫助表示感謝，邀請(qǐng)朋友參觀書(shū)展，因不能準(zhǔn)時(shí)赴約而表示道歉，把信息轉(zhuǎn)告給朋友等。所提示的內(nèi)容就是考生要表達(dá)的思想內(nèi)容。思想內(nèi)容有先后之分，要講究其邏輯性，還得注意其完整性。生活中有些約定俗成的東西，寫(xiě)作時(shí)，應(yīng)考慮這方面的因素。例如，寫(xiě)道歉信時(shí)，一般都先向?qū)Ψ奖硎厩敢饣騼?nèi)疚，同時(shí)說(shuō)明發(fā)生疏忽、過(guò)失、或錯(cuò)誤的原因，提出彌補(bǔ)的辦法，這樣有利于取得對(duì)方的諒解?，F(xiàn)以近年一次英語(yǔ)專業(yè)四級(jí)考試便條寫(xiě)作為例加以說(shuō)明：該提示是：Yesterday you failed to turn up for the appointmentwith your teacher，Professor WangWrite him a note of apology an dmake a request for another meetingYO u should also suggest the timefor the requested meting仔細(xì)閱讀這一提示，你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，第一句為第二旬所要求的道歉確定了內(nèi)容；為了求得對(duì)方的諒解，獲得另一次會(huì)面的機(jī)會(huì)，你就必須說(shuō)明前次未能赴約見(jiàn)面的原因。因此，本便條的內(nèi)容必須包括以下四項(xiàng)：(1)apologizing for failure to turn up for the appointment，(2)the reason forfailure to turn up for the appointment，(3)making a request for another meeting，(4)suggesting the time for the requested meeting。其中(3)、(4)為提示中明確要求表達(dá)的內(nèi)容，(1)、(2)則是根據(jù)道歉類書(shū)信特點(diǎn)而必須表達(dá)的內(nèi)容。內(nèi)容為便條寫(xiě)作的重頭戲。寫(xiě)作時(shí)，切莫忽視提示中的任何信息，同時(shí)要關(guān)注交際中所需的相關(guān)信息。當(dāng)然，在注意提示中的信息時(shí)，特別是首句，要注意用自己正確的語(yǔ)言來(lái)表達(dá)，不能完全抄提示，否則會(huì)扣分。(三)語(yǔ)言得體內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言是一個(gè)統(tǒng)一體。內(nèi)容抓住后，應(yīng)以恰當(dāng)?shù)恼Z(yǔ)言來(lái)表達(dá)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，便條的語(yǔ)言要簡(jiǎn)單明嘹，用詞平易。當(dāng)然，語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格還應(yīng)與情景一致，不同的對(duì)象，所使用的語(yǔ)言應(yīng)有所不同。相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)，對(duì)上級(jí)、長(zhǎng)者、不熟悉的人的語(yǔ)言較為正式，對(duì)親朋好友的語(yǔ)言則較為隨便。不過(guò)，不管對(duì)方是誰(shuí)，行文中都應(yīng)體現(xiàn)態(tài)度誠(chéng)懇禮貌。(四)字?jǐn)?shù)符合要求TEM4便條總字?jǐn)?shù)(包括日期、稱呼、結(jié)尾在內(nèi))的要求是約5060個(gè)字。盡管在這數(shù)字之間還可以少l0字，或多20字，即40-80字，不過(guò)，還是篇幅適中為好，以免因顯得太短或太長(zhǎng)而扣分。二TEM4便條寫(xiě)作中常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題便條寫(xiě)作中常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題主要表現(xiàn)在格式、內(nèi)容、語(yǔ)言等方面。(一)格式方面1日期部分往往被漏掉，或漏掉日期中年與月、日之間的逗號(hào)，或在日期后面加點(diǎn)，或按漢語(yǔ)的順序?qū)懗?如2006年4月22日，寫(xiě)成April 22 2006；April 22，2006；200659；其正確形式請(qǐng)參照前文的相應(yīng)部分)，或按漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣把它寫(xiě)在簽名的下面。2稱呼未往左頂格寫(xiě)，或與日期同寫(xiě)一行；稱呼后面打句號(hào)，或未打逗號(hào)或冒號(hào)。把結(jié)尾套語(yǔ)和簽名同寫(xiě)一行，或漏寫(xiě)結(jié)尾套語(yǔ)，或漏掉結(jié)尾套語(yǔ)后面的逗號(hào)。(二)內(nèi)容方面便條的內(nèi)容雖簡(jiǎn)單，但漏掉必須表達(dá)的內(nèi)容的情況時(shí)有發(fā)生。例如，在前文提到的那次TEM4便條寫(xiě)作，考生對(duì)未赴約的原因應(yīng)加以說(shuō)明，可不少考生只寫(xiě)了如下相似內(nèi)容的便條：I am very sorry for missing yesterdays appointment，So I do hope we can make an other oneSunday evening is convenient for meW hat about you?內(nèi)容方面還因理解不透，或自立標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而導(dǎo)致交際不成功的情況也不鮮見(jiàn)。還是以前文提到的那次TEM4便條寫(xiě)作為例，評(píng)分取樣的九份答卷中就有三份類似的例子。其中一份這樣寫(xiě)道，“Im very glad to receive your noteAbout Our appointment I think we canchan ge an other timeMaybe tomorrow，1 will be fre an d stay at home all dayIf you are also free tomorrow ，you Can call me at any timeThen 1 will visit you”該提示要寫(xiě)一封簡(jiǎn)短的道歉信，而這位考生的答案卻與此大相徑庭，信中絲毫沒(méi)有流露出道歉的意念。(三)語(yǔ)言方面便條中的語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤可分為理解和表達(dá)兩大類，主要體現(xiàn)在措辭、語(yǔ)法、拼寫(xiě)等方面。1措辭不當(dāng)措辭不當(dāng)在這里既指一般遣詞造句中出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用錯(cuò)誤(performance erors)，又指因未按TEM4便條測(cè)試中提供的語(yǔ)境遣詞造句而產(chǎn)生的語(yǔ)用失誤(pragmatic failures)，還指因忽視對(duì)方的社會(huì)或文化背景差異而造成的語(yǔ)用失誤。此類問(wèn)題在TEM4便條寫(xiě)作中相當(dāng)嚴(yán)重。我們還是以前文提到的那次TEM4便條寫(xiě)作為例；鑒于篇幅，且舉三例：(1) 在1 would appreciate you if you could have anothermeeting with me這句話中，appreciate后面的賓語(yǔ)不妥。只要細(xì)心的讀者翻閱一下詞典，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)appreciate(感謝)的英文釋義是be grateful for(something)，若把句中的you改為it(代表后面那件事)，或把a(bǔ)ppreciate改為be grateful to，或把a(bǔ)ppreciate you改為be grateful，這句話就對(duì)了。(2)考生在便條的開(kāi)頭就對(duì)因病未能與王教授約會(huì)表示道歉后，接著寫(xiě)道：Im anxious to make an appointment with you而根據(jù)上下文應(yīng)該是，Im anxious to make another appointment with you(希望與你另訂一次約會(huì))。(3)你(寫(xiě)便條人)自己因某種原因而沒(méi)去赴約，況且約會(huì)的對(duì)象是你的老師，事后還要命令對(duì)方到你家來(lái)見(jiàn)你，或以命令的IZl吻表示要給你打電話。象“You must come to my home”，或Give me a call to discuss it further這類話有失禮貌，使人讀后感到不舒服。2語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤便條中的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤有多種，常見(jiàn)的有冠詞、詞性、動(dòng)詞的時(shí)與體、句子結(jié)構(gòu)等錯(cuò)誤。(1)冠詞錯(cuò)誤，如Im anxious to make a(應(yīng)為an)appointmentwith you(2)詞性錯(cuò)誤，如I must make an apologize(正確為apology)for failing to tum up for the appointment(3)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)與體等方面的錯(cuò)誤，例如：aIf you will be(應(yīng)把will be改為are)fre tomorrow,we shall meet againbI am sorryto fail(正確為to have failed而不是to fall，因事情已發(fā)生)to tum up for the appointment yesterday(4)句子結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤，例如：Im very sorryIdidnt tum up fDrtlleappointment with you Because my mother was seriously ill yesterday and I had to take her to see the doctor(應(yīng)改為Im very sorry I didnt turn up for the appointment with you yesterday becausemymotherwas seriouslyiUandI hadtOtake herto seethedoctor)。3拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤與別的主觀題一樣，便條寫(xiě)作中拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤數(shù)見(jiàn)不鮮。例如：professor-,profesorprofesor；convenient-* conveintconvinenconvinient； receive recieve； appointm ent -apointmentpo itment 此文章由小虹提供，佳禾外語(yǔ)進(jìn)行整理。 本文來(lái)自: 恒星英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)(www.H) 詳細(xì)出處參考：/tem4/jingyan/2009-06-30/81875_2.htmlEXAMPLES :1 Invitations Make the InvitationExample1:April 20, 2008 Dear Fiona, I am going to hold a dinner party with several other friends of ours. The party will be held in Room 6 of Lijing Hotel at 5:00 p.m. today, I sincerely hope you can attend and we will have a very happy time together. Please let me know whether you can make it. Yours, Amelia Example2:April 20, 2008 Dear Fiona, Here is a piece of good news for you. There will give a performance in the tomorrow evening. I am sure that you will be happy to watch it .The erformance will begin at seven oclock sharp. I will wait for you at the theater entrance. Please let me know whether you can make it at your earliest convenience. Yours, Amelia Example3: April 20, 2008 Dear Professor Zhou, I am Amelia from class 02. I need you to give me some suggestion on my project. If it doesnt trouble you too much, shall we have a meet at your office tomorrow? Time is up to you. Respectful yours, Amelia Example4:（notice） April 20, 2008 Dear girls and boys in Class 0403, This Saturday evening, from 7 p.m. to 9 p. m., at Singeing dining hall, there will be a ball held by Class 0301. We warmly invite you to take part in it. There you can enjoy yourselves with dance, music and various games. And well have a chance of communication, which will enhance the friendship between us. Come and enjoy ourselves together. Yours, Mike Monitor of Class 0301 Accept the Invitation April 20, 2008 Dear Amelia, Its so kind of you to invite me to the dinner party, I would like to come. I will go to the place right after I finish my work at about 5 p.m. this evening. (如果是辦在家里：I shall be very happy to call at your house right after I finish my work at 6:30 this evening.) Thank you again for your wonderful hospitality and I am looking forward to seeing you soon. Yours, Fiona 來(lái)make an apologyDeclining Invitations April 20, 2008 Dear Amelia， Its so kind of you to invite me to the dinner party, I would like to but I have a meeting to attend this evening, please give my best regards to them all and I hope my absence will not cause you any serious inconvenience, have fun. Yours, Amelia 2LeaveApril 20, 2008 Dear Ms. Jiang, I am terribly sorry that I shall be unable to attend this morning two periods of English Class （Im terribly sorry to apply for ten days leave from the Aug. 23rd to Sep. 3rd）due to a bad cold and high fever. I will show you the certificate from the doctor to support my application. I will go back to school as soon as I recover.（I promise I will do my best to catch the missed lessons on after I come back.）Wish for your allowance. Yours respectfully, Amelia 3Requesta講清事情的因由（為什么請(qǐng)求） b請(qǐng)求行為 c請(qǐng)求實(shí)現(xiàn)方式 d致謝 套句： 請(qǐng)求幫助： Would you do me a favor? Would you be so kind as to?/ Could I trouble you to send this book for me?/ I wonder if you would tell me?/ If it is not too troublesome, could you?/ I hope this request will not trouble you too much. 請(qǐng)求允許：Please give me a few more days./May I have a look at your dictionary? / Would you mind if I opened the window? / I wonder if I could open the door. / Would it be possible to have a talk with you? 請(qǐng)求做事(要求與暗示)：Lets go to the bookstore this afternoon./ I want to have a look at your book. / I wish you could/ I would like ask you to clean the room./ You are making a big mess./ I feel a bit hungry now. What time is it now? 范文： April 20，2008 Dear Professor Hu, I am very happy to have the chance to listen to your lecture on “American Literature”. But it is a pity that I was late that day due to an accident on my way to the lecture and failed to get the handout. Your lecture is really instructive for my English study, so I wonder if you could kindly e-mail the handout to the address: .Heartfelt thanks. Respectfully yours, Amelia 4Complain and Complainta抱怨投訴行為 b投訴內(nèi)容具體描述 c要求彌補(bǔ)糾正賠償 d抱怨投訴者對(duì)彌補(bǔ)糾正賠償?shù)鹊亩卮倩蛲{ 套句： 行為描述Im writing to bring your attention to the problems I have had with Heres the problem 解決方式的要求：It would be very kind( considerate) of you toaddress this problem soon. / take steps to rectify this situation soon. / turn it down a little? / 敦促或威脅: Frankly, I really cant put up with the situation any more. You must rectify the situation, or I will take it to the court. / If you cant give me a satisfactory answer, I will complain it to the Consumer Association. 來(lái)源:考試大-專四專八考試 Example 1:April 20，2008 Dear Sir or Madam, I went to your store to buy a Radio watch last Sunday. When I mentioned the high price, the No. 5 saleswoman replied in a sarcastic tone, “You can go ahead and buy a cheap fake from other stores”. She didnt know how to treat a prospective buyer! I hope you can improve your service and give me a face-to-face apology. My telephone number is Sincerely yours, Amelia Example2:April 18, 2009Dear Sir,I am writing to you to file a formal complaint about a Sim card I bought from your company last week. The day I got it from . I found it not useable. So I went back to change it 3 days later since I was up to my neck in my studies. But the salesgirl said it was overdue and refused to help. I now request either a refund or a change of it. I am looking forward to your reply. Yours,Nancy5Make an Apology a道歉的行為與內(nèi)容， b具體理由， c彌補(bǔ)方法， d進(jìn)一步致歉。 套句： 道歉行為： Im writing to show my apology for/ I would like to express my apologies for not being able to/Im sorry to say that Ive not finished reading it through, and have to keep it until next Sunday. / Excuse me for my delaying in turning in my assignment. 道歉理由：I had a minor accide