測(cè)繪專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯27單元.docx

unit 27 Developments of Photogrammetry 攝影測(cè)量的發(fā)展Photogrammetry can be defined as the art, science, and technology of obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the environment by recording，measuring and interpreting photographic images (American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 1987).（攝影測(cè)量可以定義為通過(guò)記錄、量測(cè)和解讀相片來(lái)獲取關(guān)于物理實(shí)體及環(huán)境的可靠信息的科學(xué)和技藝。） Photogrammetry is the technique of measuring objects (2D or 3D) from photographs, but it may be also imagery stored electronically on tape or disk taken by video or CCD cameras or radiation sensors such as scanners.（攝影測(cè)量是在相片上量測(cè)物體（二維或三維），但也可能是通過(guò)電子手段【electronically】存儲(chǔ)在磁帶上或攝像機(jī)、CCD相機(jī)或像掃描儀一樣的輻射傳感器自帶的盤上的圖像。）The most important feature of photogrammetry is that the objects are measured without being touched.（攝影測(cè)量最重要的特征是物體不經(jīng)過(guò)接觸就可量測(cè)。） Although the term Photogrammetry can apply to measurements from ground photographs, modern photogrammetric techniques are most often applied to aerial and satellite images.（盡管攝影測(cè)量這個(gè)詞能應(yīng)用于對(duì)地面相片的量測(cè)，現(xiàn)代攝影測(cè)量技術(shù)更常常用于航空和衛(wèi)星圖像。） Historically, the traditional, and largest application of Photogrammetry is to extract topographic information (e.g., topographic maps) from the aerial images, to support civil engineering projects.（歷史上，攝影測(cè)量傳統(tǒng)的最常見的應(yīng)用是從航空影像中提取地形信息（例如地形圖），以提供對(duì)土木工程項(xiàng)目的支撐。） Today, with advancements in computer technology, information can be gathered，assembled, sorted, and reported in expanded ways.（如今，隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步【advancement】，信息可以以更多的方式被收集、整合、存儲(chǔ)和生成報(bào)告。）Thesedevelopmentshavethrustphotogrammetryfromalimitedsupportserviceroletotheforefrontofdigitalinteractiveinformationgathering.（這些發(fā)展已經(jīng)推動(dòng)了攝影測(cè)量從有限的支撐服務(wù)角色向數(shù)字交互式信息收集的最前沿轉(zhuǎn)變。）One of the most common uses of photogrammetry is the analysis of aerial photography to extract ground elevations for the production of topographic maps.（攝影測(cè)量的一個(gè)最常見的應(yīng)用是分析航空相片提取地面高程來(lái)生成地形圖。）However,thefieldalsoincludestheproductionofdigitalorthophotographsanddigitalterrainmodels.（然而，這個(gè)領(lǐng)域也包括了生成數(shù)字正射影像以及數(shù)字地面模型。）Principally, photogrammetry can be divided into aerial photogrammetry and terrestrial photogrammetry or close-range photogrammetry.（攝影測(cè)量主要可以分為航空攝影測(cè)量和地面攝影測(cè)量或近景攝影測(cè)量。） Aerial photogrammetry uses special metric cameras to take photographs of ground from the aeroplane which flies over a certain area.（航空攝影測(cè)量使用特殊的量測(cè)相機(jī)【metric camera】從在一定區(qū)域內(nèi)航行的飛機(jī)上拍攝地面。） Then the overlapping part of each stereopair can be viewed in 3D and consequently mapped in 3D.（然后每一個(gè)立體像對(duì)的重疊部分可以以三維的形式顯示和繪制。） The most common utilization of aerial photogrammetry is in the production of base maps.（航空攝影測(cè)量的最常見的應(yīng)用是生成基礎(chǔ)底圖。） Mapping generated using aerial photogrammetry provides a cost-effective method of establishing an accurate digital base for such things as urban planning, terrain analysis and forest management.（使用航空攝影測(cè)量進(jìn)行制圖提供了一種為諸如城市規(guī)劃、地形分析、森林管理等建立準(zhǔn)確的數(shù)字基礎(chǔ)的性價(jià)比高【cost-effective】的方法。） Aerial photogrammetry can also be used for landfill or gravel pit monitoring, determining the location of ore bodies or determining proposed locations for utilities, such as pipelines and transmission lines.（航空攝影測(cè)量還能用于垃圾掩埋或采礫坑監(jiān)測(cè)，確定礦體的位置或例如管線和傳輸線等設(shè)施的建議位置。） Terrestrial photogrammetry or close-range photogrammetry, which generally refers to a camera-to-object distance less than 100 meters, is to obtain stereo photo pairs of an area to be mapped by photographing with a camera located on the ground and then engage in measurement or contour delineation with a stereoplotting instrument.（地面攝影測(cè)量或近景攝影測(cè)量，涉及到的相機(jī)到物體的距離一般小于100米，其目的是為了通過(guò)架設(shè)在地面的相機(jī)拍攝獲得待測(cè)區(qū)域的立體像對(duì)，然后使用立體繪圖儀測(cè)繪等高線。） Many uses for terrestrial or close-range photogrammetry include digital modeling for architectural restoration, medical imaging for forensic sciences and reconstructive surgery, data collection for structural stability studies of bridges and hydroelectric dams, and the documentation of traffic accidents and crime scenes by police departments.（地面攝影測(cè)量或近景攝影測(cè)量的應(yīng)用包括建筑物重建【architecture restoration】數(shù)字建模，司法科學(xué)【forensic science】和重建外科【reconstructive surgery】的醫(yī)學(xué)制圖，橋梁和水力發(fā)電大壩【hydroelectric dam】的結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定性研究的數(shù)據(jù)收集，以及警察部門對(duì)交通事故和犯罪現(xiàn)場(chǎng)【crime scene】的記錄。） Developments of Photogrammetry（攝影測(cè)量的發(fā)展） Photogrammetry was invented in 1851 by Laussedat, and has continued to develop over the last 150 years.（攝影測(cè)量由Laussedat于1851年發(fā)明，在過(guò)去的150年中得到了持續(xù)的發(fā)展。） Over time, the development of Photogrammetry has passed through the phases of, analogue photogrammetry, analytical photogrammetry, and has now entered the phase of digital photogrammetry.（在過(guò)去的時(shí)間中，攝影測(cè)量的發(fā)展經(jīng)過(guò)了模擬攝影測(cè)量和解析攝影測(cè)量的階段，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了數(shù)字?jǐn)z影測(cè)量的階段。） Three key phases of its developments are mentioned here as follows.（攝影測(cè)量的發(fā)展的三個(gè)關(guān)鍵階段如下所述） Analogue photogrammetry（模擬攝影測(cè)量）: It is to obtain a terrain model by simulating with two projectors the intersection of homologous rays from two cameras during exposure. Mechanical or optical principles are utilized for the solution of the relationship between the coordinates of an image point and the coordinates of an object, which is usually accomplished by space rods or optical projection, or both.（模擬攝影測(cè)量通過(guò)使用兩個(gè)投影儀模擬兩臺(tái)相機(jī)在曝光時(shí)同名射線的交會(huì)來(lái)獲取地面模型。利用機(jī)械或光學(xué)原理來(lái)解決像點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)和物點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)之間的關(guān)系，這一過(guò)程是通過(guò)空間導(dǎo)桿【space rod】或光學(xué)投影，或二者同時(shí)完成的。） The main products during this phase were topographic maps.（這一階段的主要產(chǎn)品是地形圖。） Analytical photogrammetry（解析攝影測(cè)量）: In this phase, the computer replaces some expensive optical and mechanical components by substituting analog measurement and calculation with mathematical computation to solve the relationship between the coordinates of an image point observed in the photographic two-dimensional coordinated system and the coordinates of an object photographed in the object 3D coordinate system.（在這一階段，通過(guò)用數(shù)學(xué)計(jì)算替代模擬測(cè)量計(jì)算以解決二維像方坐標(biāo)系中的像點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)與三維物方坐標(biāo)系中的所拍物體的坐標(biāo)之間的關(guān)系，計(jì)算機(jī)替代了昂貴的光學(xué)和機(jī)械部件。） Relying on pure mathematics rather than simulation devices, the analytical photogrammetry has the advantage of readily satisfying accuracy requirements and making corrections for all the known images errors.（單純依賴于數(shù)學(xué)而非模擬儀器，解析攝影測(cè)量的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是能輕易【readily】滿足精度需要，并且可以對(duì)所有已知的圖像誤差進(jìn)行改正。） Circumventing mechanical limitations such as those caused by the photographic principal distance, photo tilt, etc., it is capable of being applied to almost all kinds of photography.（因?yàn)楸苊饬擞蓴z影主距，相片傾斜等引起的機(jī)械方面的限制，解析攝影測(cè)量【it】能夠應(yīng)用于幾乎所有的拍攝方式。） The resulting devices were analog/digital hybrids.（最終的儀器是模擬和數(shù)字的混合體【hybrid】。） Analytical aerotriangulation, analytical plotters and orthophoto projectors were the main developments during this phase.（解析空中三角測(cè)量，解析繪圖儀和正射相片投影儀是這一階段的主要發(fā)展產(chǎn)物。） Outputs of the analytical photogrammetry can be topographic maps, but can also be digital products, such as digital maps and DEMs.（解析攝影測(cè)量的產(chǎn)品可以是地形圖，也可以是數(shù)字產(chǎn)品，例如數(shù)字地圖和DEM。） Digital photogrammetry（數(shù)字?jǐn)z影測(cè)量）: Digital techniques have become widely available during the last decades.（數(shù)字技術(shù)在過(guò)去的幾十年中已經(jīng)得到了廣泛的使用。） Digital photogrammetry is the photogrammetry as applied to digital images that are stored and processed on a computer.（數(shù)字?jǐn)z影測(cè)量是應(yīng)用于存儲(chǔ)于計(jì)算機(jī)并在其上處理的數(shù)字圖像的攝影測(cè)量技術(shù)。） Digital images can be scanned from photographs or can be directly captured by digital cameras.（數(shù)字圖像可以是掃描的相片或由數(shù)字相機(jī)直接獲取。） Here, the images are not on film but digitally stored on computer or disc.（在此，圖像并不存儲(chǔ)于膠片上而是以數(shù)字的方式存儲(chǔ)于計(jì)算機(jī)或盤上。） Each picture element (pixel) has its known position and measured intensity value.（每一個(gè)圖像元素（像素）都有已知的位置及量測(cè)出的強(qiáng)度值【intensity】。） Photographs are digitized before processing into picture elements with different grey levels, and then after a series of processing procedures on a computer such as automatic identification of homologous points, relative orientation, absolute orientation, etc.（相片在處理為不同灰度級(jí)的圖像元素之前先進(jìn)行數(shù)字化，然后經(jīng)過(guò)一系列的電腦處理流程，例如自動(dòng)識(shí)別同名點(diǎn)，） The final results of output can be topographic maps or the products in digital form, such as digital maps, DEMs, and digital orthophotos saved on computer storage media.（最終的輸出結(jié)果可以是地形圖或數(shù)字形式的產(chǎn)品，例如數(shù)字地圖、DEM、以及存儲(chǔ)于計(jì)算機(jī)存儲(chǔ)媒介上的數(shù)字正射相片。） Therefore Digital photogrammetry is sometimes called Full Digital (softcopy) Photogrammetry.（因此，數(shù)字?jǐn)z影測(cè)量有時(shí)被稱為全數(shù)字（軟拷貝【softcopy】）攝影測(cè)量。） It has several advantages:（數(shù)字?jǐn)z影測(cè)量【it】有若干優(yōu)點(diǎn)） (1) Digital softcopy workstations running on standard computers can be used rather than expensive plotting devices requiring special hardware;（運(yùn)行于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)計(jì)算機(jī)上的數(shù)字軟拷貝工作站可以替代需要特殊硬件的昂貴的繪圖儀。） (2) Data transfer is simpler with regard to plotting results because they can be post-processed on the same computer;（關(guān)于繪圖結(jié)果的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸更簡(jiǎn)單，因?yàn)檫@些結(jié)果可以在同一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)上后處理。） (3) Digital image processing techniques can be used for image enhancement;（數(shù)字圖像處理技術(shù)可以用于圖像） (4) Digital image processing techniques render possible the automation of photogrammetric measurement tasks.（數(shù)字圖像處理技術(shù)使得攝影測(cè)量工作自動(dòng)化成為可能。）VirtuoZoa Full Digital Photogrammetric System（VirtuoZo一個(gè)全數(shù)字?jǐn)z影測(cè)量系統(tǒng)） Supresofts proprietary spatial data processing software, VirtuoZo (a full digital photogrammetric system), is one of the most advanced surveying and mapping software suites available today.（適普軟件公司的空間數(shù)據(jù)處理專利軟件，VirtuoZo（全數(shù)字?jǐn)z影測(cè)量系統(tǒng)），是如今最先進(jìn)的測(cè)量制圖軟件之一。） VirtuoZo uses Supresofts core technologies such as bridge mode image matching and global image matching, utilizing a relaxation method.（VirtuoZo使用適普軟件的核心技術(shù)例如跨接法【bridge mode】影像匹配和基于松弛方法【relaxation method】的整體圖像匹配技術(shù)。） VirtuoZo is highly respected throughout the world due to its extraordinary operational speed and high matching accuracy.（由于其卓越的運(yùn)行速度和高匹配精度，VirtuoZo在世界范圍內(nèi)得到了認(rèn)可。） VirtuoZo, Combine 25 years of experience，with its most advanced and unique matching algorithm, was first conceived by Prof. Zhizhuo Wang (Academician of the Chinese Academy of Scienc