2013年廣州小升初備考指南-英語語法.doc

2013年廣州小升初備考指南-英語語法2013小升初英語語法知識要點：動詞的分類一、動詞的分類類別特點意義舉例實義動詞 (vt. vi。)及物動詞跟賓語須跟賓語一起才能表達完整的意思I have a book.。不及物動詞不能直接接賓語能獨立作謂語She always comes late。系動詞(link-v)跟表語不能獨立做謂語，跟表語構(gòu)成完整意思I am a student。助動詞(aux. v。)跟動詞原形或分詞(無詞匯意義)不能獨立做謂語，跟主要動詞構(gòu)成謂語，表示疑問，否定及各種時態(tài)He doesnt speak Chinese。I am watching TV。情態(tài)動詞 (mod. v。)跟動詞原形(有自己的詞匯意思)不能獨立做謂語。表示說話人語氣、情態(tài)，無人稱和數(shù)的變化We can do it by ourselves。That would be better。第二方面：短語動詞，短語動詞是由一些動詞和其它詞構(gòu)成短語，表達一個完整的意思。其構(gòu)成方式如下。構(gòu)成方式舉例動詞+介詞Look at, look after動詞+副詞Give up, put into動詞+副詞+介詞Catch up with, look down upon動詞+名詞+介詞Take care of, pay attention toBe+形容詞+介詞Be proud of, be afraid of復雜結(jié)構(gòu)Make up ones mind, wind ones way第三方面：按動詞的形式可以分為謂語動詞和非謂語動詞。1、 謂語動詞形式意義舉例人稱與主語在人稱一致I am reading now. 第一人稱數(shù)與主語在數(shù)上一致He writes well. 第三人稱單數(shù)時態(tài)表示動作發(fā)生的時間He wrote a letter to me last month. 過去時態(tài)語態(tài)主語是動作的發(fā)生者或者承受者We study English。主動The road was filled with rubbish. 被動語氣說話人表達事實、要求、愿望等He has flown to America. 事實I wish I could fly to the moon some day. 愿望2、 非謂語動詞形式意義用途舉例不定式起形容詞和名詞作用可作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語It takes me 20 minutes to go to school。動名詞起名詞作用作主語和賓語She likes reading。分詞現(xiàn)在分詞起形容詞、副詞作用，表主動作表語、定語、狀語、賓語補足語The cup is broken過去分詞起形容詞、副詞作用，表被動The steam is seen rising from the wet clothes。2013小升初英語語法知識要點：名詞的數(shù)可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復數(shù)兩種形式。這和漢語不同，比如，在漢語中，我們說一個蘋果，那就是一個蘋果，沒什么特殊變化。你要說三個蘋果，只需把“一”換成“三”就可以了。而在英語中，一個蘋果是one apple，三個蘋果是 three apples，不僅數(shù)量詞變化了，名詞也有相應的變化。下面我們就將名詞變復數(shù)的規(guī)則分為規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化。第一部分：規(guī)則變化情況構(gòu)成法讀音例詞一般情況(包括以e結(jié)尾的名詞)加-s-s在清輔音ptk f后讀Cups, cats, cakes, roofs, flags, keys, faces在濁輔音和元音后讀z口訣：清清濁濁元濁以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾加-esClasses, boxes, watches, brushes以輔音+y結(jié)尾變y為i，加es讀zCities, countries, studies以元音+y結(jié)尾加-s讀zBoys, rays, days有人還把以下兩個加入了名詞有規(guī)則變復數(shù)的行列：情況構(gòu)成法讀音例詞以o 結(jié)尾加-es讀zHeroes, tomatoes, potatoes, Negroes加-s讀zBamboos, radios, zoos, photos, pianos以f, fe結(jié)尾變f, fe為v，再加-es讀vzLeaf-leavesLife-livesWife-wivesThief-thievesHalf-halvesKnife-knivesWolf-wolvesSelf-selvesLoaf-loaves加-s讀Roofs, proofs, chiefs, beliefs, gulfs第二部分：不規(guī)則變化我們經(jīng)常會看到有些名詞變復數(shù)時并沒有遵循上述規(guī)則。這就是名詞的不規(guī)則變化。還有一些名詞，單復數(shù)是同一個形式的。不過，我們還是可以通過一些比較，發(fā)現(xiàn)其中的一些奧妙。以下我將為大家講講名詞的不規(guī)則變化。一、有些名詞中保存了英語中古舊的復數(shù)形式，如：man-men woman-womentooth-teeth foot-feetchild-children goose-geesemouse-mice ox-oxen二、有些是外來詞，仍保有原來的復數(shù)形式，如：Phenomenon-phenomena(現(xiàn)象)Formula-formulae(公式)Thesis-theses(論文)Basis-bases(基礎(chǔ))Analysis-analyses(分析)Criterion-criteria(標準)Crisis-crises(危機)Appendix-appendices(附錄)三、部分單詞的復數(shù)形式不變。例：fishfish; sheepsheep; cattlecattle; deerdeer; salmonsalmon, meansmeans四、compound nouns，這類復數(shù)詞是以主要的名詞來表示例：daughter-in-lawdaughters-in-law 媳婦; father-in-lawfathers-in-law岳父man-of-warmen-of-war兵艦; maid-servantmaid-servantsstep-sonstep-sons晚子; son-in-lawsons-in-law。但是，也有些合成名詞，特別是由man和woman構(gòu)成的合成名詞，里面所含的成分，全都要變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)，如：Man-servant-men-servants，woman doctor-women doctors等五、有些名詞經(jīng)常是帶著-s詞尾的，但通常都作單數(shù)看待，如：Phonetics(語音學)，physics(物理學)，optics(光學)，politics(政治)，news(新聞)等。六、另一些名詞則以復數(shù)詞出現(xiàn)的機會較多例：bellows風箱; clothes; police; shorts短褲; scissors剪刀; spectacles眼鏡; shears大剪刀，trousers長褲，wages工資，belongings所有物， surroundings環(huán)境，savings儲蓄，findings調(diào)查結(jié)果，arms武器，clothes衣服，stairs樓梯，等七、另外還有一些名詞，其復數(shù)形式有時可表示特別意思，例：goods貨物，waters水域，fishes(各種)魚，papers文件，證件，greens青菜，manners禮貌，ruins廢墟，troops軍隊，looks外貌，times時代，等第三部分：不可數(shù)名詞的計量方法(1)一般用“數(shù)字+of+計量單位+名詞”表示，(注意：當數(shù)字大于一時，表示計量單位的名詞可以有復數(shù)形式)。如：a piece of news 一則新聞 a piece of meat 一塊肉 a glass of wine一杯酒 two bowls of rice 兩碗米 a sum of money 一筆錢 five bags of flour 一袋面粉 a drop of water 一滴水 three bottles of milk 三瓶牛奶 two pieces of advice 兩條建議(2)用much/some/ a little/ little/ a lot of/ plenty of+不可數(shù)名詞練習題：1、 All the people at the conference are _。a. mathematic teachers c. mathematics teacherb. mathematics teachers d. mathematics teachers (C)2、All the _ in the hospital got a rise last month。a. women doctors c. woman doctorsb. women doctor d. woman doctor (a)3、-Are there any _ on the farm?-Yes, there are some。A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep (D)4、- They are thirsty. Will you please give them _ ?- Certainly。A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of waterC. some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters (B)5、Mike hurt one of his _ in the accident yesterday。A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear (B)6、There is some _ on the plate。A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears (B)7、The little baby has two _ already。A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths (C)8、We need some more_. Can you go and get some, please?A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe (C)9、Please remember to give the horse some tree_。A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave (B)10、He gave us_ on how to keep fit。A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice (B)11、Please pass me _。A. two glass of water B. two glasses of watersC. two glasses of water D. two glass water (C)12、There are a lot of _ down there but hardly any _。A. sheeps, people B.sheep, people C. sheeps, peoples D. sheep, peoples (B)13、This table is made of _。A. many glass B. glasses C. some glasses D. glass (D)14、_ can get a better view of the game than the participants。A. Looker-on B. Lookers-on C. Looker-ons D. Lookers-ons (B)15、Some _ are flying kites near the river。A. child B. boy C. boys D. childs (C)16、Mr. Smith always has _ to tell us。A. some good pieces of news B. some pieces of good newsC. some good piece of news D. some piece of good news (B)17、Twelve _ were hurt, but no _ were lost in that accident。A. person; life B. people; lives C. peoples; lives D. persons; life (B)18、In the view of the foreign experts, there wasnt _ oil here。A. much B. lots of C. a great deal of D. many (A)19、The police investigated those _ about the accident。A. stander-by C. standers-byB. stander-bys D. standers-bys (B)20、Generally there are _ television programs for children on Saturday。A. little B. much C. a large number of D. a large amount of (C)2013小升初英語語法知識要點：動詞不定式分類1、動詞+ 不定式afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, be, decide, bother, care, choose, come, dare, demand, desire, determine, expect, elect, endeavor, hope, fail, happen, help, hesitate, learn, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, wait, wish, undertakeThe driver failed to see the other car in time.司機沒能及時看見另一輛車。I happen to know the answer to your question.我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案。2) 動詞+不定式;動詞+賓語+不定式ask, beg, choose, expect, hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wishI like to keep everything tidy.我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜歡你使每件東西都保持整潔。I want to speak to Tom. 我想和湯姆談話。I want you to speak to Tom. 我想讓你和湯姆談話。3) 動詞+疑問詞+ todecide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tellPlease show us how to do that. 請演示給我們?nèi)绾稳プ觥here are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind which to buy。有這么多的錄音機，我都拿不定主意買哪一種。注意疑問詞帶不定式在句中作成分時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：The question is how to put it into practice. 問題是怎樣把它付諸實施。2. 不定式作補語1) 動詞+賓語+不定式(to do)advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, command, compel, consider, declare, drive, enable, encourage, find, forbid, force, guess, hire, imagine, impel, induce, inform, instruct, invite, judge, know, like, order, permit, persuade, remind, report, request, require, select, send, state, suppose, tell, think, train, trust, understand, urge, warna. Father will not allow us to play on the street.父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。b. We believe him to be guilty. 我們相信他是有罪的。Find 的特殊用法Find 后可用分詞做賓補，或先加形式賓語，再加形容詞，最后加帶to 的動詞不定式。find后也可帶一個從句。此類動詞還有g(shù)et，have。I found him lying on the ground。I found it important to learn。I found that to learn English is important。The next morning she found the man _ in bed，dead.A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying答案：A. find的賓語后面，用分詞或分詞短語，起賓語補足語作用?，F(xiàn)在分詞表達主動，也表達正在進行，過去分詞表達被動。2) to + be 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，作補語的動詞。acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(聲稱)， discover, fancy(設想)， feel, find,guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解)， show, suppose, take(以為)， understandWe consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. 我們認為湯姆是班上最好的學生之一。典型例題Charles Babbage is generally considered_ the first computer.A. to inventB. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只說明發(fā)明這一個事實，不定式后用原形即可。而C為現(xiàn)在完成時，發(fā)明為點動詞一般不用完成時，且此處也不強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，因此不選C。3) to be +形容詞seen, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, meanThe book is believed to be uninteresting.人們認為這本書沒什么意思。4) there be+不定式believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, understandWe didnt expect there to be so many people there. 我們沒料到會有那么多人在哪里。注意有些動詞需用as 短語做補語，如regard, think believe, take, consider。We regard Tom as our best teacher.我們認為湯姆是我們最好的老師。Mary took him as her father .瑪麗把他當作自己的父親。3. 不定式作主語1) Its easy (for me) to do that. 我做這事太容易了。easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enoughIts so nice to hear your voice.聽到你的聲音真高興。Its necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 當你不用車的時候，鎖車是有必要的。2) Its very kind of you to help us. 他幫助我們，他真好。kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考慮周到的)， silly, selfish(自私的)It was silly of us to believe him.我們真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西，這顯得太自私了。注意1) 其他系動詞如，look，appear等也可用于此句型2) 不定式作為句子成分時，動詞用單數(shù)形式。3) 當不定式作主語的句子中又有一個不定式作表語時，不能用It is to的句型(對)To see is to believe.百聞不如一見。(錯)It is to believe to see。Its for sb。和 Its of sb。1) for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特點，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：Its very hard for him to study two languages. 對他來說學兩門外語是很難的。2) of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。Its very nice of you to help me. 你來幫助我，你真是太好了。for 與of 的辨別方法用介詞后面的代詞作主語，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語，造個句子。如果道理上通順用of，不通則用for。如：You are nice.(通順，所以應用of)。He is hard.(人是困難的，不通，因此應用for。)4. 不定式作表語不定式可放在be動詞后面，形成表語。例如：My work is to clean the room every day。His dream is to be a doctor。5. 不定式作定語不定式做定語通常要放在被修飾的詞后。例如：I have a lot of work to do.So he made some candles to give light。6. 不定式作狀語1) 目的狀語To only to (僅僅為了)， in order to, so as to, so(such) as to (如此以便)He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。I come here only to say good-bye to you.我來僅僅是向你告別。2) 作結(jié)果狀語，表事先沒有預料到的，要放在句子后面。What have I said to make you angry。He searched the room only to find nothing。3) 表原因Im glad to see you。典型例題The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to _.A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on答案：B.如果不定式為不及物動詞，其后應有必要的介詞。當動詞與介詞連用時，常位于形容詞+動詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的末尾。用作介詞的toto 有兩種用法：一為不定式+動詞原形; 一為介詞+名詞/動名詞， to 在下面的用法中是第二種，即to+ 名詞/動名詞：admit to承認，confess to承認，be accustomed to 習慣于，be used to 習慣于，stick to 堅持，turn to開始，著手于，devote oneself to 獻身于，be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望，pay attention to注意省to 的動詞不定式1) 情態(tài)動詞 ( 除ought 外，ought to)：2) 使役動詞 let, have, make：3) 感官動詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補，省略to。注意在被動語態(tài)中則to 不能省掉。I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance。The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night。4) would rather，had better：5) Why / why not：6) help 可帶to，也可不帶to, help sb (to) do sth：7) but和except：but前是動詞do時，后面出現(xiàn)的動詞用不帶to的動詞不定式。8) 由and, or和than連接的兩個不定式，第二個to 可以省去：9) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等詞后，可以省去to be：He is supposed (to be) nice.他應該是個好人。舉例：He wants to move to France and marry the girl. He wants to do nothing but go out. 比較：He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine。典型例題1) - I usually go there by train.- Why not _ by boat for a change?A. to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going答案：D. why not 后面接不帶to 的不定式，因此選D。2) Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard.A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning答案：B. make后接不帶to 的動詞不定式，當其用于被動時，to 不可省略。動詞不定式的否定式Tell him not to shut the windowShe pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走過的時候，她假裝沒看見典型例題1) Tell him _ the window.A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut答案：B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式為tell sb not to do sth。2) She pretended _ me when I passed by.A.not to see B. not seeingC. to not see D.having not seen答案：A。 pretend 后應接不定式。其否定形式為pretend not to do sth.。3) Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking。A. never to drive B. to never driverC. never driving D. never drive答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式為warn sb not to do sth. 此處用的是否定詞never。4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him _.A. not toB. not to doC. not do it D. do not to答案：A。not to 為not to do it 的省略形式?？梢灾挥胻o這個詞，而不必重復整個不定式詞組。及物動詞do后應有名詞、代詞等，否則不對，因此B，D不對。5) The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation。A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eatD. not eating答案：C。warn一詞要求后用不定式，此處為不定式的被動，否定形式為be warned not to do?，F(xiàn)在來總結(jié)一些動詞不定式的特殊句型!不定式的特殊句型tooto1) tooto 太以至于He is too excited to speak. 他太激動了，說不出話來。- Can I help you ? 需要我?guī)兔?- Well, Im afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.不用了。這箱子太重，恐怕你搬不動。謝謝您。2) 如在too前有否定詞，則整個句子用否定詞表達肯定， too 后那個詞表達一種委婉含義，意 為不太。Its never too late to mend.(諺語) 改過不嫌晚。3) 當too 前面有only, all, but時，意思是：非常 等于very。Im only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高興能幫助你。He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。不定式的特殊句型so as to1) 表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do。Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.湯姆對事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 輕點進去，別驚醒了嬰兒。2) so kind as to -勞駕Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 勞駕，現(xiàn)在幾點了。不定式的特殊句型Why notWhy not +動詞原形表達向某人提出建議，翻譯為：為什么不? 干嗎不?例如：Why not take a holiday?干嗎不去度假?不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)時態(tài)語態(tài)主動被動一般式to doto be done進行式to be doing完成式to have doneto have been done完成進行式to have been doing1) 現(xiàn)在時：一般現(xiàn)在時表示的動詞，有時與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生，有時發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之后。He seems to know this。I hope to see you again. = I hope that Ill see you again.我希望再見到你。2) 完成時：表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。Im sorry to have given you so much trouble。He seems to have caught a cold。3) 進行時：表示動作正在進行，與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生。He seems to be eating something。4) 完成進行時：She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years。動名詞與不定式1) 動名詞與不定式的區(qū)別：動名詞表達的是： 狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)，心境，抽象，經(jīng)常性，已發(fā)生的不定式表達的是： 目的，結(jié)果，原因，具體，一次性，將發(fā)生的2) 接不定式或動名詞，意義相同。3) 動名詞與不定式語義不同的有11 組：stop to do stop doingforget to do forget doingremember to do remember doingcease to do cease doingtry to do try doinggo on to do go on doingafraid to do afraid doinginterested to do interested doingmean to do mean doingregret to do regret doingbegin/start to do begin/start doing特殊詞精講stop doing/to dostop to do停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing停止做某事。They stop to smoke a cigarette.他們停下來，抽了根煙。I must stop smoking. 我必須戒煙了。典型例題She reached the top of the hill and stopped _on a big rock by the side of the path.A. to have restedB. resting C. to restD. rest答案：C。由題意可知，她到了山頂，停下來在一個路邊的大石頭上休息。因此，應選擇stop to do sth. 停下來去做另一件事。而不僅僅是爬山動作的終止，所以stop doing sth。不正確。stop doing/to doforget doing/to doforget to do忘記要去做某事。(未做)forget doing忘記做過某事。(已做)The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off. 辦公室的燈還在亮著，它忘記關(guān)了。(沒有做關(guān)燈的動作)He forgot turning the light off. 他忘記他已經(jīng)關(guān)了燈了。( 已做過關(guān)燈的動作)Dont forget to come tomorrow. 別忘了明天來。(to come動作未做)典型例題- The light in the office is still on。- Oh, I forgot_.A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off答案：C。由the light is still on 可知燈亮著，即關(guān)燈的動作沒有發(fā)生，因此用forget to do sth。而forget doing sth表示燈已經(jīng)關(guān)上了，而自己忘記了這一事實。此處不符合題意。try doing/to dotry to do努力，企圖做某事。try doing 試驗，試著做某事。You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。I tried gardening but didnt succeed. 我試著種果木花卉，但未成功。go on doing/to dogo on to do做了一件事后，接著做另一件事。go on doing 繼續(xù)做原來做的事。After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics. 做完數(shù)學后，他接著去做物理。Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完這個練習后，接著做其他的練習be afraid doing/to dobe afraid to do不敢，膽怯去做某事，是主觀上的原因不去做，意為怕;be afraid of doing擔心出現(xiàn)doing的狀況、結(jié)果。 doing 是客觀上造成的，意為生怕，恐怕。She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake. 她生怕被蛇咬著，而不敢在草叢中再走一步。She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。be interested doing/to dointerested to do 對做某事感興趣，想了解某事。interested in doing 對某種想法感興趣，doing 通常為想法。I shall be interested to know what happens. 我很想知道發(fā)生了什么事。 (想了解)Im interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that? 我對在瑞士工作感興趣。你想過這事嗎? (一種想法)mean to doing/to domean