雅思閱讀標(biāo)題題型精講ppt課件

1、雅思閱讀標(biāo)題題型精講,標(biāo)題題型概述,雅思閱讀中，標(biāo)題配對(duì)題（List of headings）是雅思閱讀中的一種重要題型，要求給段落找小標(biāo)題。它一般位于文章之前，由兩部分組成：一部分是選項(xiàng)，另一部分是段落編號(hào)，標(biāo)題序號(hào)為羅馬數(shù)字(如i、ii、iii等)，在選項(xiàng)下方是有待匹配段落標(biāo)題的段落符號(hào)(如Paragraph A、Paragraph B等)，題目要求給各個(gè)段落找到與它對(duì)應(yīng)的選項(xiàng)，即表達(dá)了該段中心思想的選項(xiàng)。有時(shí)還會(huì)舉一個(gè)例子。當(dāng)然，例子中的選項(xiàng)是不會(huì)作為答案的。heading是除matching外另一不好拿分的題型，這是由于heading題的一大特點(diǎn)所決定的，即錯(cuò)一個(gè)就很可能導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)一片，但

2、同時(shí)，這一題型的比例卻一直不低。因此，這一題目應(yīng)該引起考生的注意,標(biāo)題題型要求,這種題型主要考查考生們根據(jù)上下文猜出某些詞句大意，弄清句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，正確理解文章，把握段落大意和主旨的能力。除了考生要有良好的英文閱讀功底之外，還需要培養(yǎng)閱讀中的邏輯思維。因此它是雅思閱讀考試難度頗大的一類題型,文章段落結(jié)構(gòu)邏輯分類,應(yīng)對(duì)這種題型，首先要做的就是了解雅思閱讀文章的段落結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)。當(dāng)了解了該類文章的段落結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)后，此類文章就會(huì)清晰一些 由于西方人是直線式思維的，不同于中國人的螺旋式思維模式，因此雅思閱讀文章的段落結(jié)構(gòu)有其明顯的特點(diǎn)，考生只要抓住這些特點(diǎn)就能輕松得出段落大意。而雅思閱讀文章的段落結(jié)構(gòu)

3、通常可以分為四種。 1，演繹法（deductive method） 演繹法指的是由觀點(diǎn)到例子及論據(jù)，所以主題句在該段話的第一句，但有時(shí)，第一句是個(gè)過渡性或描述性的句子，主題句有可能放在放在該段話的第二句，總之，主題句在第一句或第二句，都是deductive method,文章段落結(jié)構(gòu)邏輯分類,總分式常見結(jié)構(gòu)： There is no denying that It is of the greatest importance to do/that Etc For example/Instance， In a typical example， Not only，but also A good ca

4、se in point is Etc,文章段落結(jié)構(gòu)邏輯分類,如劍8Test 4Passage 1Section D Lessons all follow the same pattern.At the beginning, the pupils put solutions to the homework on the board, then the teachers comment, correct or elaborate as necessary. Pupils mark their own homework: this is an important principle in Japan

5、ese schooling as it enables pupils to see where and why they made a mistake, so that these can be avoided in future. No one minds mistakes or ignorance as long as you are prepared to learn from them. After the homework has been discussed,the teacher explains the topic of the lesson, slowly and with

6、a lot of repetition and elaboration.Examples are demonstrated on the board; questions from the textbook are worked through first with the class, and thenOnly rarely are supplementary worksheets distributed in a maths class. The impression is that the logical nature of the textbooks and renders work

7、sheets unnecessary. At this point, the teacher would circulate and make sure that all the pupils were copying well,文章段落結(jié)構(gòu)邏輯分類,此段屬于明顯的總分式結(jié)構(gòu)，第一句“Lessons all follow the same pattern”統(tǒng)領(lǐng)整個(gè)段落，然后分別用“At the beginning”和“After the homework has been discussed”為信號(hào)，解說整個(gè)課堂的授課流程。但是這種總分式的段落結(jié)構(gòu)在雅思閱讀考試的文章中量不是特別大，通常占五分

8、之一的比例,文章段落結(jié)構(gòu)邏輯分類,2，歸納法(inductive method)。 Inductive method 是指由例子及論據(jù)到觀點(diǎn)，所以主題句在該段的最后一句,文章段落結(jié)構(gòu)邏輯分類,分總式段落常見結(jié)構(gòu) “” If /when Etc This is Therefore/thus Etc,文章段落結(jié)構(gòu)邏輯分類,如劍6Test 4Passage 1C段 Selling pharmaceuticals is a daily exercise in ethical judgment. Salespeople like Schaefer walk the line between the co

9、mmon practice of buying a prospects time with a free meal, and bribing doctors to prescribe their drugs. They work in an industry highly criticized for its sales and marketing practices, but find themselves in the middle of the age-old chicken-or-egg question business wont use strategies that dont w

10、ork,soare doctors to blame for the escalating extravagance of pharmaceutical marketing? Or is it the industrys responsibility to decide the boundaries,文章段落結(jié)構(gòu)邏輯分類,此段屬于典型的分總式結(jié)構(gòu)，段落前面部分講了很多信息，但在后面部分用信號(hào)詞“so”做了歸納總結(jié)，而歸納總結(jié)的內(nèi)容才是本段最重要的內(nèi)容?？忌枰⒁獾氖怯捎谖鞣饺耸侵本€式思維模式，這種段落結(jié)構(gòu)在雅思閱讀中并不是很常見，僅是極偶爾出現(xiàn)而已,文章段落結(jié)構(gòu)邏輯分類,3，轉(zhuǎn)折式結(jié)構(gòu)（出現(xiàn)

11、轉(zhuǎn)折詞或相應(yīng)表達(dá)，把思路逆轉(zhuǎn)） 如劍6Test 2Passage 1Section B（出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折詞） In the UK, travel times to work had been stable for at least six centuries, with people avoiding situations that required them to spend more than half an hour travelling to work. Trains and cars initially allowed people to live at greater distances

12、without taking longer to reach their destination.However,public infrastructure did not keep pace with urban sprawl, causing massive congestion problems which now make commuting times far higher. 此段屬于典型的轉(zhuǎn)折式結(jié)構(gòu)，用“However”作為信號(hào)詞，把思路逆轉(zhuǎn)，轉(zhuǎn)折后的內(nèi)容為本段的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容。這種轉(zhuǎn)折式的段落結(jié)構(gòu)在雅思閱讀文章中偶爾出現(xiàn)，即使出現(xiàn)占的比例通常也不高，基本為五分之一左右,文章段落結(jié)構(gòu)邏輯

13、分類,轉(zhuǎn)折式段落常見結(jié)構(gòu) AHowever，B A，it is true，but B While/Although A，more important is B,文章段落結(jié)構(gòu)邏輯分類,4，并列結(jié)構(gòu)（附加新的信息，即信息之間為并列關(guān)系） 如劍6Test 4Passage 3Paragraph B Bullying is clearly unpleasant, andcan makethe child experiencing it feel unworthy and depressed. In extreme casesit can even lead tosuicide, though this

14、 is thankfully rare.Victimized pupils are more likely toexperience difficulties with interpersonal relationships as adults,while children who persistently bully are more likely togrow up to be physically violent, and convinced of anti-social offences. 此段屬于典型的并列式結(jié)構(gòu)，段落中的三句話分別用“make”、“l(fā)ead to”、“be more

15、 likely to”從不同方面講解bullying對(duì)孩子的影響，屬于并列信息。這種段落結(jié)構(gòu)考生只要根據(jù)信息之間的共同點(diǎn)來歸納段落大意即可。在雅思閱讀考試中，這種段落結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)的頻率非常高，而且量也比較大，所占比例有時(shí)高達(dá)五分之四,文章段落結(jié)構(gòu)邏輯分類,但是我怎么知道某段話是用演繹法寫的，還是歸納法寫的？不讀完整段話，是不知道的。但讀完整段話，很浪費(fèi)時(shí)間，而且，由于文章句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，再加上有一些不熟悉的單詞，很可能你也讀不太懂。所以，若讀完整段話在來選擇該段的Heading, 不僅時(shí)間不夠用，而且往往正確率也不高。上面介紹的方法，就是按照概率，首先認(rèn)為段落是用演繹法寫的，而且主題句在第一句，按照

16、第一句的意思，在選項(xiàng)列表中確定正確答案。如果選項(xiàng)列表中有一項(xiàng)與這句話的意思相同，即可認(rèn)為是正確答案。如果不能確定，再依次讀該段話的第二句和最后一句，再與選項(xiàng)列表中的各選項(xiàng)一一對(duì)應(yīng)，確定正確答案。實(shí)踐證明，這種方法不僅節(jié)省時(shí)間，而且正確率也很高,標(biāo)題題型特點(diǎn),1，定位容易：原文定位的時(shí)候只需要看指定的是哪個(gè)段落進(jìn)行答案查找就可以了，所以定位很簡(jiǎn)單； 2，該題型主要考查考生對(duì)原文內(nèi)容或宏觀信息進(jìn)行提煉、概括的能力。 3，一一對(duì)應(yīng)：一個(gè)標(biāo)題只能對(duì)應(yīng)一個(gè)段落，意味著每個(gè)標(biāo)題只能用一次，所以題目例子選過的可以直接劃掉排除； 4，首題出現(xiàn)：這種題型是在文章的前面給出一組標(biāo)題，作為第一組題出現(xiàn)，同學(xué)們?cè)诳荚?/p>

17、的時(shí)候千萬不要出現(xiàn)漏做的情況。 5，題目中給出的標(biāo)題個(gè)數(shù)通常多于有待匹配的段落個(gè)數(shù)，也就是說，并不是所有的標(biāo)題都一定能用到,標(biāo)題題型解題思路,1，如果題目中有示例，則要?jiǎng)澋衾又幸呀?jīng)選過的標(biāo)題及文章中所對(duì)應(yīng)的段落，以免誤選；要確認(rèn)哪些段落需要匹配段落大意，以原文中標(biāo)有“A、B、C、D”的段落為準(zhǔn)，不要想當(dāng)然認(rèn)為A就對(duì)應(yīng)第一段，因?yàn)橛袝r(shí)原文中出現(xiàn)的A段并不一定就是原文中的第一段。 2，瀏覽每個(gè)標(biāo)題，劃核心字，同時(shí)排除正確可能性較低的選項(xiàng)；具體的說，錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)一般具有如下特征：帶有some的選項(xiàng)；“雙胞胎”標(biāo)題中相比之下過于具體的；比如在劍七test3 269頁中出現(xiàn)的vii和ix就能證明這一點(diǎn),標(biāo)

18、題題型解題思路,vii. Long-standing questions about prehistoric migration to America； ix. Questions about the causes of prehistoric migration to America,標(biāo)題題型解題思路,不難看出兩個(gè)標(biāo)題中包含著兩個(gè)相同的關(guān)鍵信息questions 和prehistoric migration to America，這就是我們所謂的“雙胞胎選項(xiàng)，但是不同的是ix標(biāo)題中具體到了”關(guān)于史前美洲移民原因的問題“，而vii. 只是指出了”史前美洲的移民的問題“，相比之下，vii的包含范

19、圍更廣，意味著它的正確性更高；B段的第一句話：Recent work on the problem of when people first entered the Americas is an example of the value of these new techniques，由此可見B段中只是引出了首次進(jìn)入美洲大陸的人口問題，并沒有提到人類遷移的原因，所以更加具體的ix就是錯(cuò)誤的，正確答案是vii,標(biāo)題題型解題思路,錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)特征：包含人名或國家名；還是借用劍橋7 Test 3 - P2中的例子說明，iii. Greenbergs analysis of the dental and

20、linguistic evidence； v. Indian migration from Canada to the USA；像包含Greenberg這樣的人名或像v.一樣主要說明了跟 Canada，USA這些地名有關(guān)的標(biāo)題盡量不要選，一般都不會(huì)是正確的,標(biāo)題題型解題思路,錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)特征： 與原文特別一致。一般來說，每個(gè)小標(biāo)題都是對(duì)于原文主題句的改寫，所以當(dāng)某一個(gè)標(biāo)題與原文語句甚至用詞特別一致的時(shí)候都應(yīng)該懷疑；換言之，原文原詞重現(xiàn)的標(biāo)題一般是錯(cuò)誤的。例如，劍6Test 2- P1，標(biāo)題vi. The impact of telecommunications on population dist

21、ribution 電信對(duì)于人口分布的影響；原文E段的第一句話就提到了It was once assumed that improvements in telecommunications would lead to more dispersal in the population曾有人假設(shè)電信的進(jìn)步將促使人口的進(jìn)一步分散，但是往后讀，隨之而來的一句由however引導(dǎo)的句子徹底推翻了上述說法，However， the explanation for this seems to be that it is valuable to place people working in related t

22、ogether. 然而，似乎更合理的解釋為，將工作在相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的人聚集在一起可以創(chuàng)造更大的價(jià)值。所以，再次強(qiáng)調(diào)，當(dāng)在考試中看到標(biāo)題里包含原文原詞的時(shí)候，一定不要選，那是考官給我們挖的丟分陷阱,標(biāo)題題型解題思路,另一方面，考生可以利用“核心詞原則”來排除干擾項(xiàng)。所謂“核心詞原則”，是指核心詞在某個(gè)段落中出現(xiàn)是含有該核心詞的標(biāo)題成為該段段落大意的前提條件。換句話說，如果標(biāo)題中的核心詞未能在原文某一段落出現(xiàn)，那么含有該核心詞的標(biāo)題也必然不能成為與該段落對(duì)應(yīng)的段落大意,標(biāo)題題型解題思路,那么我們應(yīng)該怎么選擇核心詞呢？ 首先應(yīng)該找那些獨(dú)特的名詞，因?yàn)樘y發(fā)生同義替換或轉(zhuǎn)述，其次，獨(dú)特動(dòng)詞，再其次，獨(dú)特形容

23、詞。但是需謹(jǐn)記，不要拿副詞做關(guān)鍵詞，因?yàn)楦痹~很容易被替換。最后，高頻詞應(yīng)該被排除,標(biāo)題題型解題思路,3，帶著題目中的核心字從頭開始讀文章，找段落主題句，最后就可以從list中選答案了。首先，在這里有必要先說一下劃小標(biāo)題關(guān)鍵字所需的小技巧： A of/ to/ for B的結(jié)構(gòu)中，B是關(guān)鍵字；但是當(dāng)B是在文章標(biāo)題中出現(xiàn)或用來指代文章標(biāo)題中的詞，或是不斷大量的在文中重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的高頻詞時(shí)，我們所需要?jiǎng)澇龅年P(guān)鍵字就變成了A；A and B，A than/ rather than B，from A to B 這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)時(shí)，A和B都是關(guān)鍵字，必須在標(biāo)題中都標(biāo)記出來。 對(duì)于動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)的標(biāo)題，核心詞通常在賓語

24、部分；對(duì)于包含介詞的標(biāo)題，介詞后的名詞往往應(yīng)被視為核心詞； 對(duì)于“形容詞+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)的標(biāo)題，核心詞通常為名詞,其次，關(guān)于主題句所在位置問題，一般我們常說在文章段落中找三句話：第一句，最后一句或是第二句，但是在劍四到劍九書中，首句為主題句的文章比例大概在60%左右，首二句大概在75%左右，首末句和其他，如轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系或特殊符號(hào)大概在85左右,不難發(fā)現(xiàn)在我們讀文章找主題句的時(shí)候用老的方法和套路找不到段落重點(diǎn)的原因了，現(xiàn)在雅思閱讀文章中的主題句更傾向于藏在以下這些地方，所以在老三句找不到主旨的情況下或以下任一出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候，就請(qǐng)關(guān)注它們吧,1，”？“ “：“ “ ；” 后的一句； 2，表轉(zhuǎn)折或因果關(guān)系連接詞

25、的后一句： however/ but/ yet/ nevertheless/ nonetheless/ whereas；although/ while后的主句，instead； as a result/ consequence， consequently，so/ thus/ thereby/ therefore,3，舉例的前后一句：for example/instance， as an example/ to illustrate； 4，indeed adv.后； 5， 定義性強(qiáng)調(diào)句：A is defined as . ，A is known/ called/ referred to as.，

26、Namely，That is . / This is .,6.下一自然段首句。 因?yàn)橥鶎懳恼聲r(shí)自然段首句常采用承上啟下的方式來書寫，因此首句總結(jié)上段中心同時(shí)引起本段討論內(nèi)容,4，根據(jù)段落大意找出與之相符的標(biāo)題；如果遇到不太確定的標(biāo)題，可以依據(jù)“核心詞原則”選出正確標(biāo)題。另外，注意是否有相似或相反的標(biāo)題，若有則至少有一個(gè)會(huì)是正確答案 如果核心詞在段落中沒有出現(xiàn)，則該標(biāo)題應(yīng)當(dāng)被排除，不予考慮；如果核心詞在段落中出現(xiàn)，該標(biāo)題也只是滿足前提條件(即有可能成為段落的段落大意)，但究竟能不能作為段落大意，考生仍需結(jié)合段落內(nèi)容作出最終判斷,如果段落結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜，又存在大量生詞，可能導(dǎo)致我們難以找到主題句。

27、這時(shí)候我們應(yīng)該注意如果一段話在不斷重復(fù)某一概念，就說明這段話在圍繞這個(gè)概念展開，這個(gè)概念就是這段話的主旨。 在一段話內(nèi)部重復(fù)出現(xiàn)可以分為三種類型： “原詞”重復(fù)、“同類詞”重復(fù)和“指代,同義詞重復(fù)：例如：“job/profession/career”屬于同義詞，可以概括成“work”。而“dance/ballet/classical music/painting”屬于近義詞，可以概括為“art”。 指代重復(fù)指的是一段話首句結(jié)束之后，為了避免用原詞重復(fù)某一概念，不得不使用諸如“it/he/she/they/one/this/that”等代詞,解題注意事項(xiàng),1. 亂序性，即正確答案在原文中無順序可

28、言 2.如果主題句比較復(fù)雜（如復(fù)合句），應(yīng)重點(diǎn)看主句部分。主題句中，常常有如下的句式： Although/While/Despite/Despite the fact的中文意思是：“雖然，但是”。前面是個(gè)讓步狀語從句，后面是主句，要說明的觀點(diǎn)在主句中。 3. 著重注意轉(zhuǎn)折，并列等連接詞 4. 適當(dāng)運(yùn)用排除法，越到最后就越要應(yīng)用該法 5. 答案不會(huì)出現(xiàn)重復(fù)使用現(xiàn)象，每個(gè)選項(xiàng)只會(huì)使用一次,解題注意事項(xiàng),6. 做出一道題就劃去一道題 7.干擾選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)是：段落中未展開說明的細(xì)節(jié)。 8.段落高頻詞理論 一段話中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的名詞或形容詞當(dāng)一個(gè)文章段落在10行以內(nèi)時(shí)，出現(xiàn)2次及為高頻詞，當(dāng)一個(gè)文章段落在11

29、行以上時(shí)，出現(xiàn)3次及為高頻詞 9，如果答案不確定，先將可能的選項(xiàng)全部選出,解題注意事項(xiàng),10.如果主題句中有show和suggest等詞，應(yīng)重點(diǎn)看其后的賓語從句。show和suggest是“表明”、“說明”的意思，其后的賓語從句往往是要說明的觀點(diǎn)，是該段的主旨。11.如果主句是not onlybut also句型，應(yīng)重點(diǎn)看but also后面的部分。Not onlybut also的意思是“不僅而且”，常用來承上啟下。not only的后面是“承上”，即上一段主旨，but also 后面的部分是“啟下”，即本段的主旨。所以重點(diǎn)看but also后面的部分,解題注意事項(xiàng),12，問句不會(huì)是主題句，

30、舉例子的句子不會(huì)是主題句。 13，正確答案應(yīng)是主題句的改寫，所以與主題句特別一致的選項(xiàng)應(yīng)引起懷疑。 14，如果需要閱讀整個(gè)段落，應(yīng)重點(diǎn)閱讀該段落中的重點(diǎn)詞句 A 反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞 B 括號(hào)里的詞 C 引號(hào)里的詞 D 黑體字 E斜體字,解題注意事項(xiàng),15，值得注意的是，選標(biāo)題的答案并不一定總是對(duì)該段大意的概括和總結(jié)，有時(shí)該段的選擇答案只是原文段落中提到的具體的細(xì)節(jié)，我們要特別提防這類的標(biāo)題題選項(xiàng)，有時(shí)候當(dāng)我們常規(guī)的找段落大意的方法找不到合適的標(biāo)題時(shí)，不妨從該段落中的細(xì)節(jié)具體信息入手解題,解題注意事項(xiàng),如劍八Test2Passage2,解題注意事項(xiàng),如劍八Test2Passage2,解題注意事項(xiàng),如劍

31、八Test2Passage2,解題注意事項(xiàng),如劍八Test2Passage2,標(biāo)題題解題技巧,1. 根據(jù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)做Heading 由于雅思（A類）閱讀以說明文和議論文為主，所以決定了文章的寫作模式比較固定。通常會(huì)在文章的開頭引出主題或提出論點(diǎn)，然后在中間段落進(jìn)行實(shí)證或邏輯分析（按照時(shí)間推進(jìn)，或者并列、遞進(jìn)等），在文章最后進(jìn)行結(jié)論，或者提出對(duì)未來的展望。因此如果我們對(duì)文章的開頭結(jié)尾段常用詞匯熟悉，有的時(shí)候可以事半功倍,標(biāo)題題解題技巧,1. 根據(jù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)做Heading 若標(biāo)題中出現(xiàn)concept，introduction，view，overview，explanation，definition，

32、background，blem等詞，一般對(duì)應(yīng)文章前面部分。 若標(biāo)題中出現(xiàn)summary,future，prospect，effect，conclusion,results,effect,impact,consequence.等詞，一般對(duì)應(yīng)文章后面部分,標(biāo)題題解題技巧,1. 根據(jù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)做Heading 若標(biāo)題中出現(xiàn) 表對(duì)比比較的詞compare，contrast，similar等; 表數(shù)據(jù)詞data,statistics,census,figure,number等; 表百分比的詞rate,percentage,proportion等; 表金錢的詞cost,expense,b

33、udget等; 表假設(shè)的詞hypothesis，assumption等。 表時(shí)間的詞 time，period等 一般對(duì)應(yīng)文章中間部分,標(biāo)題題解題技巧,2. 表轉(zhuǎn)折總結(jié)等的關(guān)鍵詞 當(dāng)然很多時(shí)候備選項(xiàng)中并沒有上面所說的關(guān)鍵字，我們則需要根據(jù)作者寫作的邏輯關(guān)系來做題。其中又以表示轉(zhuǎn)折和總結(jié)的關(guān)系詞最為重要。因?yàn)槿绻D(zhuǎn)折詞一出現(xiàn)，表明作者有新的內(nèi)容提出來,標(biāo)題題解題技巧,2. 表轉(zhuǎn)折總結(jié)等的關(guān)鍵詞 關(guān)于but, however,although,eventhough,nevertheless/despitethefact. Asaresult/asaconsequence、Sb.+vt. （show/

34、suggest）.等詞語的論述已是老生常談，關(guān)于這一考點(diǎn)在雅思閱讀中的例子也是不勝枚舉。在這里重點(diǎn)談?wù)搸讉€(gè)陷阱詞。這是因?yàn)?，這些詞通常比較隱蔽，不容易引起大家的注意,標(biāo)題題解題技巧,2. 表轉(zhuǎn)折總結(jié)等的關(guān)鍵詞 比如劍橋七里面： Thereisawidespread（陷阱詞）beliefthatincreasingwealthencouragespeopletolive fartheroutwherecarsaretheonlyviabletransport.TheexampleofEuropeancities refutes（轉(zhuǎn)折詞）that. 這段文字中，widespread就是一個(gè)陷阱詞，

35、它的后面出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折詞refute, 但是由于refute這個(gè)詞語有的考生不認(rèn)識(shí)，或者因?yàn)闆]有明顯的轉(zhuǎn)折的關(guān)系詞而被忽略,標(biāo)題題解題技巧,2. 表轉(zhuǎn)折總結(jié)等的關(guān)鍵詞 另外常出現(xiàn)的陷阱詞還有： A.assume/assumption/awidelyheldview/ （在段首時(shí)要引起注意，很可能是作者要駁斥的觀點(diǎn)，要看作者是否同意之前的假定） 看后面有無轉(zhuǎn)折詞 B.Studiesof.usedtobebasedonarchaeologicalandfossilevidence.。Anumberof techniques.since.,however,have. C.Itwasonceassum

36、edthat,標(biāo)題題解題技巧,3. 通過抓主干快速做題 雖然有很多人都知道雅思的主題句50%出現(xiàn)在段首，20%出現(xiàn)在第二句，20%出現(xiàn)在段尾。但是極個(gè)別情況下，此方法并不適用，如果一個(gè)段落中，段首段尾句和第二句都不能定位到Heading, 又沒有明顯的轉(zhuǎn)折總結(jié)關(guān)系詞，那么只能快速通讀全文,標(biāo)題題解題技巧,3. 通過抓主干快速做題 比如： AfewmonthsagoKimSchaefer,salesrepresentativeofamajorglobalpharmaceutical company,wakedintoamedicalcenterinNewYorktobringinformatio

37、nandfreesamplesofher companyslatestproducts.Thatdayshewasluckyadoctorwasavailabletoseeher.The lastrepofferedmeatriptoFlorida.Whatdoyouhave?Thephysicianasked.Hewasonlyhalf joking,標(biāo)題題解題技巧,3. 通過抓主干快速做題 在本段中，如果只讀首尾句，是不可能得出文章的概要的。其關(guān)鍵部分恰恰在于倒數(shù)第2、3、4 句。所以這個(gè)時(shí)候就需要大家在平時(shí)就練就一個(gè)好的基本功抓主干。只有這樣才能遇事不慌，沉著應(yīng)戰(zhàn),標(biāo)題題解題技巧,4.

38、先不看選項(xiàng)先讀文章，看完一段篩選一遍所有選項(xiàng)信息 讀文章的時(shí)候，不要一下把文章全讀完，而是讀一段話，做一道題。假如原文的第一段已作為例子給出，那么，先讀第二段，然后到選項(xiàng)列表中找該段話的小標(biāo)題。然后再讀第三段，同樣處理，直至完成。這樣做，不僅速度快，而且準(zhǔn)確率高,標(biāo)題題解題技巧,4. 以段為單位，先完成該段的細(xì)節(jié)題，再歸納段意 也就是說一個(gè)段落中很可能包含判斷、選擇或填空題，先逐行尋找細(xì)節(jié)題的答案，到段落結(jié)束時(shí)再來概況段落大意。 5，用排除法篩選答案 要排除與本段無關(guān)的新概念； 要排除本段提到的小細(xì)節(jié),典型題目真題演練及C5T3P2,Questions 14-17 Reading Passag

39、e 2 has six paragraphs,A-F. Choose the correct heading for paragraphsBandD-Ffrom the list of headings below. Write the correct numberi-viiiin boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet. List of Headings iEffects of irrigation on sedimentation iiThe danger of flooding the Cairo area iiiCausing pollution in the

40、 Mediterranean ivInterrupting a natural process vThe threat to food production viLess valuable sediment than before viiEgypts disappearing coastline viiiLooking at the long-term impact,典型題目真題演練及C5T3P2,ExampleParagraph AAnswervii 14Paragraph B ExampleParagraph CAnswervi 15Paragraph D 16Paragraph E 17

41、Paragraph F,典型題目真題演練及C5T3P2,B Up to now, people have blamed this loss of delta land on the two large dams at Aswan in the south of Egypt, which hold back virtually all of the sediment that used to flow down the river. Before the dams were built, the Nile flowed freely, carrying huge quantities of se

42、diment north from Africas interior to be deposited on the Nile delta. But when the Aswan dams were constructed in the 20th century to provide electricity and irrigation, and to protect the huge population centre of Cairo and its surrounding areas from annual flooding and drought, most of the sedimen

43、t with its natural fertilizer accumulated up above the dam in the southern, upstream half of Lake Nasser, instead of passing down to the delta,典型題目真題演練及C5T3P2,D Once north of Cairo, most of the Nile water is diverted into more than 10,000 kilometres of irrigation canals and only a small proportion r

44、eaches the sea directly through the rivers in the delta. The water in the irrigation canals is still or very slow-moving and thus cannot carry sediment, Stanley explains. The sediment sinks to the bottom of the canals and then is added to fields by farmers or pumped with the water into the four larg

45、e freshwater lagoons that are located near the outer edges of the delta. So very little of it actually reaches the coastline to replace what is being washed away by the Mediterranean currents,典型題目真題演練及C5T3P2,E The farms on the delta plains and fishing and aquaculture in the lagoons account for much

46、of Egypts food supply. But by the time the sediment has come to rest in the fields and lagoons it is laden with municipal, industrial and agricultural waste from the Cairo region, which is home to more than 40 million people. These poisons can easily enter the food chain, affecting the productivity

47、of fishing and farming. Another problem is that agricultural wastes include fertilizers which stimulate increases in plant growth in the lagoons and upset the ecology of the area, with serious effects on the fishing industry,典型題目真題演練,List of Headings i Causes of volcanic eruptionii Efforts to predic

48、t volcanic eruptioniii Volcanoes and the features of our planetiv Different types of volcanic eruptionv International relief effortsvi The unpredictability of volcanic eruptions1. Section A2. Section B3. Section C4. Section D,典型題目真題演練,Volcanoes earth-shattering news A. Volcanoes are the ultimate ear

49、th-moving machinery. A violent eruption can blow the top few kilometres off a mountain, scatter fine ash practically all over the globe and hurt rock fragments into the stratosphere to darken the skies a continent away,典型題目真題演練,Volcanoes earth-shattering news But the classic eruption cone-shaped mou

50、ntain, big bang, mushroom cloud and surges of molten lava is only a tiny part of a global story. Volcanism, the name given to volcanic processes, really has shaped the world. Eruptions have rifted continents, raised mountain chains, constructed islands and shaped the topography of the earth. The ent

51、ire ocean floor has a basement of volcanic basalt,典型題目真題演練,Volcanoes earth-shattering news Volcanoes have not only made the continents, they are also thought to have made the worlds first stable atmosphere and provided all the water for the oceans, rivers and ice-caps. There are now about 600 active

52、 volcanoes. Every year they add two or three cubic kilometres of rock to the continents. Imagine a similar number of volcanoes smoking away for the last 3,500 million years. That is enough rock to explain the continental crust,典型題目真題演練,Volcanoes earth-shattering news What comes out of volcanic crate

53、rs is mostly gas. More than 90% of this gas is water vapour from the deep earth: enough to explain, over 3,500 million years, the water in the oceans. The rest of the gas is nitrogen, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, methane, ammonia and hydrogen. The quantity of these gases, again multiplied over 3

54、,500 million years, is enough to explain the mass of the worlds atmosphere. We are alive because volcanoes provided the soil, air and water we need,典型題目真題演練,Volcanoes earth-shattering news B. Geologists consider the earth as having a molten core, surrounded by a semi-molten mantle and a brittle, out

55、er skin. It helps to think of a soft-boiled egg with a runny yolk, a firm but squishy white and a hard shell. If the shell is even slightly cracked during boiling, the white material bubbles out and sets like a tiny mountain chain over the crack like an archipelago of volcanic islands such as the Ha

56、waiian Islands. But the earth is so much bigger and the mantle below is so much halter,典型題目真題演練,Volcanoes earth-shattering news Even though the mantle rocks are kept solid by overlying pressure, they can still slowly flow like thick treacle. The flow, thought to be in the form of convection currents

57、, is powerful enough to fracture the eggshell of the crust into plates, and keep them bumping and grinding against each other, or even overlapping, at the rate of a few centimetres a year. These fracture zones, where the collisions occur, are where earthquakes happen. And, very often, volcanoes,典型題目

58、真題演練,Volcanoes earth-shattering news C. These zones are lines of weakness, or hot spots. Every eruption is different, but put at its simplest, where there are weaknesses, rocks deep in the mantle, heated to 1,350oC, will start to expand and rise. As they do so, the pressure drops, and they expand an

59、d become liquid and rise more swiftly,典型題目真題演練,Volcanoes earth-shattering news Sometimes it is slow: vast bubbles of magma molten rock from the mantle inch towards the surface, cooling slowly, to show through as granite extrusions (as on Skye, or the Great Whin Sill, the lava dyke squeezed out like

60、toothpaste that carries part of Hadrians Wall in northern England). Sometimes as in Northern Ireland, Wales and the Karoo in South Africa the magma rose faster, and then flowed out horizontally on to the surface in vast thick sheets. In the Deccan plateau in western India, there are more than two mi