機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯中英文

1、. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)理論機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一門(mén)通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)新產(chǎn)品或者改進(jìn)老產(chǎn)品來(lái)滿足人類(lèi)需求的應(yīng)用技術(shù)科形狀和詳細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)的基本主要研究產(chǎn)品的尺寸、學(xué)。它涉及工程技術(shù)的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域， 構(gòu)思，還要研究產(chǎn)品在制造、銷(xiāo)售和使用等方面的問(wèn)題。機(jī)械設(shè)進(jìn)行各種機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)工作的人員通常被稱(chēng)為設(shè)計(jì)人員或者機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)工程師。還必須在機(jī)械制設(shè)計(jì)工程師不僅在工作上要有創(chuàng)造性，計(jì)是一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)造性的工作。 材料力學(xué)和機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)等方面具有深厚的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)。 工程材料、圖、運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)、發(fā)現(xiàn)和科技機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的目的是生產(chǎn)能夠滿足人類(lèi)需求的產(chǎn)品。發(fā)明、如前所訴，知識(shí)本身并不一定能給人類(lèi)帶來(lái)好處，只有當(dāng)它們被應(yīng)用在產(chǎn)品上才能產(chǎn)生效必須先確定人們是否需因而，應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到在一

2、個(gè)特定的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)之前，益。 要這種產(chǎn)品。系統(tǒng)分析應(yīng)當(dāng)把機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)看成是機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)人員運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的才能進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、掌握工程基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)要比熟記一些數(shù)據(jù)和公和制定產(chǎn)品的制造工藝學(xué)的一個(gè)良機(jī)。僅僅使用數(shù)據(jù)和公式是不足以在一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)中做出所需的全部決式更為重要。定的。另一方面，應(yīng)該認(rèn)真精確的進(jìn)行所有運(yùn)算。例如，即使將一個(gè)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的位 置放錯(cuò)，也會(huì)使正確的設(shè)計(jì)變成錯(cuò)誤的。當(dāng)新的方而且愿意承擔(dān)一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該勇于提出新的想法，所花費(fèi) 法不適用時(shí)，就使用原來(lái)的方法。因此，設(shè)計(jì)人員必須要有耐心，因?yàn)闉橐笃翖壴S多陳舊的，的時(shí)間和努力并不能保證帶來(lái)成功。一個(gè)全新的設(shè)計(jì)，一位機(jī)由于許多人墨守成規(guī)，這

3、樣做并不是一件容易的事。人們所熟知的方法。在此過(guò)程中應(yīng)該認(rèn)真選擇原有械設(shè)計(jì)師應(yīng)該不斷地探索改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有的產(chǎn)品的方法， 的、經(jīng)過(guò)驗(yàn)證的設(shè)計(jì)原理，將其與未經(jīng)過(guò)驗(yàn)證的新觀念結(jié)合起來(lái)。只有當(dāng)這些缺陷和問(wèn)題被解決新設(shè)計(jì)本身會(huì)有許多缺陷和未能預(yù)料的問(wèn)題發(fā)生，之后，才能體現(xiàn)出新產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)越性。因此，一個(gè)性能優(yōu)越的產(chǎn)品誕生的同時(shí)，也就沒(méi)如果設(shè)計(jì)本身不要求采用全新的方法，伴隨著較高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)的是， 有必要僅僅為了變革的目的而采用新方法。即使產(chǎn)不受各種約束。應(yīng)該允許設(shè)計(jì)人員充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性，在設(shè)計(jì)的初始階段，只有也會(huì)在設(shè)計(jì)的早期，生了許多不切實(shí)際的想法，即繪制圖紙之前被改正掉。這樣，才不致于堵塞創(chuàng)新的思路。通常，要

4、提出幾套設(shè)計(jì)方案，然后加以比較。 很有可能在最后選定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。 . . 設(shè)計(jì)人員的基本職責(zé)是努心理學(xué)家經(jīng)常談?wù)撊绾问谷藗冞m應(yīng)他們所操作的機(jī)器。因?yàn)閷?shí)際上并不存在著一個(gè)對(duì)力使機(jī)器來(lái)適應(yīng)人們。這并不是一項(xiàng)容易的工作， 所有人來(lái)說(shuō)都是最優(yōu)的操作范圍和操作過(guò)程。在開(kāi)始另一個(gè)重要問(wèn)題，設(shè)計(jì)工程師必須能夠同其他有關(guān)人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商。這一并得到批準(zhǔn)。階段，設(shè)計(jì)人員必須就初步設(shè)計(jì)同管理人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商，需要解決 般是通過(guò)口頭討論，草圖和文字材料進(jìn)行的。為了進(jìn)行有效的交流 下列問(wèn)題： ） 所設(shè)計(jì)的這個(gè)產(chǎn)品是否真正為人們所需要？（1 此產(chǎn)品與其他公司的現(xiàn)有同類(lèi)產(chǎn)品相比有無(wú)

5、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力？2（） 生產(chǎn)這種產(chǎn)品是否經(jīng)濟(jì)？（3） 產(chǎn)品的維修是否方便？（4） 5） 產(chǎn)品有無(wú)銷(xiāo)路？是否可以盈利？（產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)、制造和銷(xiāo)售只能在 只有時(shí)間能對(duì)上述問(wèn)題給出正確答案。但是，設(shè)計(jì)工程師還應(yīng)該通過(guò)零件圖和裝配對(duì)上述問(wèn)題的初步肯定答案的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行。 圖，與制造部門(mén)一起對(duì)最終設(shè)計(jì)方案進(jìn)行磋商。，在制造過(guò)程中會(huì)出現(xiàn)某個(gè)問(wèn)題?？赡軙?huì)要求對(duì)某個(gè)零件尺寸或公差作一 通常工程上的更改必須要經(jīng)過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)人員批準(zhǔn)，些更改，使零件的生產(chǎn)變得容易。但是，在產(chǎn)品的裝配時(shí)或者裝箱外運(yùn)前的試驗(yàn)中才以保證不會(huì)損傷產(chǎn)品的功能。有時(shí)，總是存在著發(fā)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)中的某種缺陷。這些事例恰好說(shuō)明了設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)過(guò)程。 更好的方法來(lái)完成設(shè)計(jì)

6、工作，設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該不斷努力，尋找這些更好的方法。選擇過(guò)程應(yīng)該是一個(gè)對(duì)材料的工程材料的選擇已經(jīng)顯得重要。此外，近些年來(lái)，而一些原有的材料的能夠獲得的數(shù)新材料不斷出現(xiàn)，連續(xù)不斷的重新評(píng)價(jià)過(guò)程。工人的健康及安全等方面經(jīng)常會(huì)對(duì)材料的回收利用、量可能會(huì)減少。環(huán)境污染、可能會(huì)要求使用不同材料選擇附加新的限制條件。為了減輕重量或者節(jié)約能源，對(duì)產(chǎn)品維修保養(yǎng)方便性要求的提高和顧客的反饋的材料。來(lái)自國(guó)內(nèi)和國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、由于材料選用不當(dāng)造成的產(chǎn)等方面的壓力，都會(huì)促使人們對(duì)材料進(jìn)行重新評(píng)價(jià)。材料與材料加工之間的相互依賴(lài)關(guān)此外，品責(zé)任訴訟，已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了深刻的影響。為了能在合理的成本和確保質(zhì)量的前提下獲系已經(jīng)被人們認(rèn)識(shí)得更清楚

7、。因此，確定和使用材設(shè)計(jì)工程師的制造工程師都必須認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地選擇、得滿意的結(jié)果， 料。. . ）a制造任何產(chǎn)品的第一步工作都是設(shè)計(jì)。設(shè)計(jì)通?？梢苑譃閹讉€(gè)明確的階段：（）生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)。在初步設(shè)計(jì)階段，設(shè)計(jì)者著重考慮cb）功能設(shè)計(jì)；（初步設(shè)計(jì)；（然后決定這種思想是否可行；通常要設(shè)想和考慮幾個(gè)方案，產(chǎn)品應(yīng)該具有的功能。關(guān)于材料在此階段，如果可行，則應(yīng)該對(duì)其中一個(gè)或幾個(gè)方案作進(jìn)一步的改進(jìn)。如果沒(méi)有的話，是否有性能符合要求的材料可供選擇；選擇唯一要考慮的問(wèn)題是： 是否有較大的把握在成本和時(shí)間都允許的限度內(nèi)研制出一種新材料。在這個(gè)階段要繪制出在功能設(shè)計(jì)和工程設(shè)計(jì)階段，要做出一個(gè)切實(shí)可行的設(shè)計(jì)。通常要制造出樣機(jī)或

8、者實(shí)物模型，相當(dāng)完整的圖紙，選擇并確定各種零件的材料。并對(duì)其進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)，評(píng)價(jià)產(chǎn)品的功能、可靠性、外觀和維修保養(yǎng)性等。雖然這種試驗(yàn)可能會(huì)表明，在產(chǎn)品進(jìn)入到生產(chǎn)階段之前，應(yīng)該更換某些材料，但是，絕對(duì)不認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地考慮能將這一點(diǎn)作為不認(rèn)真選擇材料的借口。應(yīng)該結(jié)合產(chǎn)品的功能，所選用成本和可靠性。一個(gè)很有成就的公司在制造所有的樣機(jī)時(shí)，產(chǎn)品的外觀、這樣對(duì)并盡可能使用同樣的制造技術(shù)。的材料應(yīng)該和其生產(chǎn)中使用的材料相同，公司是很有好處的。功能完備的樣機(jī)如果不能根據(jù)預(yù)期的銷(xiāo)售量經(jīng)濟(jì)地制造出則這種樣機(jī)或者是樣機(jī)與正式生產(chǎn)的裝置在質(zhì)量和可靠性方面有很大不同，來(lái)，選擇和設(shè)計(jì)工程師最好能在這一階段完全完成材料的分析、就沒(méi)有

9、多大的價(jià)值。在生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)階段材料的更因?yàn)?，確定工作，而不是將其留到生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)階段去做。 換是由其他人進(jìn)行的，這些人對(duì)產(chǎn)品的所有功能的了解不如設(shè)計(jì)工程師。 使它們?cè)谏a(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)階段中，與材料有關(guān)的主要問(wèn)題是應(yīng)該把材料完全確定下來(lái)，而且材料的數(shù)量能夠與現(xiàn)有的設(shè)備相適應(yīng)，能夠利用現(xiàn)有設(shè)備經(jīng)濟(jì)地進(jìn)行加工， 比較容易保證供應(yīng)。經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，不可避免地會(huì)出現(xiàn)對(duì)使用中的材料做一些更改的情況。在制造過(guò)程中，在進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)以后改換在大多數(shù)情況下，可采用某些便宜材料作為替代品。然而，在設(shè)計(jì)階段做好材料選擇工材料要比在開(kāi)始生產(chǎn)前改換材料所花費(fèi)的代價(jià)要高。在生產(chǎn)制造開(kāi)始后出現(xiàn)了可供使用的新材料是更可以避免多數(shù)這樣的情況。作，換材料的

10、最常見(jiàn)的原因。當(dāng)然，這些新材料可能降低成本、改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品的性能。但是，必須對(duì)新材料進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的評(píng)價(jià)，以確保其所有性能都滿足要求。應(yīng)當(dāng)記住，大部分的產(chǎn)品失效和新材料的性能和可靠性很少像現(xiàn)有材料那樣為人們所了解。沒(méi)有真正了解它們的產(chǎn)品責(zé)任事故案件是由于在選用新材料作為替代材料之前， 長(zhǎng)期使用性能而引起的。. . 在材料過(guò)產(chǎn)品的責(zé)任訴訟迫使設(shè)計(jì)人員和公司在選擇材料時(shí)，采用最好的程序。）不了解或者不會(huì)使用關(guān)于材料應(yīng)用方面的最程中，五個(gè)最常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題為：（a未能預(yù)見(jiàn)和考慮擦黑年品可能的合理用途（如有可能，(b)新最好的信息資料；在近年來(lái)的設(shè)計(jì)人員還應(yīng)進(jìn)一步預(yù)測(cè)和考慮由于產(chǎn)品使用方法不當(dāng)造成的后果。許多產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴

11、訟案件中，由于錯(cuò)誤地使用產(chǎn)品而受到傷害的原告控告生產(chǎn)廠所使用的材料的數(shù)據(jù)不全或是有些數(shù)據(jù)不確定，尤其(c)家，并且贏得判決）；由(e)(d)質(zhì)量控制方法不適當(dāng)和未經(jīng)驗(yàn)證；是當(dāng)其長(zhǎng)期性能數(shù)據(jù)是如此的時(shí)候； 一些完全不稱(chēng)職的人員選擇材料。對(duì)通過(guò)對(duì)上述五個(gè)問(wèn)題的分析，可以得出這些問(wèn)題是沒(méi)有充分理由存在的結(jié)論。盡管采用最好的材料這些問(wèn)題的研究分析可以為避免這些問(wèn)題的出現(xiàn)指明方向。設(shè)計(jì)人員和工業(yè)界按照適當(dāng)?shù)某绦蜻M(jìn)行選擇方法也不能避免發(fā)生產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟， 材料選擇，可以大大減少訴訟的數(shù)量。特點(diǎn)和加工方法有選擇材料的人們應(yīng)該對(duì)材料的性質(zhì)，從以上的討論可以看出， 一個(gè)全面而基本的了解。 . . Machine

12、design theory The machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product project involves the application technical science. It to meet the human need the the shape and the size, the technology each domain, mainly studies the product detailed structure basic idea, but also mus

13、t study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question. the designs be usually called kind of machine design work to Carries on each personnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creati

14、vity in the work, but also must in aspect and so and mechanics material, materials on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the not itself certainly

15、 discovery and technical knowledge The product. invention, the necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the peop

16、le do need this kind of product Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using product formulation analysis and a ability creative the product design, the system manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize s

17、ome data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in all on earnest be precisely carries other design a good needs. On the hand, should operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position

18、, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly. A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, becaus

19、e spends A successfully. brings cannot endeavor and the time the certainly guarantee brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly . . the explore should unceasingly matter. A mec

20、hanical designer is not an easy the choose originally, the method, should earnestly improvement existing product process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea. Newly designs itself can have the question occurrence which many flaws a

21、nd has not can are solved, and the question to expect, only has after these flaws been able a Therefore, the product superiority. new manifest goods come into the market performance superior product is born at the same time, also is following a higher risk. Should emphasize, if designs itself does n

22、ot request to use the brand-new method, is not unnecessary merely for the goal which transform to use the new method. In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in

23、 the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must the Has the comparison. of design proposals, then perform propose several sets in certain not finally designated, has used very possi

24、bility much in the plan which plan some ideas which accepts. How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnels basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, beca

25、use certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the on the

26、 preliminary the consultation have to carry on the exchange and to personnel design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through In on. carries the writing material and discussion, the oral the schematic diagram order to carry on the effective exchange, needs to solv

27、e the following problem: is Whether people? there the need truly this designs (1) whether product does for competitive ability (2) does this product compare with other companies existing similar products? . . (3) produces this kind of product is whether economical? (4) product service is whether con

28、venient? (5) product whether there is sale? Whether may gain? Only has the time to be able to produce the correct answer to above question. But, the above the carry on to and the sale only can in product design, the manufacture should engineer also question preliminary affirmation answer foundation

29、in. Project consultation the drawing, carries on detail drawing and the assembly through the together with the branch of manufacture to the finally design proposal. Usually, can have some problem in the manufacture process. Possibly can request to the causes some changes, or the common difference ma

30、kes some components size components the production to change easily. But, in the project change must have to the damage guaranteed cannot the personnel to authorize, pass through designs product the function. Sometimes, when in front of product assembly or in the packing flaw. kind of in the design

31、some then foreign shipment experiment only discovers These instances exactly showed the design is a dynamic process. Always has a better supposed to be work, designs the personnel method to complete the design unceasingly diligently, seeks these better method. Recent year, the engineerig material ch

32、oice already appeared importantly. In addition, again unceasing material the continuously the the choice process should be to appraisal process. The new material unceasingly appears, but some original materials material pollution, reduce. The environmental can obtain the quantity possibly can recycl

33、ing aspect and so on use, workers health and security frequently can attach the or weight reduce the material. In order to of new limiting condition to the choice from material. Comes request the use different saves the energy, possibly can domestic and international competition, to product service

34、maintenance convenience request enhancement and customers aspect the and so on feedback pressure, can urge the people to carry on to the material reappraises. Because the material does not select profound the has already had when created the product responsibility lawsuit, processing the material an

35、d addition, the material between In influence. can to in order clearly. known interdependence is already by the people Therefore, obtain premise under reasonable in the and guarantees quality the cost the to . . satisfaction the result, project engineer makes engineers all to have earnestly carefull

36、y to choose, the determination and the use material. Makes any product the first step of work all is designs. Designs usually may divide (c) design; (b) functional explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; into several emphatically designer stage, the In the preliminary design production design. cons

37、ider conceive and function. should have Usually must considered the product several plans, then decided this kind of thought is whether feasible; If is feasible, then should makes the further improvement to or several plans. In this stage, the question the Whether has choice of material is: which on

38、ly must consider about the performance to conform to the request material to be possible to supply the choice; If the limit and the time in no, whether has a bigger assurance all permits in the cost develops one kind of new material. In the functional design and the engineering design stage, needs t

39、o make a practical feasible design. Must draw up the quite complete blueprint in this stage, chooses and determines each kind of components the material. Usually must make the prototype or the working model, and carries on the experiment to it, the appraisal product function, on. so service maintena

40、nce and reliability, the outward appearance and the the Although this kind of experiment possibly can indicate, enters in the product to the cannot absolutely materials, but, front in of, should replace certain production base this point take not earnestly chooses the material the excuse. Should uni

41、fy the product the outward appearance, product carefully considers the the the function, earnestly when the company achievement very much reliability. cost and the Has the manufacture all prototypes, selects the material should the material which uses with as far technology as uses same, and the sim

42、ilar manufacture in its production be function The to much the company. the possible. Like this has advantage very volume sales the act according to anticipated cannot prototype complete if economically to make, or is prototypical and the official production installment has in the quality and the re

43、liable aspect is very greatly different, then this kind of prototype engineer is best can completely complete the value. Project does not have the great material in this stage the analysis, the choice and the determination work, but is not remains it to the production design stage does. Because, is

44、carries on in the production . . design stage material replacement by other people, these people are inferior to project engineer to the product all functions understanding. I material the completely determine with production design stage, is should n the related main question the material, causes t

45、hem to adapt with the existing equipment, can use the existing equipment economically to carry on the processing, moreover the material quantity can quite be easy to guarantee the supply. In the manufacture process, inevitably can appear to uses the material to make some changes the situation. The e

46、xperience indicated that, may use certain cheap materials the on will carry in the majority situation, in to take the substitute. However, to production before the have in to start production later to change the material to change the price which the material will spend to have to be higher than. Co

47、mpletes the choice of material work in the design stage, may avoid the most such situations. Started after the production manufacture to appear has been possible to supply the use Certainly, these is replaces the material the most common reason. the new material new materials possibly reduce the cos

48、t, the improvement product performance. But, must carry on the earnest appraisal to the new material, guarantees its all performance all to answer the purpose. Must remember that, the new material performance and the The the people. such understood for hand reliable very few pictures materials on ma

49、jority of products expiration and the product accident caused by negligence case is because in selects the new material to take in front of substitution material, not truly understood their long-term operational performance causes. company the the personnel and designs The product responsibility lawsuit forces when the choice material, uses the best procedure. In the material proc