TKT-Glossary中譯版

1、TKT-Glossary中譯版MODULE 1Concepts and terminology for describing language描述語(yǔ)言的術(shù)語(yǔ)及概念GRAMMAR 語(yǔ)法Active voice 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)passive voice. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)Adjective 形容詞comparative adjective 形容詞比較級(jí)demonstrative adjective 指代形容詞possessive adjective 所有格形容詞（代詞所有格）A superlative adjective 形容詞最高級(jí)Adverb 副詞Auxiliary verb: 助動(dòng)詞Article 冠詞A

2、n article can be definite (the), indefinite (a) or zero (-), e.g. I was at (-) home in the sitting room when I heard a noise.AspectA way of looking at verb forms not purely in relation to time. The perfect, continuous and simple are aspects. The continuous aspect, for example, suggests that somethin

3、g is happening temporarily. Base form of the verb: 動(dòng)詞基本形式Clause 從句A clause consists of a verb and (generally) a subject. A clause can be a full sentence or a part of a sentence.Main clause 主句When the teacher arrived, the students stopped talking.Subordinate clause 從句When the teacher arrived, the stu

4、dents stopped talking.Relative clause 定語(yǔ)從句The students who were sitting near the front stood up._ _? UCLES Cambridge ESOL 2005 2Collective noun: 集合名詞Compound noun: 復(fù)合名詞Conditional 條件句First conditional, 第一條件句Second conditional, 第二條件句Third conditional. 第三條件句Conjunction 連詞A conjunction (or connector) i

5、s used to connect words, phrases, clauses or sentences, e.g. I like tea but I dont like coffee because its too strong for me.Connector: 連詞Countable noun: 可數(shù)名詞Demonstrative adjective: 指示形容詞.Demonstrative pronoun: 指示代詞.Dependent preposition: 非獨(dú)立介詞Determiner 限定詞A determiner is used to make clear which

6、noun is referred to, or to give information about quantity, and includes words such as the, a, this, that, my, some, e.g. That car is mine.Direct speech 直接引語(yǔ)The actual words someone says, e.g. He said, My name is Ron.First conditional: see conditional forms.Gerund, -ing form 動(dòng)名詞形式A noun which is mad

7、e from the present participle form of a verb, e.g. I hate shopping.Grammatical structure 語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)The arrangement of words into meaningful sentences. A grammatical structure is also a grammatical language item, e.g. present perfect simple.Imperative 祈使句The form of a verb that gives an order or instructio

8、n, e.g. Turn to page 10.Indirect questionThe words someone uses when they are telling someone what somebody else asked, e.g. Peter asked Sue what she meant.An indirect question can also be used when someone wants to ask something in a more polite way, e.g. I was wondering if you could help me (indir

9、ect question) instead of Could you help me? (direct question).See direct question.Indirect speech: see reported statement. 間接引語(yǔ)Infinitive: see verb. 不定式Infinitive of purpose 表示目的的不定式This is used to express why something is done, e.g. I went to the lesson to learn English.-ing/-ed adjective: see adje

10、ctive. 形容詞加ing或ed形式Intensifier 加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣的詞匯A word used to make the meaning of another word stronger, e.g. Hes much taller than his brother; Im very tired.Interrogative 疑問(wèn)句A question form.Irregular verb: see verb. 不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞Main clause: see clause.主句Modal verb: see verb. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞Noun 名詞A person, place or thing, e.

11、g. elephant, girl, grass, school.A collective noun is a noun which includes a group of people or things, e.g. the police, the government. 集合名詞A compound noun is a combination of two or more words which are used as a single word, e.g. a flower 復(fù)合名詞shop, a headache.A countable noun has a singular and

12、plural form, e.g. book books. 可數(shù)名詞An uncountable noun does not have a plural form, e.g. information. 不可數(shù)名詞A proper noun is the name of a person or place, e.g. Robert, London.專有名詞A singular noun is one person, place or thing.單數(shù)名詞A plural noun is more than one person, place or thing and can be regular

13、 or irregular, e.g. boys, women. 復(fù)數(shù)名詞Object 賓語(yǔ)This is a noun or phrase that describes the thing or person that is affected by the action of a verb, e.g. I saw Mary in the classroom. See subject.Participle (past and present) 現(xiàn)在分詞及過(guò)去分詞The form of the verb that is used to make tenses or adjectives, e.g

14、. an interesting film (present participle); I havent seen him today. (past participle)Passive voice 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)In a passive sentence, something is done to or happens to the subject of the verb, e.g. The tree was hit by the car.See active voice.Past perfect simple and continuous, progressive: see tense. 過(guò)去完

15、成時(shí)及進(jìn)行時(shí)Past simple and past continuous, progressive: see tense. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)及進(jìn)行式Personal pronoun: see pronoun. 人稱代詞Phrase 短語(yǔ)Possessive s and whose所有格sWays of showing or asking who something belongs to, e.g. Whose book is it? Its Sues.Preposition 介詞A word used before a noun, noun phrase or pronoun to connect

16、 it to another word, e.g. He was in the garden.A dependent preposition is a word that is always used with a particular noun, verb or adjective, e.g. interested in, depend on, bored with.Present continuous, progressive for future: see tense. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)Present perfect simple and continuous, progressive: se

17、e tense. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)及進(jìn)行時(shí)Present simple and continuous, progressive: see tense. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)及進(jìn)行時(shí)Pronoun 代詞A word that replaces or refers to a noun or noun phrase just mentioned.Demonstrative pronoun, e.g. this, that. 指示代詞Object pronoun, e.g. him. 代詞賓格Personal pronoun, e.g. I (subject pronoun), me (object pronoun)

18、 人稱代詞Possessive pronoun, e.g. mine 名詞性代詞Reflexive pronoun, e.g. myself 反身代詞Relative pronoun, e.g. which 關(guān)系代詞Proper noun: see noun.Punctuation 標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)The symbols or marks used to organise writing into clauses, phrases and sentences to make the meaning clear, e.g. full stop, capital letter, apostrophe an

19、d comma.Quantifier 量詞A word or phrase such as much, few or a lot of which is used with a noun to show an amount, e.g. I dont have much time; I have a lot of books.Question tag 問(wèn)號(hào)A phrase such as isnt it? or doesnt he? that is added to the end of a sentence to make it a question, or to check that som

20、eone agrees with the statement, e.g. Its very cold, isnt it?Reflexive pronoun: see pronoun.Regular verb: see verb. 規(guī)則動(dòng)詞Relative clause: see clause. 定語(yǔ)從句Relative pronoun: see pronoun. 關(guān)系代詞Reported statement 間接引語(yǔ)When someones words are reported by another person, e.g. She said she was sorry. See indir

21、ect question.Reporting verb 間接引語(yǔ)中使用的動(dòng)詞A verb such as tell, advise, suggest used in indirect speech to report what someone has said, e.g. Jane advised John to study harder.Second conditional: see conditional forms.Singular noun: see noun.Subject 主語(yǔ)This is the noun or phrase that goes before the verb

22、in a sentence to show who is doing the action, e.g. John plays tennis every Saturday. See object._ _? UCLES Cambridge ESOL 2005 5Subject-verb agreement 主謂一致When the form of the verb matches the person doing the action of the verb, e.g. I walk, he walks. If astudent writes Iwalks, then it is wrong be

23、cause there is no subject-verb agreement.Subordinate clause: see clause. 從句Superlative adjective: see adjective. 形容此最高級(jí)Tense 時(shí)態(tài)A form of the verb that shows whether something happens in the past, present or future, e.g.Past perfect simple and continuous, progressive 過(guò)去完成時(shí)及進(jìn)行時(shí)After I had phoned Mary,

24、 I went out. (past perfect simple)I had been studying for three hours, so I felt quite tired. (past perfect continuous, progressive)Past simple and past continuous, progressive 一般過(guò)去時(shí)及進(jìn)行時(shí)I was talking (past continuous, progressive) to my friend when the taxi came. (past simple)Present continuous, pro

25、gressive for future 進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來(lái)What are you doing at the weekend?Present perfect simple and continuous, progressive 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)及進(jìn)行時(shí)I have known him for a long time (present perfect simple).I have been studying for three years (present perfect continuous, progressive).Present simple and continuous, progressive

26、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)及進(jìn)行時(shí)I work at a school (present simple) and I am working in London now (present continuous, progressive). Third conditional: see conditional forms.Third person 第三人稱A verb or a pronoun which shows that somebody or something is being spoken about, e.g. He, she, it, they.Time expression 時(shí)間表達(dá)式A wor

27、d or phrase that indicates a time period, such as after, by, e.g. I will meet you after the lesson. Uncountable noun: see noun.Used to 過(guò)去常常做某事A structure that shows something happened in the past but does not happen now, e.g. I used to live in London, but now I live in Paris.Verb 動(dòng)詞The word which fo

28、llows the subject of a sentence, and is sometimes described as the action word, e.g.I like cheese;He speaks Italian.An auxiliary verb is a verb used with other verbs to make questions, negatives and tenses, e.g. be, do, have. 助動(dòng)詞The base form of the verb is the infinitive form of a verb without to,

29、e.g. go. 動(dòng)詞的基本形式The infinitive form is the base form of a verb with to. It is used after another verb, after an adjective or noun or as the subject or object of a sentence, e.g. I want to study, Its difficult to understand.動(dòng)詞不定式An irregular verb does not follow the same rule as regular verbs. Each i

30、rregular verb has its own way of forming the past simple and past participle, e.g. go went (past simple) gone (past participle).不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞A modal verb is a verb used with other verbs to show ideas such as ability or obligation or possibility.They include can, must, will, should, e.g. I can speak French,

31、but I should study even harder.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞A regular verb changes its forms by adding -ed in the past simple and past participle, e.g. walk walked 規(guī)則動(dòng)詞(past simple).Verb pattern 動(dòng)詞搭配The form of the words following the verb, e.g. he advised me to get there early. (advise + object pronoun + to + baseform)_ _?

32、 UCLES Cambridge ESOL 2005 6LEXIS 詞匯Affix 詞綴A meaningful group of letters added to the beginning or end of a word to make a new word. Affixation is the process of adding a prefix or suffix to word.A prefix is a meaningful group of letters added to the beginning of a word, e.g. appear disappear.前綴A s

33、uffix is a meaningful group of letters added to the end of a word to make a new word which can be a different part of speech, e.g. care careful. 后綴Antonym 反義詞The opposite of another word, e.g. hot is the antonym of cold.Collocation 搭配Words which are used together regularly, e.g. The teacher made a p

34、resentation NOT The teacher performed a presentation.Compounds 合成詞Nouns, verbs, adjectives or prepositions that are made up of two or more words, e.g. assistant office manager, bring back, long-legged, due to.False friend 容易誤認(rèn)的詞匯A word in the target language which looks or sounds as if it has the sa

35、me meaning as a similar word in the learners first language but does not.Homophone 同音詞A word which sounds the same as another word, but has a different meaning or spelling, e.g. I knew he had won; I bought a new book.Idiom 習(xí)語(yǔ)A group of words that are used together, in which the meaning of the whole

36、word group is different from the meaning of each individual word, e.g. She felt under the weather means that she felt ill.Lexical set 詞群A group of words or phrases that are about the same topic, e.g. weather storm, to rain, wind, cloudy etc.LexisIndividual words or sets of words, e.g. homework, stud

37、y, whiteboard, get dressed, be on time.Multi-word verb: see phrasal verb.Part(s) of speechA description of the function of a word or a phrase in a sentence, e.g. noun, verb, adjective. Phrasal verb, multi-word verb 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞及由多個(gè)詞構(gòu)成的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)A verb which is made up of more than one word (e.g. a verb + adverb p

38、article or preposition) which has a different meaning from each individual word, e.g. look after A mother looks after her children. Prefix: see affix.前綴Suffix: see affix. 后綴SynonymA word which has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word, e.g. nice is a synonym of pleasant.PHONOLOGY 語(yǔ)音Spo

39、ken language in which the words join to form a connected stream of sounds.Consonant 輔音Any letter of the English alphabet except the vowels a, e, i, o u and sometimes y. See vowel._ _? UCLES Cambridge ESOL 2005 7Contraction 縮寫A shorter form of a word or words, e.g. you have = youve; it is = its.Dipht

40、hong 雙元音A vowel combination usually involving a quick but smooth movement from one vowel to another, e.g. / a/ as in my.Feature (e.g. of connected speech) 特征A feature of something is an interesting or important part or characteristic of it.Intonation 語(yǔ)調(diào)The way the level of a speakers voice changes,

41、often to show how they feel about something, e.g. if they are angry or pleased. Intonation can be rising or falling or both.Linking 連讀The way different sounds can link into each other in connected speech, e.g. its a good day /ts ?de/Main stress: see stress. 主重音Minimal pairTwo words which are differe

42、nt from each other only by one meaningful sound, and by their meaning, e.g. hear, fear.Phoneme 音位The smallest sound unit which can make a difference to meaning e.g. /p/ in pan, /b/ in ban. Phonemeshave their own symbols (phonemic symbols), each of which represents one sound. Words can be presented i

43、n phonemic script 音位標(biāo)記(usually International Phonetic Alphabet or IPA), e.g. /d kt/ doctor. Phonemic transcription is used in dictionaries to aid pronunciation.Rhyme 押韻1. Words that sound the same, e.g. hat, cat.2. A song or poem with words that sound the same at the end of each lineI believe I can

44、fly.I believe I can touch the sky.Rhythm 韻律A regular pattern of stress and syllable length.Schwa: see stress. 中元音Sentence stress: see stress.句子重音StressSentence stress is where different words in a sentence are stressed. In English these are usually the information-carrying words. In the sentence It

45、was a lovely evening, and the temperature was perfect, the main stress, when spoken, is probably on the word perfect. Stress can therefore be used to show meaning,to emphasise a particular point or feeling.Strong/weak forms 重讀及弱讀If the word is unstressed, the weak form of vowels may be used, e.g. I

46、can (/ k n /) speak Italian, French, English and Spanish. The sound / is called the schwa.If a word is important, then the strong form is used, and the pronunciation changes, e.g. I can (/kaen/) speak a little Spanish in an emergency.Word stress is the pronunciation of a syllable with more force tha

47、n the surrounding syllables which are said to be unstressed, e.g. umbrella.Sometimes, a word may have two stresses, in which case one syllable takes the main stress. In the word independent, for example pen takes the main stress.Strong forms: see stress.Syllable 音節(jié)A part of a word that usually conta

48、ins a single vowel sound, e.g. pen = one syllable; teacher = two syllables teach/er; umbrella = three syllables um/bre/lla._ _? UCLES Cambridge ESOL 2005 8Unvoiced sound: see voiced/unvoiced sound.Voiced sound/unvoiced sound 濁音及非濁音A voiced sound is a way of pronouncing sounds with vibration (voiced)

49、 or without vibration (unvoiced) in the throat. In English, vowels are usually voiced. Many sounds differ only because they are either voiced, e.g. /b/ or unvoiced, e.g./p/.Vowel 元音One of the sounds shown by the letters a, e, i, o u and sometimes y. See consonant.Weak forms: see stress.Word stress:

50、see stress.FUNCTIONS 功能Candidates should already be familiar with common functions such as asking, telling, replying, thanking and suggesting.Appropriacy noun appropriate/inappropriate adj 適合的Language which is suitable or correct in a particular situation. See register.Colloquial 口語(yǔ)的Language used in

51、 informal conversations or writing.Declining, refusing an invitation 拒絕邀請(qǐng)To refuse or decline an invitation, e.g. Im sorry but I cant.Enquiring 要求To ask for information, e.g. What time does the train leave?Express 表達(dá)式To show or make known a feeling or an opinion in words.Expressing ability, e.g. I c

52、an swim. 表達(dá)能力Expressing intention, e.g. Im planning to visit him next year. 表達(dá)意圖Expressing necessity, e.g. He needs to get a new passport. 表達(dá)需求Expressing obligation, e.g. You must wear a seatbelt. 表達(dá)職責(zé)Expressing permission, e.g. Can I have a look at your book? 表達(dá)許可Expressing preference, e.g. Id rath

53、er have coffee than tea.表達(dá)喜好Expressing probability, e.g. He should be in later. 表達(dá)可能性Formal (language): see register.Formality (level of): see register.FunctionThe reason or purpose for communication, e.g. making a suggestion; giving advice.Functional exponentA phrase which is an example of a functi

54、on and shows the purpose of the speaker, e.g. Lets. . This phrase is one way to make a suggestion. It is an example (or exponent) of the function of suggesting. See function.Greeting 問(wèn)候To welcome someone, often with words, e.g. Hello, how are you?Inappropriate: see appropriacy._ _? UCLES Cambridge E

55、SOL 2005 9Informal (language): see register.Informality (level of): see register.InstructingTo order or tell someone to do something, e.g. Please turn to page 12 and do exercise 1.Negotiating 協(xié)商用語(yǔ)To have a discussion with someone to reach an agreement, e.g. If you help me now, Ill help you next week

56、.Neutral 中性語(yǔ)A style of speaking or writing that is neither formal nor informal, but in-between. It is appropriate for most situations.Predicting 預(yù)測(cè)To say what you think is likely to happen, e.g. I think the story will end happily.RegisterThe formality or informality of the language used in a particular situation. Formal register or language is used in serious or