新概念語法精粹第一三章

1、第一章英語從句Subordination英語從句主要有定語從句，狀語從句和名詞性從句（主 語從句，賓語從句，表語從句，同位語從句）一定語從句1 定語從句：由關系代詞 who, whom, whose, that, which; 關系副詞 when, where, why 引導。（下面十個句子請讀 5遍并脫口譯出！ ）1. The death notices tell us about people who have died during the week.2. The man （whom） you spoke to just now is my friend.3. The building

2、whose lights are on is beautiful.4. Please find a place which we can have a private talkin.5. The knee is the joint where the thighbone meets thelarge bone of the lower leg.6. He still remembers the day when he went to school.7. It is no need telling us the reason why you didnt finish it in time.8.

3、He has three sons, two of whom died in the war.9. Mr. Smith, whose wife is a clerk, teaches us English.10. In the Sunday paper there are comics, whichchildren enjoy.2 只能用 that 和 who 引導的定語從句A all, nothing, anything, a few, one做先行詞指物時B .先行詞前有形容詞最高級修飾時，后面常跟that而不是 which.C .先行詞前有 the only, the first, th

4、e last, the next, thevery 等詞修飾時，引導詞只能用 that。D.當先行詞是 anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody 時，后面要用 who 或 whom ；All that glitters is not gold.閃光的并非都是金子。3 as 引導定語從句as 引導的定語從句有兩種形式：A 引導限制性語從句。在此類定語從句中， as 常與主語中作為其先行詞的 such,the same 或 as 聯(lián)用構成，“ such. as”，“ the same. as ”和“ as .as ”句型，可代替

5、先行詞。例如： We hope to get such a tool as he is using. 我們希 望得到他正在用的那種工具。Bas 引導非限制性定語從句時，作用與which 相同，as 作為關系代詞代替整個主句。（這是語法考試的一個考點。）注意區(qū)別:as引導的從句用于句首、句中或句后，而which引導的定語從句不能放在句首。例如： As is reported, a foreign delegation will visit the city.據(jù)報道，一個外國代表團將訪問這個城市。二.狀語從句超級作文聯(lián)接詞及詞組，全部拿下！ 原因： because, since, now that

6、(既然) as, for, thisreason. 結果：so that, so, therefore, consequently, so as to,as a result . 時間： after, before, when, while, as, until, as soonas, since, by the time, once, lately, presently, shortly after, currently, at present, nowadays . 條件：if, only if., once, unless, in the event (that), in case (t

7、hat), provided that, on the condition that, etc. 讓步：though, although, even though(if), no matterwhat / how / when 宀 whatever / however / whenever . 目的：in order that, in order to, to, 比較：than, as . as, by comparison (相比較),bycontrast （相對照）三名詞性從句王牌要點：通常由 that 或疑問詞導出。1. How some mammals came to live in

8、the sea is not known. （主語從句）2. The attorney told his client that they had little chanceof winning the case. （賓語從句）3. The problem is what well do next. （表語從句）4. We have no idea that he has come back.（同位語從句）同位語（ Appositive ） :同位語是英語語法的重點內(nèi)容，也是各類考試中的一個 考點，同時，在寫作中正確運用同位語可以使你的句型更加 簡潔得體。新概念英語 第三冊第一課有這樣一個句子

9、： When reports came into London zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously. （當倫敦動物園接到報告說，在倫敦以南 45 英里處發(fā)現(xiàn)一只美洲獅時，這些報告并沒有受到重視。 ）在這里， a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London 就是同位語從句，它本來應該放在“ reports ”后這里卻被放在了謂語成分came into Lo

10、ndonzoo的后面，目的是讓句型顯得更為穩(wěn)重。I. 簡單記憶：同位語從句，就是對某些名詞做進一步的 解釋的句子。I was greatly shocked when I heard the news that his father died yesterday. （that 引導的句子解釋了 news 的內(nèi)容， 注意：that不做任何成分）We have to face the fact that the weather is unexpectedly bad. （that引導的句子解釋了 fact的內(nèi)容）II. 聯(lián)想記憶：能接同位詞從句的名詞有： belief （信仰），fact, ide

11、a , doubt , rumor （謠言）,evidence （證據(jù)）,conclusion （結 論）,suggestion （建議）,problem , order , answer , discovery（發(fā) 現(xiàn)）explanation （解釋）,principle （原貝U） , possibility （可能性）,truth , promise （承諾）,report （報告）,statement （聲明）,knowledge （知識）,opinion （觀點）,likelihood （可能性）大聲朗讀三遍，背下即可。III .王牌要點： 同位語一般由 that 引導，但也可以用關

12、系代詞 which, who, what 和關系副詞 when, where, why, how 或 whether 引導。There arouse the question whether we could win the game.I have no idea how to explain it. 一些介詞詞組后面也能引導同位語從句。 （非常經(jīng)典之 功能句式，可用于四六級和托福作文，不妨一試！ ）：on the assumption （在前提下）,on the ground of （由于原因）,on the condition that （在條件下）,with the exception

13、that （有例外）owing to the fact that （由于事實） ;on the understanding that （基于理解）；The young lady promised to marry the old man on the condition that he bought her a villa. 那位年輕的女士答應嫁 給那位老頭，條件是他給她買一幢別墅。IV 分隔式同位語從句 為了使句型平衡不至于頭重腳輕，有時同位語從句可以放到句子的末尾， （讀兩遍此定義，然后看倒句： ）An idea came to him that he might write to her

14、 to ask more information about the matter.I got information from my friend that there will be a marvelous American movie Titanic.V.同位語從句與定語從句之區(qū)別簡單記憶: 定語從句的引導詞 that 或 which 在句子中用 作主語或賓語，而同位語從句的引導詞 that只起連接主句和 從句之作用，不用作任何成分。示例：r ve got an answer that A is right.（同位語從句，that不做成分）r ve got an answer that

15、surprised me a lot.（定語從句，that做定語從句的主語）VI .王牌重點：可以充當同位語的詞組或短語。1）名詞短語。（使句型更為簡潔）Bill Clinton, the president of America, came to China to pay an official visit in 1998.Lu Xun, one of the greatest essayists in China, playedan overwhelmingly important role in Chinese literature history.2）動名詞詞組亦可用作同位語：別忘了加

16、逗號。（使句型更為流暢）rm crazy about the game, playing baseball.Going to concert, that sounds a great idea.3） 不定式短語。（陌生只是掌握的開始）The problem what to do next remains unsolved.Her claim to have finished his work is nothing but a white lie.4） 形容詞詞組。（有逗號隔開）All the workers, young or old, should be treated equally.Yo

17、ung man, short or tall, should have the right to takethe opportunity.VII.同位語的引導詞。（重要！這是中高級寫作中不可缺 少的引導成分）引導詞用來表示同位語與它所說明的同位成分之間的關系：1 . namely, that it is, that is to say（也就是說），in otherwords （換句話說），or, for short表示等同關系。2. such as, say, so to speak （譬如說）including （包 括） , for instance （或 for example （e.g

18、. / eg ）, 表示舉例和 列舉關系。3. especially, mostly, chiefly, or better, in particular,particularly 表示突出重點，（在高難度閱讀中表示后面的部分為更重要或更突出的部分，是出題的關鍵點。）測試精編I. 選擇正確選項：1. all behavior is learned behavior is a basicassumption of social scientists.A. NearlyB. That nearlyC. It is nearlyD. When nearly2. The people at the p

19、arty were worried about Janetbecause no one was awareshe had gone.A. where thatB. of whereC. of the place whereD. the place3. Susan hasnt written us for a long time. Whatdo you supposeto her?A. that happenedB. happenedC. to happenD. having happened4. May I have the loan? you offer goodsecurity.A. Bu

20、t B. Unless C. ProvidedD. But for5. Gorillas are quiet animals,they are able tomake about twenty different sounds.A. how B. in spite of C. because of D. even though6. The little White House in warm springs was theGeorgia home of President Franklin-D. Roosevelt there on April 12, 1945.A. who died B.

21、diedC. while diedD. he died7. Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of reality.A. what it is conceivedB. that is conceivedC. what is conceived to be D. that is being conceived of8. Seeds usually germinate the temperatureis favorable.A. if B. whereas C. as a resultD. in conseq

22、uences9. Francis Preston Blair. Jr, born in Kentucky, lived and practiced in Missouri.A. was B. he was C. although D. who he was10. , work songs often exhibit the song cultureof a people in a fundamental form.A. They occur where they areB. Occurring whereC. Where they occur D. Where do they occur 從句

23、：1. B 2. B 3. B4. C 5.D 6.A 7. C 8.A 9. C 10. C第二章虛擬語氣THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD虛擬語氣用來表達不可能或難以實現(xiàn)的愿望，與事實相 反的假設，通常分為基本的三種形式。1.與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬：If + did / were + ., . wouldshouldcould + do (動詞原形)mightIf I were you, I would go abroad at once. (I am not you.)If he knew it now, he could help me. (He doesnt knowit now

24、.)2. 與過去事實相反的虛擬：If + had done + ., . would (might) have done .If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I would have phoned you. (I didnt know your telephone number.)If you had come here a little earlier just now, you might have met her. (You didnt come here earlier.)3. 與將來事實相反的虛擬：（1）If + shou

25、ld + v., . would + v.（可能性很?。ㄗg作“萬一”）If it should rain tomorrow, you could stay at home.If I should fail, what should I do?（2）If + did / were to + v ., would + v.（完全不可能）If the sun were to rise in the west, I would lend you the money.If you finished it in 3 minutes, I would give you my car.4. 金牌特殊重點：

26、！簡單聯(lián)想記憶 ： 下列動詞后的 “賓語從句 ”中需要用虛擬形式，即 should +動詞原形， should 在美國英語中要省略（ TOEFL 語法考點）。此類常見的動詞有： order, ask, decide, demand, require, recommend, suggest （建議） insist （堅決要求） ， advise, etc.例句： He suggested that we （should） help them with English.The teacher ordered that the homework （should） be finished within

27、 half an hour.下列名詞后的同位語從句中要用“should+動詞原形”should 可省去）的虛擬： suggestion, order, request, demand, importance, proposal.He made a suggestion that we (should) have a fancy dress party.I think it is a thing of importance that it (should) be done soon.It is / was important / necessary / natural / essential /

28、 advisable / strange / surprising, etc. + that + 主語+ should + v.It is strange that you should say such a thing.It was important that you should tell me all the information.wish 后的賓語從句中， as if 后的狀語從句中，須用下 列的虛擬形式：主 + wish+ (that) + 主 + did / were (指現(xiàn)在)Had done (指過去) would+ v. (指將來)I wish that I met my

29、 uncle now.I wish I had met my uncle yesterday.I wish I could meet my uncle tomorrow.It is (high) time that . + did / were .It is time that you went to bed.would rather that . + did / were .I would rather that you were not here now.would sooner that . + did / were .I would sooner that you got up ear

30、lier.I would sooner that you were not my brother.測試精編I. 選擇正確選項：1. I he had taught me the word, but he didnt.A. believeB. hope C. wish D. think2. The man in charge recommends that this matter at the meeting.A. would be discussedB. will be discussedC. be discussed D. may be discussed3. It is raining n

31、ow, otherwise we go out play.A. couldB. can C. may D. will4. he come late, give him the message.A. HadB. Should C. WouldD. Did5. Hadnt my car broke down, I the train.A. would have caughtB. might catchC. could catch D. would catch6. I would have helped him if I had time, but I .A. haventB. had C. did

32、nt D. wouldnt7. The dam was built in time to protect the inhabitants from the flood; .A. otherwise the damage would be beyond measure.B. the damage, otherwise, should be very great.C. the damage could have been very serious otherwise.D. the damage caused, therefore, many of them homeless.8. It is na

33、tural that an employee his work on time.A. finishesB. finish C. can finish D. finishes9. I would go abroad but that I poor.A. am B. wasC. shall beD. were10. Dont act as if you _ the onlypebble on thebeach.A. areB. wereC. have beenD. would bePebble名詞n.1.卵石，小圓石，鵝卵石，礫石You arent the only pebble on the b

34、each. 你這樣的人多得很。虛擬語氣：1. C 2. C 3.A 4. B 5.A 6. C 7. C 8. B 9.A 10. B 第三章代替與省略 SUBSTITUTIONAND OMISSION 英語中，為了避免不必要的重復，經(jīng)常用 so, not, to, do, does 代替前面出現(xiàn)的動詞或相關內(nèi)容。如： He translated the article better than I did. (did 代替 wrote it)Do you think she is clever?I think so. (so 代替 she is clever)(1) 從上兩例中看出， do /

35、 does / did 代替動詞。(2) so 與 not 代替某個詞、短語、句子等，通常用于 hope, think, believe, expect, suppose, be afraid, fear, imagine, etc 后作賓語。E. g. Is it correct? Im afraid not (not correct)(3) to 用作不定式， 常跟隨下列動詞： want, mean, hope, expect, refuse, seem, intend, be, afraid, etc.E.g. I asked him to go to the party, but he

36、 refused to(goto the party)(4) do so, do that, do it 用來代替動態(tài)動詞， 而不能代靜 態(tài)動詞。E.g. He gave up studying English. Why did he do so? (= give up studying English) The dish tastes nice. Yes, so it does. (tastes nice)(此句不能用it does it或it does so,因taste屬靜態(tài)動 詞。)(5) 為使語言精煉，避免不必要的重復，對話中常用省略 形式。E.g. He is thinking of buying a car?Is he?(這里，“thinking of buying a car”被省略了。 Will he come back in time? Perhaps. ( 省略了 he will come back in time. )測試精編I.選擇正確答案：1.