美國歷史論文

1、什么使美國成為了超級(jí)大國？ 美國一個(gè)無論是在經(jīng)濟(jì)還是在軍事或者是在政治甚至是在文化上，對當(dāng)今世界有絕對影響力的國家。一個(gè)冷戰(zhàn)后當(dāng)之無愧的唯一超級(jí)大國，一個(gè)人們夢想中充滿無限自由和可能的國度。然而，它的歷史卻只有短短200來年，那么，它是怎么在這么短的時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)展成為這樣的一個(gè)大國，乃至它的成績使得發(fā)展歷史遠(yuǎn)比它悠久的大國望塵莫及，甚至對它俯首帖耳，馬首是瞻？讓我們穿越歷史隧道，通過對歷史中的各種因素的分析，來還原美國成為超級(jí)大國的原因。 首先，我們從美國成立時(shí)的國際地理位置看，不難看出，這是上帝對它的無限眷顧。它東西臨兩洋，南北無強(qiáng)敵大西洋、太平洋環(huán)繞著它，這是發(fā)展的天然屏障。這使它的獨(dú)立和本土

2、在165年的發(fā)展中無外來戰(zhàn)火的侵?jǐn)_成為可能。而它的南北鄰國加拿大和墨西哥，他們當(dāng)時(shí)還分別是英法和西班牙的殖民地，19世紀(jì)才獨(dú)立；且工業(yè)化水平遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不如美國，所以談不上是美國發(fā)展的障礙，更不用說是勁敵了。所以這樣的位置可謂是得天獨(dú)厚。 其次，美國地域遼闊，地廣人稀，物產(chǎn)豐富。東西部的山脈阿巴拉契亞山和落基山，為其工業(yè)發(fā)展提供豐富的礦產(chǎn)資源，如煤炭鐵礦和有色金屬。以及各種動(dòng)植物構(gòu)成的生物資源；在墨西哥灣，蘊(yùn)藏著豐富的石油資源；中央大平原的寬廣而肥沃的土地是美國取之不盡的糧倉；一灣、兩洋、五大湖是其漁場和水上交通樞紐；廣袤的土地為其城市發(fā)展提供了足夠的擴(kuò)展空間。這一切與生俱來的優(yōu)勢使美國的發(fā)展如虎添翼

3、。 第三，移民帶來的知識(shí)和技術(shù)是美國工業(yè)科技發(fā)展的基因基礎(chǔ)。美國是一個(gè)移民國家，這些移民都是來自全世界的或是能工巧匠或有一技之長者，他們懷著技術(shù)知識(shí)和信仰，充滿對未來無限的向往和挑戰(zhàn)，來到了這里。這些移民來到美國之時(shí)，幾乎是白手起家的。非常惡劣的條件以及奴役和殖民壓迫，使得這些移民不得不為他們是生存而奮斗、抗?fàn)帯Ｗ詈蟮矫绹?dú)立時(shí)，留下來的都是精英。這些精英就成了美國人優(yōu)秀的基因。 第四，奴隸貿(mào)易客觀上給美國的工業(yè)發(fā)展提供了廉價(jià)的勞動(dòng)力，而南北戰(zhàn)爭則使這些廉價(jià)勞動(dòng)真正注入到了美國工業(yè)化過程中，使得美國迅速實(shí)現(xiàn)了工業(yè)化。而工業(yè)化的實(shí)現(xiàn)則是它超過其它資本主義強(qiáng)國成為世界超級(jí)大國的必經(jīng)之路。 第五，政

4、治制度。美國政治制度的思想基礎(chǔ)是天賦人權(quán)，這是與封建君權(quán)神授相對立的思想，主張主權(quán)在民，人人生而平等，人們擁有許多的自由權(quán)利。在這樣的基礎(chǔ)上誕生了三權(quán)分立行政、司法、立法相互獨(dú)立相互制衡，這使得民主得以實(shí)現(xiàn)，并不斷延續(xù)和發(fā)展。這樣的民主制度既能夠使美國人民熱情的生活和自由的發(fā)展，而且使得整個(gè)美利堅(jiān)民族的心凝聚得堅(jiān)不可摧。這種對民主自由的信仰和追求的制度所散發(fā)出的魔力，在其建立兩百年間，從不間斷的吸引著來自全世界的社會(huì)精英涌入美國，這些社會(huì)精英為美國的科學(xué)發(fā)展做出了不可磨滅的貢獻(xiàn)。 第六，美國完備的教育體制。當(dāng)今的國際競爭，就是綜合國力的競爭，而綜合國力競爭的核心就是經(jīng)濟(jì)和科技的競爭，而經(jīng)濟(jì)和科

5、技的競爭歸根結(jié)底是人才的競爭，而人才競爭的關(guān)鍵在于教育。所以當(dāng)今世界各國無不制定了相應(yīng)的教育興國的戰(zhàn)略方針。而這種戰(zhàn)略思想早在一兩百年的資本主義國家早已有之，并且建立和不斷完善了它們的教育制度。尤為美國的教育發(fā)展特別迅速，并于十九世紀(jì)末到整個(gè)二十世紀(jì)取代歐洲成為世界科學(xué)發(fā)展的圣地。這種教育制度下的學(xué)校為美國的發(fā)展儲(chǔ)備了大量的人才并吸引來自全世界的人才。這些人才就成了美國的強(qiáng)大的造血細(xì)胞，使美國迅速成長為世界性大國和超級(jí)大國。 第七，正因?yàn)槊绹且粋€(gè)新興國家，才使得美國沒有許多的歷史負(fù)擔(dān)。不可否認(rèn)，具有悠久歷史的國家，其文化底蘊(yùn)會(huì)使得其國家發(fā)展更加穩(wěn)重和充滿經(jīng)驗(yàn)、智慧。但每件事都有其兩面性，悠久

6、的歷史也使得其受制于歷史，我形象地稱它為文化的惰性，亦即一旦一個(gè)民族國家的文化形成，并隨著歷史的延長而固化，那么它的可塑性就變得越來越小。如中國長期的強(qiáng)大的封建中央集權(quán)歷史使得中國在資本萌芽階段難以擺脫封建的制約，以至于中國的資本主義一直處在萌芽階段，而遲遲未踏入資本主義的門檻，這使得中國在近代的發(fā)展開始落后于西方的發(fā)展。同樣的，這個(gè)道理也適用于歐洲英、法、德與美國的比較。所以相反，一個(gè)新興的民族國家的可塑性就是不可估計(jì)得大了。美國是在近代資本主義革命中誕生，這使得美國對資本主義文化精神的吸收和利用程度超越的任何歐洲資本主義國家，并把它建構(gòu)成為美國的歷史文化基礎(chǔ)，不帶任何封建歷史因素的。 另外

7、就是歷史的地緣政治的負(fù)擔(dān)，如歐洲法國與德國的歷史宿仇，它們曾在相應(yīng)的歷史條件下吞并過彼此，這使得它們積累下深重的歷史仇恨，這些仇恨直到二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后兩國才化干戈為玉帛。再者如英國歷史上一直受到來自歐洲大陸的侵?jǐn)_，這使得英國對歐洲大陸保持一顆戒備的心，因而它對歐洲的政策就是大陸均衡政策，它不希望歐洲大陸哪一個(gè)國家獨(dú)大，這樣就使得英國在對歐洲大陸問題上耗費(fèi)不少的財(cái)力和物力。如當(dāng)法國資產(chǎn)大革命時(shí)，英國聯(lián)合德國沙俄等國成立反法聯(lián)軍壓制法國，正是其大陸均衡政策的體現(xiàn)。 這些歷史負(fù)擔(dān)不僅阻礙他們每一個(gè)國家的發(fā)展，而且也給整個(gè)歐洲的發(fā)展帶來歷史的災(zāi)難。而美國則不存在這些歷史問題，所以它可以獨(dú)善其身。 雖然美國有

8、這么多的優(yōu)勢，但卻還不足以使美國成為真正的超級(jí)大國，因?yàn)樽鳛橐粋€(gè) 超級(jí)大國，應(yīng)當(dāng)經(jīng)歷許多的困難和磨難，并且在這磨難中不僅沒有被打垮，反而能從這些磨難中汲取營養(yǎng)，能使自己得到更大的解放，然后變得，更加壯大，繁榮和強(qiáng)盛。這些困難我們無一不能從歷史中找出來。如美國的獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭，南北戰(zhàn)爭，大蕭條，和自然災(zāi)害。這些使美國建立了國家和民主自由的政治制度，統(tǒng)一了南北，解放了黑奴，完善了社會(huì)保障制度，建設(shè)許多象征美國精神的大型工程，創(chuàng)造了許多的世界之最，這些都是美國的創(chuàng)新，也是美國力量的積蓄，而這些積蓄的力量將在一場戰(zhàn)爭后誕生一個(gè)超級(jí)大國，那就是二戰(zhàn)。 二戰(zhàn)，是人類歷史上規(guī)模最大，波及范圍最廣，參戰(zhàn)的國家和人數(shù)

9、最多，戰(zhàn)爭程度最激烈的戰(zhàn)爭。這場戰(zhàn)爭是全世界人民反抗以德國、日本、意大利為軸心國的法西斯政權(quán)的正義戰(zhàn)爭。這場戰(zhàn)爭的中期，戰(zhàn)事進(jìn)入了相持階段。1941年12月1日，日本襲擊了美國太平洋海軍基地珍珠港，這一事件徹底扭轉(zhuǎn)了戰(zhàn)爭的局勢，因?yàn)槊绹尤肓恕：翢o疑問，美國的加入大大加強(qiáng)了世界反法西斯同盟的力量，也加速了這場殘酷戰(zhàn)爭的結(jié)束。為報(bào)仇雪恨，美國調(diào)動(dòng)了全國所有能動(dòng)用的資源來保障戰(zhàn)爭物資的生產(chǎn)和供給，其中，美國婦女就是后勤物資生產(chǎn)的主力軍，美國婦女因此也得以解放，能夠和男人一樣有相同的社會(huì)地位，工作在最前線，為社會(huì)做出她們的貢獻(xiàn)。這使得美國的生產(chǎn)力又得到進(jìn)一步的解放。 在戰(zhàn)場上，美國大兵參加了對德作戰(zhàn)

10、。諾曼底登陸，開辟了歐洲的第二戰(zhàn)場。在蘇聯(lián)和第二戰(zhàn)場的東西夾擊之下，歐洲戰(zhàn)事迅速結(jié)束了。為更快地結(jié)束日本在太平洋發(fā)動(dòng)的戰(zhàn)爭，美國很早制定了曼哈頓計(jì)劃，并將這個(gè)計(jì)劃中制造的超級(jí)武器原子彈投向了日本，這使日本元?dú)獯髠?，不得不在投降書上簽下他們罪惡的名字。日本的投降，宣告了二?zhàn)的徹底結(jié)束。 戰(zhàn)后，歐洲和亞洲國家損失慘重，而美國卻在戰(zhàn)爭中的到飛速發(fā)展，戰(zhàn)后的經(jīng)濟(jì)總量是戰(zhàn)前的兩倍，占世界經(jīng)濟(jì)總量得一半;在政治上美國已然是居高臨下，成了西方資本主義的領(lǐng)頭羊;軍事上唯有蘇聯(lián)能與之比高。這時(shí)的美國已然成為了一個(gè)名副其實(shí)的超級(jí)大國。U.S. - both in the economy or in the mil

11、itary or even in the political culture of the world today is absolutely influence. A well deserved after the Cold War the only superpower, the dream of a people full of unlimited freedom and the kingdom. However, its history is only a short 200 in the coming year, then, it is how in such a short tim

12、e developed into such a big country, even its achievements to the development history than it long catch up, and even of its subservience to followed the lead? Let us through the history of the tunnel, through the analysis of the various factors in the history, to restore the United States as a supe

13、rpower.First, we see from the the international geographic location in the United States set up, it is not difficult to see that this infinite blessing of God it. It is something provisional Two Oceans, north and south without a powerful enemy - the Atlantic, Pacific, surrounded by it, which is the

14、development of a natural barrier. Independent and local in the 165 years of development making it possible to intrusion of foreign war. Its north and south neighbors - Canada and Mexico, they were also British and French and Spanish colony until the 19th century, independent; and the level of indust

15、rialization is far less than the United States, so far from the obstacle to the development of the United States, not to mention rival. So the location is simply Detian independence thick.Second, the United States geographically vast and sparsely populated, rich natural resources. The eastern and we

16、stern mountain ranges - the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky Mount, rich in mineral resources such as coal, iron ore and non-ferrous metals for its industrial development. A biological resources as well as a variety of plants and animals; in the Gulf of Mexico, bears rich oil resources; broad and

17、 fertile land in the central Great Plains inexhaustible granary in the United States; one bay, two oceans, the Great Lakes is its fishing grounds and Water transportation hub; vast land provide enough expansion space for its urban development. This all the inherent advantages of the development of t

18、he United States is even more powerful.Third, the immigrants brought knowledge and technology is the genetic basis of the development of industrial technology in the United States. The United States is a nation of immigrants, these immigrants are from all over the world or skilled craftsman or have

19、skills, with which they have the technical knowledge and belief, full of infinite longing and challenges for the future, and came here. These immigrants came to the United States, almost from scratch. Very poor conditions, as well as slavery and colonial oppression, these immigrants had to struggle

20、for them is to survive, fight. Finally, the time of independence to the United States, left behind are the elite. The elite became Americans gene.The fourth objective of the slave trade to the industrial development of the United States provided the cheap labor, the Civil War really injected into th

21、e United States in the industrialization process, so that these cheap labor and rapid industrialization. Realization of industrialization, it is more than the other capitalist powers to become the worlds superpower, the only way.Fifth, the political system. The ideological foundation of the American

22、 political system is a natural rights, which is opposed to the idea of feudal absolute grant, advocates sovereignty in the people, human beings are born equal, it has many of the right to freedom. Born in this based on the separation of powers - executive, judicial, and legislative is mutually indep

23、endent checks and balances, which makes democracy to be realized, and the continuation and development. This democratic system enables both the development of the life and liberty of the enthusiasm of the people of the United States, and makes the heart of the entire American nation unite indestruct

24、ible. Exudes the magic of this belief system, and the pursuit of democracy and freedom, in its establishment of two centuries, who never stops attracting the social elite into the United States from all over the world, these social elite for the scientific development of the United States to make an

25、 indelible contribution.Sixth, a comprehensive education system in the United States. Todays international competition is the competition of comprehensive national strength, comprehensive national competition core is the economic and technological competition, and economic and technological competit

26、ion in the final analysis, is the talent competition, talent competition lies in education. So today the world yearning to develop a strategic approach to education and rejuvenating. This strategic thinking as early as twelve hundred years of capitalist countries, and the establishment and improveme

27、nt of the education system. Particularly the development of education in the United States, especially rapidly in the late nineteenth century to the twentieth century to replace the sacred sites of Europe to become the worlds scientific development. This school education system for the development o

28、f the United States reserves a lot of talent and attract talent from all over the world. These people became powerful hematopoietic cells rapidly grown into the worlds great powers and superpowers.Seventh, precisely because the United States is an emerging country, which makes the United States does

29、 not have many of the historical burden. There is no denying that the country has a long history, its cultural heritage will make its national development more athletic and full of experience, wisdom. But everything has its two sides, a long history of making it subject to historical, and I vividly

30、called cultural inertia, that is, once the culture of a nation-state, and with the extension of the historical and cured, then it plasticity becomes increasingly smaller. Such as the long-term the powerful feudal centralization history makes in the capital its infancy difficult to get rid of feudal

31、constraints that capitalism has been in its infancy stage, but has not yet been entered the threshold of capitalism in China, which makes China in modern times development began to fall behind in the development of the West. The same thing applies to European British, France, Germany and the United

32、States comparison. Therefore, contrary to the plasticity of an emerging nation-state is not estimated too big. The United States is the birth of the modern capitalist revolution, which makes the degree of absorption and utilization of the cultural spirit of capitalism beyond any capitalist country i

33、n Europe, and to construct it became the foundation of American history and culture, without any feudal history factors.The other is the geopolitical burden of history, such as the history of feuding in Europe between France and Germany, which had annexed in the corresponding historical conditions e

34、ach other, which makes their accumulated under deep historical hatred, hatred until after the end of World War II, the two countries turn their swords into plowshares . Furthermore, such as in British history has been the intrusion from the European continent, which makes the heart of the United Kin

35、gdom on the European continent to maintain an alert, and thus it is the policy of Europe is the continent balanced policy, do not want to which a country of continental Europe is dominant, so Britain to spend a lot of financial and material resources in the continental Europe. For example, when the

36、France asset Revolution, the United Kingdom United Germany Tsarist Russia and other countries. Established anti-French coalition forces to suppress the French, it is the manifestation of mainland balanced policy.These historical burden not only hinder the development of every country, to bring histo

37、rical disaster but also to the development of Europe as a whole. The United States does not exist these historical issues, so it can be spared.Although the United States has so many advantages, but it is not enough to make the United States to become a real superpower, because as a superpower, it sh

38、ould be experienced many difficulties and tribulations, and this ordeal not only has not been defeated, but from these tribulations to absorb nutrients, and make greater liberation, and then become even stronger, prosperous and powerful. These difficulties since we all find out from history. Such as

39、 the American War of Independence, the Civil War, the Great Depression, and natural disasters. These make the United States to establish a national and political system of democracy and freedom, reunification of the North and South, freed the slaves, and to improve the social security system, the co

40、nstruction of large-scale projects of many a symbol of the American spirit, creating many of the worlds most, these are the United States innovation, but also of American power savings, the power of these savings will be in a war after the birth of a superpower, and that is World War II.World War II

41、, most countries and the number of the largest in the history of mankind, spread range the most extensive, the war, the wars most intense war. War is a just war on the people of the world against the fascist regime for the Axis powers of Germany, Japan, Italy. In the middle of the war, the war enter

42、ed a stalemate. December 1, 1941, the Japanese attacked the U.S. Pacific naval base in Pearl Harbor, this event completely reversed the situation in the war, because the United States joined the. There is no doubt that the United States added greatly enhance the power of the world anti-fascist alliance, but also to accelerate the end