被動語態(tài)[1]語法

1、(一) 語 態(tài) 分 類,英語動詞有兩種語態(tài)，主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。如： They will build a new bridge over the river. (主動) A new bridge will be built over the river. (被動) 漢語中常用“被”、“給”、“由”、“受”等詞用來表示被動，而英語用：助動詞be + 及物動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成。,被動語態(tài)常用的八種時態(tài) 1. 一般現(xiàn)在時： People grow rice in the south of the country. Rice is grow

2、n in the south of the country. The school doesnt allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher. We are not allowed to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher. 2. 一般過去時： They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month. The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month.

3、The students didnt forget his lessons easily. His lessons were not easily forgotten.,3. 一般將來時： They will send cars abroad by sea. Cars will be sent abroad by sea. They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers. Plenty of jobs will be given to school-leavers. 4. 過去將來時： The manager said they would co

4、mplete the project by the end of the year. The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year. The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible. The workers told me that the car would be mended as soon as possible.,5. 現(xiàn)在進行時： The radio is broadcasting English lesson

5、s. English lessons are being broadcast on the radio. We are painting the rooms. The rooms are being painted. 6. 過去進行時： Why didnt they drive there on time? Because the workers were mending the road. Because the road was being mended. This time last year we were planting trees here. Trees were being p

6、lanted here this time last year. 7. 現(xiàn)在完成時： Someone has told me the sports meet might be put off. I have been told the sports meet might be put off. We have brought down the price. The price has been brought down.,8. 過去完成時： When I got to the theatre, I found they had already sold out the tickets. Whe

7、n I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out. The whole country was very sad at the news of his death; People had considered him to be a great leader. He had been considered to be a great leader. 9. 含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)： 含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)是由“情態(tài)動詞+ be+ 及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。 You must hand in your com

8、positions after class. Your compositions must be handed in after class. He can write a great many letters with the computer. A great many letters can be written with the computer by him.,被動語態(tài): 我們知道, 被動語態(tài)是由be + done(動詞的過去分詞)構(gòu)成的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成比較,10: 動詞不定式的被動語態(tài) be to do- be to be done be going to do-be going to

9、 be done Be about to do-be about to be done Eg: He is to read a novel A novel is to be read by him They are going to hold a meeting tomorrow. A meeting is going to be held tomorrow. They are about to shoot the murderer. The murderdr is about to be shot by them.,(1) The police found that the house _a

10、nd a lot of things _. A. has broken into; has been stolen B. had broken into ; had been stolen C. has been broken into; stolen D. had been broken into; stolen (2) If city noises _ from increasing, people _ shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now. A. are not kept; will have to B.

11、 are not kept; have to C. do not keep ; will have to D. do not keep ; have to,D,Practice,A,(3) -_ the sports meet might be put off. -Yes, it all depends on the weather. A. Ive been told B. Ive told C. Im told D. I told (4) The maths problem _ among the students soon. A. is about to be discuss B. is

12、going to be discussed C. is to discuss D. is going to have been discussed,A,B,(一)語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換時要注意的問題 1. 把主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，其謂語動詞的時態(tài)要與原句時態(tài)保持一致，其謂語動詞的數(shù)要與新主語保持一致。 We have bought a new computer. A new computer has been bought. (正確) A new computer have been bought. (錯誤) 2. 含有雙賓語的主動句變被動句時，可分別將其中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個不動，一般變間接賓語為

13、主語時比較多。 My uncle gave me a present on my birthday. I was given a present on my birthday. 如果把直接賓語(指物)改為主語，則在間接賓語(指人)前加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，如上句還可以說： A present was given to me yesterday.,保留賓語,注意：一般在下列動詞后，常在間接賓語前用介詞 to，如： bring, give, lend, offer, pass, promise, sell, show, teach, tell 等。 The cup with mixture was show

14、ed to the class. My bike was lent to her. 一般在下列動詞后，間接賓語前用介詞 for, 如： buy, cook, choose, fetch, get, ,make, order, 等。 Mother made me a new skirt. (A new skirt was made for me. ) The meat was cooked for us.,3. 由動詞+ 介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的短語動詞，要把它們作為整體看，即把它們看成一個及物動詞，介詞或副詞不可拆開或漏掉這類動詞有 laugh at, operate on, look after,

15、make fun of, make use of take care of, carry out, give up, hand in, point out, put away, put off, turn down, work out, talk about等。 The patient is being operated on. The problem is solved. It neednt be talked about. His request was turned down. The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weat

16、her. A child is taken good care of,4. 帶復(fù)合賓語(賓語+ 賓補)的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時，一般把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語改為主語，而賓語補足語保留在謂語動詞后面。如： a,動詞+賓語+adj We always keep the classroom clean. The classroom is always kept clean. b,動詞+賓語+ n They chose Tom captain. Tom was chosen captain c.動詞+賓語+ to do She told us to follow her instructions. We wer

17、e told to follow her instructions. d,動詞+賓語+doing I found him lying on the floor he was found lying on the floor e,動詞+賓語+done we found all our seats occupied. all our seats were found occupied. 注意：在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等動詞后作賓語補足語的動詞不定式都不帶 to，但改成被動語態(tài)后都帶to， We often h

18、ear him play the guitar. He is often heard to play the guitar. His mother makes him clean the room every day. He is made to clean the room every day.,（二）某些動詞用主動表被動？,1. The picture looks beautiful .,這里的 look是表狀態(tài)特征的連系動詞，它后面要求跟形容詞或名詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)，其主動形式表被動含義。感官系動詞一般用主動形式表示被動意義，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound,

19、remain, turn out ,smell等。 Do you like the material? Yes, it feels very soft. The flowers look beautiful What he said sounds reasonable. The roses smell sweet. The medicine tastes bitter. 誤：It is felt very soft. The food tastes delicious. 誤：The food is tasted delicious. The pop music sounds beautiful

20、. 誤：The pop music is sounded beautiful,2.有些動詞既是及物又是不及物，當(dāng)它們和well, badly, easily等副詞連用時，表示主語內(nèi)在品質(zhì)或性能，是不及物動詞，用主動表示被動，這時不用被動語態(tài)，常見的有：write, read, clean, sell, dry,wash, cook,wear 等。如： The cloth washes easily. 這布很好洗。 Some silks wash well The new product sells well. 這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷。 The pen writes smoothly. 這支筆寫字很流暢

21、。 The poem reads fluently./ The shoes wear well. The paper tears easily This kind of cloth dried easily 對比： The books sell well. (主動句) The books were sold out. (被動句) The meat didnt cook well. (主動句) The meat was cooked for a long time over low heat. (被動句),3. want, need, require 作“需要 ”解時及be worth ,in

22、need of后接動詞，常用動名詞的主動形式表被動含義。,Eg: 1: The flower needs/ wants/ requires watering. Your hair needs/wants/requires cutting The computer needs/wants/requires reqairing 2: The film /music is worth listening to. 3: His teaching method is in need of improving,4. 不定式在某些形容詞后作狀語且和句子的主語（或賓語）構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系時：,The sen

23、tence is easy to understand. She found the problem hard to deal with. The box is heavy to lift The picture is pleasant to look at The novel is interesting to read 此類形容詞： difficult, comfortable, pleasant, fit, interesting, unfit, light, heavy, dangerous, etc.,5.不定式作名詞的后置定語，和被修飾的名詞有邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，同時和該句主語構(gòu)成邏

24、輯上的主謂關(guān)系，不定式常用主動形式表被動含義：,She had only a cold room to live in. I have a meeting to attend. I have a lot of homework to do She has many children to look after I gave him a cake to eat I gave him a book to read,第一，一些不及物動詞短語沒有被動語態(tài)，如：take place , come about , break out, belong to, consist of, add up to, c

25、ome into being, come true, turn out 等。如： The fire broke out in the capital building. 誤：The fire was broke out in the capital building. Great changes have taken place in China. 誤：Great changes have been taken place in China. 第二，不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。 When we got to the top

26、 of the mountain, the sun had already risen. 誤：The sun had already been risen. After the earthquake, few houses remained. 誤：After the earthquake, few houses were remained.,（三)下列情況主動句不能改為被動句,例如： 據(jù)說It is said /thought that 據(jù)報導(dǎo)It is reported that 據(jù)推測It is supposed that 希望It is hoped that 眾所周知It is well

27、 known that 普遍認(rèn)為It is generally considered that 有人建議It is suggested that 1) It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow. 2) It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp. 3) It is said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing.,（四）在漢語中，有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語，在英語中一般可用被動結(jié)構(gòu)來表示,（五）英語中一些詞的被動結(jié)構(gòu)表主動意義,

28、be dressed in, be seated in/at/beside/next to be addicted to , be determined to be devoted to,be absorbed in,be disappointed at, be lost in, be engaged in/be occupied in,be faced with Eg: 1.She is seated on the sofa. 2. Addicted to surfing the internet, the boy often escapes from classes. 3. Determi

29、ned to give up smoking, he threw away his remaining cigarettes. 4. Disappointed at failing in the math exam, Kenta wouldnt like to talk about it to his parents. 5. Judith lay on the sofa, absorbed in her book.,（六）介詞in,on,under+名詞短語表被動意義,常見的有：under control,under treatment,under repair,under discussio

30、n,under construction,beyond belief, beyond ones reach,beyond ones control, in print, in sight, on sale, on show, on trial, out of control, out of sight, out of ones reach, out of fashion,. Eg: 1.The building is under construction(is being constructed) 2.The plane was out of control( cant be controll

31、ed) 3.The road is under repair(is being repaired) 4.Today some treasures are on show( are being shown) in the museum.,1.The new dictionaries are very useful.They _well and _already. sell; have been sold out B. sold; had sold out C. sell, sell out are sold; have been sold out 2. I saw Dave in lift th

32、is morning. -Really? He_around here for a long time. A. wont be seen B. wasnt see C. hasnt been seen D. hadnt been seen,3. The window is dirty. -I know. It _ for weeks. hasnt cleaned B.didnt clean C. wasnt cleaned D. hasnt been cleaned 4. The heros story _differently in the newspapers. was reported

33、B. was reporting reports D. reported 5.Why did you leave that position? -I _a better position at IBM. offer B. offered C.am offered D.was offered 6. More than a dozen students in that school_abroad to study medicine last year. A. sent B. were sent C.had sent D.had been sent,7. The policemans attenti

34、on was suddenly caught by a small box which_placed under the Ministers car. has been B.was being C.had been D.would be 8. Millions of pounds worth damage_by a storm which swept across the north of England last night. A.has been caused B.had been caused C. will be caused D.will have been caused 9. Wh

35、en the old man_to walk back to his house,the sun_itself behind the mountain. started ; had already hidden had started; had already hidden C. had started ; was hiding D. was starting; hid,10:The water _cool when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise. was felt B.is felt C.felt D.feels 11: The mo

36、ment the 28th Olympic Games_ open, the whole world cheered. declared B.have been declared C. have declared D. were declared 12.Mr Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one _. blamed B.blaming C.to blame D.to be blamed,13. In a room above the store, where a part

37、y _, some workers were busily setting the table. A.was to be held B.has been held C.will be held D. is being held 14.I dont suppose the police know who did it. -Well surprisingly they do. A man has been arrested and_now. A.has been questioned B.is being questioned C. is questioning D. has questioned

38、 15. The new type of cellphone _better if it is advertised on TV. A. will sell B. sells C. would sell D.sold,16. The bridge which _ last year looks really beautiful. A. was built B. built C. was set up D. had been built 17. This cloth _well and _ long. Ok. Ill take it. A. washes/lasts B. is washed/l

39、asted C. washes/is lasted D. is washing/lasting 18. An exhibition of paintings _ at the museum next week. A. are to be held B. is to be held C. are holding D. will hold,19. Im sorry, sir. Your recorder isnt ready yet. It _ in the factory. A. is being repaired B. is repaired C. has been repaired D. h

40、asnt repaired 20. Every possible means , but none prove successful. A. has tried B. has been tried C. is being tried D. tried 21. My little sister has broken my watch. - My watch _ by my little sister. A. is broken B. has broken C. have been brokenD. has been broken,22. He was cleaning his room when

41、 I entered the house. - His room _ by him when I entered the room. A. was being cleaned B. was cleaned C. was being cleaning D. has been cleaned 23. I shall have Finished reading the novel by dinner time. - This novel _ reading (by me) by dinner time A. will have finished . B. will has been finished

42、 C. will have being finished D. will have been finished 24. You ought to keep these three rooms clean. -These three rooms _ (by you). are oughted to keep clean B. ought to kept clean C. ought to be kept clean D. ought to have been kept clean,1.The new dictionaries are very useful.They _well and _alr

43、eady. sell; have been sold out B. sold; had sold out C. sell, sell out are sold; have been sold out 2. I saw Dave in lift this morning. -Really? He_around here for a long time. A. wont be seen B. wasnt see C. hasnt been seen D. hadnt been seen,3. The window is dirty. -I know. It _ for weeks. hasnt c

44、leaned B.didnt clean C. wasnt cleaned D. hasnt been cleaned 4. The heros story _differently in the newspapers. was reported B. was reporting reports D. reported 5.Why did you leave that position? -I _a better position at IBM. offer B. offered C.am offered D.was offered 6. More than a dozen students

45、in that school_abroad to study medicine last year. A. sent B. were sent C.had sent D.had been sent,7. The policemans attention was suddenly caught by a small box which_placed under the Ministers car. has been B.was being C.had been D.would be 8. Millions of pounds worth damage_by a storm which swept

46、 across the north of England last night. A.has been caused B.had been caused C. will be caused D.will have been caused 9. When the old man_to walk back to his house,the sun_itself behind the mountain. started ; had already hidden had started; had already hidden C. had started ; was hiding D. was sta

47、rting; hid,10:The water _cool when I joined into the pool for morning exercise. was felt B.is felt C.felt D.feels 11: The moment the 28th Olympic Games_ open, the whole world cheered. declared B.have been declared C. have declared D. were declared 12.Mr Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one _. blamed B.blaming C.to blame D.to be blamed,13. In a room above the store, where a party _, some workers were busily setting the table. A.was to be held B.has been held C.will be held D. is being held 14.I dont suppose the police kno