初中英語語法梳理和提高——代詞例題解析

1、清華大學(xué)英語系測試：為中小學(xué)生英語量身定做.官方網(wǎng)站：/ 清華大學(xué)英語教授研究組提供初中英語時態(tài)總結(jié)動詞的時態(tài) 英語共有16種時態(tài)，根據(jù)近幾年曝光的四、六級考卷分析，時態(tài)測試重點主要有：完成時態(tài)現(xiàn)在完成時、過去完成時、將來完成時；進行時態(tài)現(xiàn)在進行時、過去進行時、將來進行時、完成進行時；一般時態(tài)。 一、一般時態(tài) 1、一般現(xiàn)在時 (1)一般現(xiàn)在時表示沒有時限的持久存在的動作或狀態(tài)或現(xiàn)階段反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)，常和副詞usually，often，always sometimes， regularly，near，occasionally，every yea

2、r, every week等連用。例如： 1)The moon moves round the earth. 2)Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day. (2)在由after，until，before，once，when，even if，in case，as long as，as soon as，the moment以及if，unless等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句或條件狀語從句中，通常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。例如： 1)I will tell him the news as soon as I see him. 2)I will not go to c

3、ountryside if it rains tomorrow. (3)某些表示起始的動詞，可用一般現(xiàn)在時表示按規(guī)定、計劃或安排要發(fā)生的動作，這類動詞有：be，go，come，start，depart，arrive，begin，leave等。例如： 1)The plane leaves at three sharp. 2)The new teachers arrive tomorrow. (4)在由why，what，where，whoever，who，that，as等引導(dǎo)的從句中，也常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。例如： 1)Free tickets will be given to whoever

4、 comes first. 2)Youll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow.清華大學(xué)英語系測試：為中小學(xué)生英語量身定做.官方網(wǎng)站：/ 清華大學(xué)英語教授研究組提供2.一般過去時 (1)表示過去某一特定時間所發(fā)生的、可完成的動作或狀態(tài)，常與表示確切過去時間的詞、短語或從句連用。例如： We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film. (2)表示過去習(xí)慣性動作。例如： 1)He always went to

5、class last. 2)I used to do my homework in the library. (注意與be used to doing短語的區(qū)別) 3.一般將來時 1)表示將來打算進行或期待發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)。例如： I shall graduate next year. 2)幾種替代形式： 1)be going to +v在口語中廣泛使用，表示準(zhǔn)備做或?qū)l(fā)生的事情。例如： Im going to buy a house when weve saved enough money. 2)be to +v表示計劃安排要做的事，具有“必要”的強制性意義。例如： I am to play

6、 tennis this afternoon. 3)be about to +v表示即將發(fā)生的事情。例如： He was about to start. 4)be due to +v表示預(yù)先確定了的事，必定發(fā)生的事。例如： The train is due to depart in ten minutes. 5)be on the point/verge of +v ing強調(diào)即將發(fā)生的某種事態(tài)。例如： The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home. 清華大學(xué)英語系測試：為中小學(xué)生英語量身定做.官方網(wǎng)

7、站：/ 清華大學(xué)英語教授研究組提供二、進行時態(tài) 1.現(xiàn)在進行時 (1)表示現(xiàn)在正在進行的動作，常與now，right now，at the mother，for the time being，for the present等連用。例如： Dont disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now. (2)表示現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作，常與always，continually，forever，constantly等連用。例如： My father is forever criticizing me. (3)表示根據(jù)計

8、劃或安排在最近要進行的事情。具有這種語法功能的動詞僅限于過渡性動詞。即表示從一個狀態(tài)或位置轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個狀態(tài)或位置上去的動詞。常用的有：go，come，leave，start，arrive，return等。例如： They are leaving for Hong Kong next month. (4)有些動詞不能用進行時，這是一類表示“感覺，感情，存在，從屬”等的動詞。如：see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，look，appear，(表示感覺的詞)；hate，love，fear，like，want，wish，prefer，refuse，forgive(表示感情的

9、動詞)；be，exist，remain，stay，obtain(表示存在狀態(tài)的動詞)；have，possess，own，contain，belong，consist of，form(表示占有與從屬的動詞)；understand，know，believe，think，doubt，forget，remember(表示思考理解的動詞)。但是如果它們詞義改變，便也可用進行時態(tài)。例如： 1)Tom looks pale. Whats wrong with him? (look在此為聯(lián)系動詞，意為“顯得，看上去”) 2)Tom is looking for his books. (look在此為實義動詞，

10、意為“尋找”) 2.過去進行時 過去進行時表示一個過去的動作發(fā)生時或發(fā)生后，另一個過去的動作正在進行，或表示過去反復(fù)的習(xí)慣，常與always，continually，constantly等動詞連用。例如： 1)We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered. 2)Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk. 3.將來進行時 將來進行時主要表示將來某一時刻正在進行的動作，或表示要在將來某一時刻開始，并繼續(xù)下去的動作。常用來表示禮貌的詢問、請求等。例如： 1)

11、This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema. 2)What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening? 4.完成進行時 (現(xiàn)在、過去、將來)完成進行時是(現(xiàn)在、過去、將來)完成時的強調(diào)形式，將放在完成時態(tài)部分講述。 三、完成時態(tài) 完成時態(tài)通常表示已完成或從事的動作。它可分為： 1.現(xiàn)在完成時 (1)現(xiàn)在完成時用來表示對目前狀況仍有影響的，剛剛完成的動作(常與yet，already，just連用)，或者過去某一時刻發(fā)生的，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的情況(常與for，since連用)。例如： 1)I hav

12、e just finished my homework. 2)Mary has been ill for three days. (2)常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用的時間狀語有：since, for, during, over等引導(dǎo)出的短語；副詞already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等；狀語詞組this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如： 1)I havent been there for

13、five years. 2)So far, she hasnt enjoyed the summer vacation. 3)There have been a lot of changes since 1978.(3)完成時態(tài)可用在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中： This (That, It) is (was) the first (second) time +定語從句；This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定語從句；This (That, It) is (was) +形容詞最高級+ n +定語從句。如果主句的謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時，從句的謂語動詞通常用現(xiàn)在

14、完成時；如果主句謂語動詞是一般過去時，從句謂語動詞通常用過去完成時。例如： (1)This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting. (2)There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening. 2.過去完成時 (1)表示過去某時間前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作或情況，這個過去的時間可以用by，before等介詞短語或一個時間狀語從句來表示；或者表示一個動作在另一個

15、過去動作之前已經(jīng)完成。例如： 1)We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in. 2)By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles. (2)動詞expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用過去完成時，表示過去的希望、預(yù)期、意圖或愿望等沒有實現(xiàn)。例如： I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasnt able to get aw

16、ay. 另外兩種表示“過去想做而未做的事”的表達方式是： 1)was / were + to have done sth,例如： We were to have come yesterday, but we couldnt. 2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth,例如： I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so. (3)過去完成時常用于以下固定句型： 1)hardly

17、, scarcely, barely + 過去完成時+ when + 過去時。例如： Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move. 2)no sooner +過去完成時+ than +過去時。例如： No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me. 3)by (the end of ) +過去時間，主句中謂語動詞用過去完成時。例如： The experiment had been finished by 4 oclock yesterday afternoon. 3.將來完成時 將來完成

18、時表示在將來某一時刻將完成或在另一個未來的動作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成的動作；也可以用來表示一種猜測。常與將來完成時連用的時間狀語有：by (the time / the end of ) +表示將來時間的短語和句子；before (the end of ) +表示將來時間的詞語或句子；when, after等加上表示將來動作的句子等。例如： 1)By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai. 2)I shall have finished this composition before 9 oclock. 3)When we get

19、on the railway station, the train will probably have left. 4.完成進行時 完成進行時是完成時的強調(diào)形式，有現(xiàn)在完成進行時，過去完成進行時，將來完成進行時。 (1)現(xiàn)在完成進行時表示過去某一時刻之前開始的動作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過去某一時刻。例如： I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still havent found it. (2)過去完成進行時表示過去某一時刻之前開始的動作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過去某一時刻。例如： It had been raining ca

20、ts and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places. (3)將來完成進行時表示在將來某一時刻之前開始的一個動作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到將來某一時刻。例如： By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours. 清華大學(xué)英語系測試：為中小學(xué)生英語量身定做.官方網(wǎng)站：/ 清華大學(xué)英語教授研究組提供四：時態(tài)一致 時態(tài)一致是英語四、六級考試的一個重要內(nèi)容。通常應(yīng)由主句謂語

21、的時態(tài)決定從句的謂語時態(tài)。一般原則是： 1、當(dāng)主句謂語使用現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r，從句的謂語根據(jù)具體情況使用任何時態(tài) He says that he lives in Wuhan. We hope that there will be many people at your party today. “Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?” “Yes, but I dont know who bought it.” “Theres a lot of excitement on the street.” “There certainly is. D

22、o you suppose the astronauts have returned?” 2、當(dāng)主句謂語使用過去時的時候，從句的謂語必須使用過去范圍的時態(tài) He said he was writing a novel. The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment. He said his father had been an engineer. 3、當(dāng)從句是表示沒有時間概念的真理時，從句的謂語應(yīng)使用一般現(xiàn)在時。例如： The teacher told them since light travels faster

23、 than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder. 注：在此種情況下，即使主句謂語用了過去式的各種時態(tài)，從句謂語也應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時。 4、從句謂語只能用虛擬語氣的情況利用時態(tài)一致原則確定從句動詞時態(tài)時，還應(yīng)注意，若主語動詞是表示命令、請求、要求、建議、勸告等的動詞，從句謂語只能用虛擬語氣，不能遵循時態(tài)一致原則。例如： We insisted that we do it ourselves. 動詞的語態(tài) 語態(tài)也是動詞的一種形式，英語有兩種語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，而被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。 1)We us

24、e electricity to run machines. (主動語態(tài)) 2)Electricity is used to run machines. (被動語態(tài)) 1.不能用于被動語態(tài)的動詞和短語 (1)在英語中，不及物動詞不能用于被動語態(tài)，但有些不及物動詞(包括短語)容易引起誤用。如：appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of。 (2)某些表示狀態(tài)或特征的及物動詞，如：become, contain, c

25、ost, fit, have, resemble, suit也沒有被動語態(tài)。 2.被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)形式 常用的被動語態(tài)有表1所列的幾種時態(tài)形式。 表1 時?SPAN lang=EN-US 一般時 進行時 完成時 現(xiàn)在 am asked am being asked is asked is being asked are asked are being asked 過去 was be asked was being asked were be asked were being asked 將來 shall be asked shall have been asked will be asked w

26、ill have been asked 過去 should be asked should have been asked 將來 would be asked would have been asked 3.短語動詞的被動語態(tài) 短語動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動語態(tài)時，通常被看作是一個動詞，后面的介詞或副詞不能拆開或省略。例如： 1)So far no correct conclusion has arrived at. 2)All the rubbish should be got rid of. 4.“get + -ed分詞”的被動語態(tài) “get + -ed分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)強調(diào)動作的結(jié)果，而非動作本身，常用來表

27、示突發(fā)性的，出乎意料的偶然事件。例如： The boy got hurt on his way home from work. 另外，“get + -ed分詞”還可用于談?wù)摓樽约鹤龅氖?，是主動的行為而不是被動的行為。例如?get dressed(穿衣服) get divorced(離婚) get engaged(訂婚) get confused(迷惑不解) get lost(迷路) get washed(洗臉) get married(結(jié)婚) 5.能帶兩個賓語和復(fù)合賓語的動詞改為被動語態(tài) (1)能帶兩個賓語的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時，一次只能由一個賓語作主語，另一個賓語被保留下來。例如： 1)We

28、 showed the visitors our new products.(主動語態(tài)) 2)The visitors were shown our new products.(被動語態(tài)) 3)Our new products were shown to the visitors.(被動語態(tài)) (2)能帶復(fù)合賓語的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時，原來的賓語補足語變?yōu)橹髡Z補足語。例如： 1)The teacher appointed him League secretary.(主動語態(tài)) 2)He was appointed League secretary.(被動語態(tài)) 6.被動語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別 (1

29、)The novel was well written.(系表結(jié)構(gòu)) (2)The novel was written by Diskens.(被動語態(tài)) 7.少數(shù)動詞的主動語態(tài)有時有被動的意思 例1：The book is selling remarkably well. 例2：The song sounds very beautiful. 能這樣用的動詞還有read(讀起來)，clean(擦起來)，wash(洗起來)，write(寫起來)。 例3：My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned). 能像need這樣用的動詞還

30、有：want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等。 例4：The meat is cooking. 例5：The book written by the professor is printing.清華大學(xué)英語系測試：為中小學(xué)生英語量身定做.官方網(wǎng)站：/ 清華大學(xué)英語教授研究組提供初中英語語法梳理和提高代詞例題解析清華大學(xué)英語系測試：為中小學(xué)生英語量身定做.官方網(wǎng)站：/ 清華大學(xué)英語教授研究組提供初中英語語法梳理和提高代詞例題解析例題解析：舉一反三，學(xué)的更輕松！1.Thi

31、s isnt _ pencil case. I left _ at home.A. my, mine B. me, my C. I, my D. my, myself解析：此類題主要用于考查學(xué)生對人稱代詞、物主代詞和反身代詞的掌握情況。要做好這類題，就必須熟練掌握這三類詞的用法。應(yīng)選A。2.The English novel is quite easy for you. There are _ new words in it.A. a little B. little C. a few D. few解析：歷年來中考始終將little, a little, few, a few作為一個重要考點，

32、要做好這類題，必須明確幾點：（1）little, a little修飾或代替不可數(shù)名詞；few, a few修飾或代替可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。（2）few, little 一般表示否定意義；a few, a little表示肯定意義。應(yīng)選D。3.- Can I come this evening or tomorrow morning?- _ OK. Im free today and tomorrow. A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None解析：此類題主要是針對each, every, both, all, either, neither, none等不定代詞的考查

33、。Both指兩個人或物；all表示三者或三者以上都，它們都表示肯定意義，均與of連用，作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，作定語修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞。all也可代替不可數(shù)名詞或一個整體，這時謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式，either指兩者只任何一個，表肯定，表示三者或三者以上中的任何一個用any, neither是either的否定形式，表示兩者都不是。應(yīng)選A。4.The population of China is much large than _A.this B.those C.it D.that解析：在比較級的句型中，經(jīng)常用that指代前面提到過的不可數(shù)名詞，用those指代可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)。 選D。5 . -

34、 When shall we meet again? - Make it _day you like. Its all the same to me.A. one B.any C.another D.all解析：any表示任何一個。選B。He said _ at the meeting and just sat there silently.A. something B. anything C. nothing D. everything解析：此句的意思是他在會上一言不發(fā)，只是靜靜地坐在那里。根據(jù)句意，應(yīng)選C。- Do you know the lady _ is interviewing o

35、ur headmaster?- Yes, she is a journalist from CCTV.A. which B. who C. whom D. whose解析：先行詞指人且在定語從句中作主語，所以應(yīng)選B。練習(xí)與鞏固：熟能生巧，取得好成績！一、用適當(dāng)?shù)拇~填空Help _ to some ice cream, girls.He came up with an idea at last, the idea of _ was very good.Hurry, up, theres _ time left.There is hardly _ in the basket, its empty

36、.Lili and Coco dont know _ address. Lili has never been to Cocos home and Coco has never been to Lilys home, either.He is _ a kind friend that _of us like him.He have two English novels, but he has read _ of them.I dont like the color of this jacket. Could you show me _ one?You may take _ of them, t

37、heyre both good.Dont worry. _ goes well here.二、選擇最佳答案填空：1. These two books are very interesting. You can choose _ of them.A. both B. each C. either D. any2. He had _milk but_ bread for breakfast.A. many; few B. much; little C. few; much D. little; many3. Is there _you want to say?A. something else B

38、. anything else C. else anything D. else something4. A: _ are you going to visit?B: I am going to visit the Palace Museum.A. Where B. What C. Why D. When5. One should keep _ promise.A. ones own B. every C. himself D. herself三、完成句子1.Theres two apples here, you can take _（任意一個）.2.Lisa has two daughter

39、s. _(沒有一個喜歡)traveling.3._ (所有的)girls like singing.4.To say is _ (一回事), to do is _ (另一回事).5.They keep one black cat and _ (兩只黑的).6.He has _ (許多) money, but he has _ (沒有) friends.7.Can she speak French? _ (只會一點).8._ (他們中很少有人) can talk in Chinese.9._ (沒人) has been reached farther than the moon.10.We lo

40、oked at _ (相互) in great surprise.Key: 一、1.yourselves 2.his 3.no 4.anything 5.each others 6.such,all 7.neither 8.another 9.either 10.everything 二、CBBAA 三、1.either 2.neither 3.all 4.one thing, another thing 5.two black ones 6.a lot of/much, no 7.A little 8.Few of them 9. No one /Nobody 10.each other一、

41、 名詞(一) 知識概要 名詞的概念在不同的語法教課書中有不同的解釋和分類方法，但就實際應(yīng)用來講還是不要過分地追求其理論概念，而更多的要把注意力放在其應(yīng)用上來。我們不妨把它分為兩大類：專有名詞與普通名詞。顧名思義，專有名詞是指：個人、事物、機關(guān)等所專有的名稱，如，the Great Wall， America它們是不能隨意變動的。而普通名詞中則包括個體名詞，如pen, worker它表示單一的個體人或事物；集體名詞，如：family,class， team,它表示的是由若干個個體組成的集合體；物質(zhì)名詞，如：water,paper它表示的是一種物質(zhì)，原材料；而后一種是抽象名詞，如:work, ti

42、me它表示著一種在實際生活中看不見、摸不到，但卻與實際生活緊密相關(guān)的某些動作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)的抽象概念。見下表。 名詞一覽表種類 專有名詞 London, John, the Communist Party of China 普 通 名 詞 類名詞 nurse, boy, worker, pencil, dog, table 集體名詞 class, family, army, police, team, people 物質(zhì)名詞 water, steel, glass, cotton, wood, sand 抽象名詞 happiness, love, work, life, courage, hon

43、est 功用 主語 My family is now in New York. 表語 His father is a scientist. 賓語 We love our great motherland. 賓語補足語 He made London the base for his work. 定語 The girls are making paper flowesrs. 狀語 The car cost him 1000 dollars. 同位語 Mr Brown, a famous scientist, will come here. 名詞在使用中的難點在于名詞的數(shù)，即可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞的實

44、際應(yīng)用。不可數(shù)名詞不能用數(shù)字計算，所以它通常只有單數(shù)形式。它包含有專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞等，如：English,air,water,cotton,work可數(shù)名詞是可以用數(shù)量加以計算的名詞，所以它具有單數(shù)形式和復(fù)數(shù)形式兩種?？蓴?shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成規(guī)律是：1. 一般情況加s,如：penpens, doctordoctors,boyboys,其讀音規(guī)則是在清輔音后讀s，在元音和濁輔音后讀z。如:mapmap ， boyboys.2. 在以s,sh,ch,x結(jié)尾的名詞后面加es，如：busbuses,classclasses,其讀音為iz。3. 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge結(jié)尾的名詞加s，其

45、讀音為iz。4. 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，要將y變?yōu)閕再加es，讀作z，如：factoryfactories,countrycountries, familyfamilies.但要注意的是以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式只加s，如:boyboys,daydays。5. 以o結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式一般要加es，但如果o前面是元音字母或外來詞，縮寫詞以o結(jié)尾的則只加s，如：tomatotomatoes,heroheroes;photophotos,radioradios,pianopianos6. 以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式要將f或fe變?yōu)関再加es，如：knifeknives, leafl

46、eaves, 但有些例外的詞如roof的復(fù)數(shù)形式是roofs。7. 不規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是要單個記憶的，它沒有規(guī)律可循，如:manmen,womanwomen, childchildren, footfeet,toothteeth, mousemice8. 單復(fù)同形的名詞有：fish, sheep,deer9. 單數(shù)形式但其意為復(fù)數(shù)的名詞有:people,police等。名詞還有格的變化，其主格可作主語，賓格可作賓語。還有所有格，用來表示人或物的所有，以及領(lǐng)屬關(guān)系。表示有生命的名詞的所有格其單數(shù)形式是加s其復(fù)數(shù)形式是s，如其結(jié)尾不是s的復(fù)數(shù)形式仍加s，如：a students room, st

47、udents rooms, Childrens Day.在表示時間、距離、世界、國家名詞的所有格要用s，如：a twenty minutes walk.但無生命名詞的所有格則必須用of結(jié)構(gòu)，如：the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers(二) 正誤辨析誤Please give me a paper.正Please give me a piece of paper.析不要認為可以數(shù)的名詞就是可數(shù)名詞，這種原因是對英語中可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞的概念與中文中的能數(shù)與不能數(shù)相混淆了，所以造成了這樣的錯誤，因paper在英語中是屬于物質(zhì)名詞一類，

48、是不可數(shù)名詞。而不可數(shù)名詞要表達數(shù)量時，要用與之相關(guān)的量詞來表達，如：two pieces of paper.誤Please give me two letter papers.正Please give me two pieces of letter paper.析paper作為紙講是不可數(shù)名詞，而作為報紙、考卷、文章講時則是可數(shù)名詞，如：Each student should write a paper on what he has learnt.誤My glasses is broken.正My glasses are broken.誤I want to buy two shoes.正I

49、want to buy two pairs of shoes.析英語中g(shù)lasses眼鏡，shoes鞋，trousers褲子等由兩部分組成的名詞一般要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如果要表示一副眼鏡應(yīng)用a pair of glasses而這時的謂語動詞應(yīng)與量詞相一致。如：This pair of glasses is very good.誤May I borrow two radioes?正May I borrow two radios?析以o結(jié)尾的名詞大都是用加es來表示其復(fù)數(shù)形式，但如果o前面是一個元音字母或外來語時則只加s就可以了。這樣的詞有zoozoos,pianopianos.誤This is a M

50、arys dictionary.正This is Marys dictionary.析如名詞前有指示代詞this, that, these those,及其他修飾詞our,some, every, which, 或所有格時，則不要再加冠詞。誤There are much people in the garden.正There are many people in the garden.析可數(shù)名詞前應(yīng)用many, few, a few, a lot of 來修飾，而people是可數(shù)名詞，而且是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，如：The people are planting trees here.誤I want a

51、 few water.正I want a little water.析不可數(shù)名詞前可以用a little, little, a lot of, some來修飾，但不可用many,few來修飾。誤Thank you very much. Your family is very kind to me.正Thank you very much. Your family are very kind to me.誤Toms and Marys family are waiting for us.正Toms and Marys families are waiting for us.誤Im sorry.

52、I have to go. Toms families are waiting for me.正Im sorry. I have to go. Toms family are waiting for me.析集合名詞如果指某個集合的整體，則應(yīng)視為單數(shù)，如指某個集合體中的個體則應(yīng)視為復(fù)數(shù)。如:My family is a big family. When I came in, Toms family were watching TV. 即湯姆一家人正在看電視。這樣的集合名詞有：family class, team等。誤Dont eat too much meats.正Dont eat too m

53、uch meat.誤Food in that restaurant is very good.正The food in that restaurant is very good.析物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，在使用中不可以加s，即它沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。也不可加不定冠詞。但如果用于特指某一物質(zhì)時可以加定冠詞。如：I dont like drinking coffee, but the coffee in that cup is really good.誤Please give me two waters.正Please give me two glasses of water.正Please give me two coffees.析物質(zhì)名詞如要加計量時，一定要加量詞，如：two cups of tea,two glas