定語(yǔ)從句分類詳解[教學(xué)知識(shí)]

1、定語(yǔ)從句一、 限制性與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句（一） 限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別 限制性定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)先行詞起修飾限制作用；而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)先行詞起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句往往有逗號(hào)割開。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句相當(dāng)于并列句、狀語(yǔ)從句等。如： I want this man, who (=for he) can speak English. He gave up the plan, which (=though it) was a very good one. I met John, who (=and he) told me the news. I will take

2、 this one, which (=for it) seems to be the best one. He has two sons, who work in the same company. (He has only two sons.) He has two sons who work in the same company. (Perhaps he has more than two sons.)(二) 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法1、 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在任何情況下都不能省略；2、 Who（主語(yǔ)），whom（賓語(yǔ)），which（主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)）不能用that代替，也不能

3、互相替換；3、 介詞+which/whom+從句結(jié)構(gòu)中，介詞不能移到從句的后面；4、 when, where可用于非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。二、 關(guān)系代詞的用法（一） 關(guān)系代詞的作用和分類 1、關(guān)系代詞的作用有三個(gè)：（1） 連接作用：關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)從句，把它和主句連接起來(lái)；（2） 替代作用：關(guān)系代詞在從句中替代它前面的先行詞；（3） 成分作用：關(guān)系代詞在從句中總是充當(dāng)句子成分。 2、關(guān)系代詞的用法分類關(guān)系 代詞格 從句用于限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非 限制性定語(yǔ)從句只用于限制性定語(yǔ)從句指人指物既指人又指物主格詞Whowhichthat 賓格詞Who(m) 屬格詞Whose/of whomWhose/of whic

4、hwhose 關(guān)系代詞的用法與分類有三點(diǎn)依據(jù)：（1） 根據(jù)所引導(dǎo)的從句的限制性和非限制性；（2） 根據(jù)所替代的先行詞是指人還是指物；（3） 根據(jù)它在從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或者定語(yǔ)。（二） 關(guān)系代詞that和which的用法1、 限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，必須用關(guān)系代詞that的情況：（1） 當(dāng)先行詞是不定代詞all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, the one時(shí)。如： Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself? You should ha

5、nd in all that you have.（2） 當(dāng)先行詞前面被the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all等詞修飾時(shí)。如： This is the very person that Im waiting for. The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.（3） 當(dāng)先行詞是形容詞最高級(jí)或者先行詞的前面有形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。如： This is the best that has been used against pollution. This is the most i

6、nteresting film that Ive ever seen.（4） 當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或它前面有序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。如： This train is the last that will go to Suzhou. What is the first American film that you have seen?（5） 當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。如： Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?（6） 當(dāng)主句的主語(yǔ)是疑問(wèn)詞who或which時(shí)。如： Which is the bike that you los

7、t? Who is the boy that won the gold medal?（7） 有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞也在從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)。如： They secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution.（8） 當(dāng)先行詞在主句中作表語(yǔ)，而關(guān)系代詞也在從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)。如： Shanghai is no longer the city that is used to be.2、 定語(yǔ)從句中，必須用which的情況：（1） 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，只用which不用that。如

8、:Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the others envy him.(2) 當(dāng)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)中的介詞提前時(shí)，只用which不用that。如：This is a house in which Lu Xun once lived.注意：在一些固定搭配的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)中，由于動(dòng)詞和介詞不可分割，因此把介詞置于關(guān)系代詞之前。如：This is the pen (which/that) I m looking for.(三) 關(guān)系代詞who, whom和whose的用法先行

9、詞指人：在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，用who,不克省略；在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，用whom/that,可以省略；在定語(yǔ)從句中坐定語(yǔ)時(shí)，用whose，不可省略。如： She is the girl who lives next door.作主語(yǔ) Thats the girl (whom/that) I teach.作賓語(yǔ) Thats the scientist whose achievements are well known.作定語(yǔ) This is the house whose window broke last night. = This is the house, the window of w

10、hich broke last night. = This is the house, of which the widow broke last night.（四）“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞只能用which或whom，即：介詞+whom/which。1. 當(dāng)介詞放在關(guān)系代詞的前面時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞只能用which或whom，關(guān)系代詞不能省略。如：(1) Is this the house in which Shakespeare was born?(2) He paid the boy 10 Yuan for washing ten windows

11、, most of which hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.(3) In the dark street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.(4) Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price of which was very reasonable.(5) The gentleman about whom you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.2.在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中

12、，當(dāng)介詞位于定語(yǔ)從句的末尾時(shí)，可用that/which ,that/whom/who作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，而且作介詞賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞可以省略。如： that This is the hero who we are proud of. Whom3.”復(fù)合介詞短語(yǔ)+關(guān)系代詞which”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，這種結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句常與先行詞用逗號(hào)分開，定語(yǔ)從句常用倒裝語(yǔ)序。如： He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree.4.介詞+which/whom+不定式結(jié)構(gòu) The poor man has no house in whic

13、h to live. = The poor man has no house to live in. = The poor man has no house in which he can live.（五）關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 關(guān)系代詞as既可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，as在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。 引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句常用于下列形式： Such+名詞+as像一樣的，像之類1. the same+名詞+as 和同樣的 其中關(guān)系代詞as在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。如： We have found such materials as are used in thei

14、r factory. He is not the same man as he was.2.such as Such為代詞，意為“這樣的人或物”，as在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分，修飾先行詞such.如： This book is not such as I expect.(六)關(guān)系代詞as, which的區(qū)別 1.as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有時(shí)還克插入主句中，而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能置于主句之后。相同的是兩者都可以替代主句的整個(gè)內(nèi)容，而不是主句中的某一個(gè)詞。如： The weather turned out to be very good, which was

15、 more than we could expect. By serving others, a person focuses on someone other than himself or herself, which can be very eye-opening and rewarding.2. 當(dāng)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句放在主句前面時(shí)，只能用as.如： As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.= The moon travels round the earth once every

16、 month, as/which is known to everybody.= It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once everybody.= What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month. 后面兩句屬于名詞性從句范疇。 另外，as多用于下列習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)中：as anybody can see 正如人人都能看到的那樣；as is well-known=as is known to

17、 all眾所周知；as we had expected正如我們所預(yù)料的那樣；as often happens 正如經(jīng)常發(fā)生的那樣；as has been said before 如上所述；as is mentioned above正如上面提到的。 3當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句放在主句后面是，也并不是as就能永遠(yuǎn)等于which. （1）當(dāng)限定性定于從句是否定句或表示否定時(shí)只能用which.如：He came here very late, which was unexpected. Mr. Smith usually praises his students Rose in public, which she

18、doesnt like at all. (2)當(dāng)as在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，后面常接動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：be known, be said, be reported, be announced等。如果從句中行為動(dòng)詞是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，一般用which作主語(yǔ)。如： She has been absent again, as is expected. 她又缺席了，這在預(yù)料之中。 Tom has made rapid progress, which makes me very happy. Tom取得了很大的進(jìn)步，這使我很高興。（3）用在as(it) seems likely, as(it) often happ

19、iness, as(it) was printed out, as(it) was said earlier, as I remember (it), as I understand(it), as (it) appears等結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：Jack has won the first prize, as it often happens. Jack和往常一樣，獲得了一等獎(jiǎng)。She has read widely in Romantic literature, as it appears from her essay.她廣泛涉獵了浪漫主意文學(xué)，這從她的文章中可以看出來(lái)。(4)as仍然保持作連詞時(shí)常

20、有的某種含義。如：David is tall, as are my brothers.David很高，我的兄弟也一樣。He opposed the idea, as could be expected.不出所料，他反對(duì)這個(gè)意見。(5)當(dāng)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)是一個(gè)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，只能用which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。如:Betty always tells a lie, which her parents find strange.(6)當(dāng)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句為否定句時(shí)，常用which.如： Mr. Smith usually praises his student Rose in public, which

21、 she doesnt like at all.三、關(guān)系副詞的用法（一）當(dāng)先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，要用關(guān)系副詞。其中when=表時(shí)間的介詞（如：ai, in, during等）+which; where=表地點(diǎn)的介詞（如：in, at, on, under等）+which； why=表原因的介詞（如：for）+which; how=表方式的介詞（如：in）+which。如：I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.(when=on which)Can you tell me the office where he works

22、? (where=in which)Do you know the reason why he is absent?(why=for which)(二)介詞+關(guān)系代詞（which）=where/when.有時(shí)候?yàn)楸磉_(dá)清楚，還可以在關(guān)系副詞where/when前加介詞from, to等。如：China is the birth place of kite, from where kite flying spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.(三)對(duì)關(guān)系副詞where的考察對(duì)于where的考察趨于復(fù)雜，從先行詞為明顯的“地點(diǎn)”轉(zhuǎn)化為“地點(diǎn)的模糊化”。

23、事實(shí)上，對(duì)于where這個(gè)詞，不能只理解為表示地點(diǎn)。先行詞表示某人或物的situation，或者某事所發(fā)展的stage，或表達(dá)某事的某個(gè)方面時(shí)，都可以用where，這個(gè)關(guān)系副詞，如：The accident had reached to a point where both their parents are to be called in.事情發(fā)展到如此程度，不得不請(qǐng)雙方家長(zhǎng)來(lái)一趟了。這種用法不僅僅限于定語(yǔ)從句，特殊疑問(wèn)句中、名詞性從句中也有如此用法。 四、關(guān)系副詞和關(guān)系代詞的比較引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞及關(guān)系副詞除了起連接先行詞和從句的作用外，他們還有一個(gè)最重要的作用，那就是他們分別在定語(yǔ)從

24、句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分。具體地說(shuō)，關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)，而關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做狀語(yǔ)。因此，在選擇關(guān)系時(shí)，最重要的是分析一下定語(yǔ)從句中的成分，若從句中卻主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，那么必須用關(guān)系代詞，若主句中不缺主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)則用關(guān)系副詞。試比較下面的句子：（1）、Do you still remember the days that/which we spent in Beijing?（代）（2）、Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Beijing?（副）在句中，定語(yǔ)從句中缺賓語(yǔ)，第二局中，定

25、語(yǔ)從句不缺賓語(yǔ)也不缺主語(yǔ)，因此用關(guān)系副詞when來(lái)引導(dǎo)。 五、定語(yǔ)從句用法其他要點(diǎn) （一）、關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，不可省略。 （二）、定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與先行詞保持一致；當(dāng)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，那么定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在人稱、數(shù)的方面，應(yīng)該與先行詞保持一致。1.one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞+復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。如：The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitors.長(zhǎng)城是吸引大批游客的世界著名的建筑之一。Titanic is one of the wonderfu

26、l movies that have been produced in Hollywood.泰坦尼克號(hào)是好萊塢生產(chǎn)的最精彩的電影之一。2the only one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞+單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。如：The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon.長(zhǎng)城是地球是唯一一個(gè)能從月球上看到的建筑物。Titanic is the only one of these wonderful movies that has been produced in Hollywood. 在這些精彩的電影中，泰坦尼克號(hào)是唯一由好萊塢制作的電影。 注意：not the only one of=one of如：Tom isnt the only one of the boys who have passed the exam.=Tom is one of the boys who have passed the exam.Tom 并非是唯一一個(gè)通過(guò)考試的男孩=Tom只是通過(guò)考試的男孩中的一個(gè)。3.當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞as與which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，