胡壯麟《語言學(xué)教程》測試題及答案

1、胡壯麟語言學(xué)教程（修訂版）測試題第一章：語言學(xué)導(dǎo)論I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for humanA. contactC. relationB. communicationD. community2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeC. crashB. typewriterD. bang3. The function ofthe sentence “ Waterbo

2、ils at 100 degrees Centigrade. i”sA. interrogativeC. informativeB. directiveD. performative4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say “碎碎(歲歲)平安 ”asa means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which func

3、tions does it perform?A. InterpersonalC. PerformativeB. EmotiveD. Recreational5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situat

4、ion?A. TransferabilityC. DisplacementB. DualityD. Arbitrariness6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functionsof language? A nice day, isnt it?Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveC. PerformativeB. PhaticD. Interpersonal7. refers to the actual realizati

5、on of the ideal language usesr knowledgeof the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceC. LangueB. CompetenceD. Parole8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now.It couldn t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indic

6、ates the design feature of .A. cultural transmissionB. productivityC. displacementD. duality9. answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our firstlanguage.A. Psycholinguistics B. Anthropological linguisticsC. Sociolinguistics D. Applied linguistics10. deals with language application to oth

7、er fields, particularlyeducation.A. Linguistic theory B. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguisticsII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is

8、 not language.12. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.15. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, whic

9、h means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted.16. Only human beings are able to communicate.17. . De Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist.18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespear

10、e s time is an exampleof the diachronic study of language.19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.20. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.III. Fill in the blanks. (10%)21. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of communicatio

11、n.22. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed .23. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is .24. Theory that primitive man mad

12、e involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the theory.25. Linguistics is the study of language.26. Modern linguistics is in the sense that the linguist tries to discoverwhat language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.27. One general principle of lin

13、guistic analysis is the primacy of overwriting.28. The description of a language as it changes through time is a study.29. Saussure put forward two important concepts. refers to the abstractlinguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.30. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure

14、s langue and Chomsky s IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Design feature32. Displacement33. Competence34. Synchronic linguisticsV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us wha

15、t language will be if it has no such design feature? (南開大學(xué)， 2004 )36. Why is it difficult to define language? (北京第二外國語大學(xué)， 2004)VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. How can a linguist make his analysis scientific? (青島海洋大學(xué)， 1999)34第二章：語音I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Pitch variation is kn

16、own as when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonation B. tone C. pronunciation D. voice2. Conventionally a is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophone B. phone C. phoneme D. morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are of the pphoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemes D.

17、allophones4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as .A. glottisB. vocal cavity C. pharynxD. uvula5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering6. A phoneme is a group of similar

18、sounds called .A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation

19、?A. nB. mC. b D. p9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels? A. i:B. u C. e D. i 10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. Voiced C. Glottal stop D. ConsonantII. Decide whether the following statements are true

20、or false. (10%)11. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of aspeech sound.13. Two so

21、unds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely,the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation.14. p is a voiced bilabial stop.15. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of spee

22、ch sounds.16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.17. When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.18. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax orlong vs. short.1

23、9. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.20. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. Consonant sounds can be either or , while all vo

24、welsounds are .22. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing23. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the and the lips.24. One element in the description of vowels is the part

25、of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the to which that part ofthe tongue is raised.25. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without26. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonem

26、es /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating .27. In English there are a number of , which are produced by movingfrom one vowel position to another through intervening positions.28. refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influenceof their neighbors.29. is the smallest linguisti

27、c unit.30. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the coming from the lungs.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Sound assimilation32. Suprasegmental feature33. Complementary distribution34. Distinctive f

28、eaturesV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What is acoustic pho netics?(中國人民大學(xué)，2003)36. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?(南開 04)VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following

29、 phonetic descriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop d dog. (青島海洋大學(xué)， 1999 )(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2) low front vowel(3) lateral liquid(4) velar nasal(5) voiced interdental fricative第三章：詞匯I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Nouns, v

30、erbs and adjectives can be classified as A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function words D. form words2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called morpheme.A. inflectional C. boundB. freeD. derivational3. There are morphemes in the word denationalization.A. three B. fo

31、ur C. five D. six4. In English -se and -ion are called.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and .A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation6. is a way in which new words may be formed from already existingwords by subtr

32、acting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD. addition7. The word TB is formed in the way of .A. acronymyB. clippingC. initialismD. blending8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by .A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formation D. acronym

33、y9. The stem of disagreements is D. disagreementD. allomorphA. agreementB. agreeC. disagree10. All of them are meaningful except for .A. lexemeB. phoneme C. morphemeII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the firs

34、t element, while the second element receives secondary stress.12. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.13. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.14. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes chang

35、e the word-class of the base.15. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.16. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word.17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.18. In most cases, the number of sylla

36、bles of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.19. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations.20. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. An is pronounced letter by letter, while an ispronounced as a word.22. Lexicon, in most cases, is sy

37、nonymous with .23. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: , and .24. All words may be said to contain a root .25. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to class.26. is a reverse p

38、rocess of derivation, and therefore is a process ofshortening.27. is extremely productive, because English had lost most of itsinflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.28. Words

39、 are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the level.29. A word formed by derivation is called a , and a word formed bycompounding is called a.30. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: and .IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Blending32. Allomorph33. Close

40、d-class word34. Morphological ruleV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. How many types of morphemes are there in the En glish Ian guage? What are they? (廈門大學(xué)，2003)36. What are the main features of the En glish compo un ds?VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Match the terms un der COL

41、UMN I with the un derli ned forms from COLUMN II(武漢大學(xué)，2004)IacronymIIa.foefree morphemeb.subc on sciousderivatio nal morphemec.UNESCOin flecti onal morphemed.overwhelmedprefixe.calculati on第四章：句法I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. The sentence structure is .A. only linearC. complexB. only hierarchica

42、lD. both linear and hierarchical2. The syntactic rules of any language are in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite3. The rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammaticalsentences.A. lexicalC. linguisticB. morphologicalD. combinational4. A sentence is considered when it doe

43、s not conform to the grammaticalknowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrong C. grammatical D. ungrammatical5. A in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word thatintroduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particle C. preposition D. subordinator6. Phrase structure rules ha

44、ve properties.A. recursiveB. grammatical C. social D. functional7. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. all of the above.8. The h

45、ead of the phrase“ the city Rome ” is _A. the cityB. Rome C. city D. the city Rome9. The phrase “ on the shellfongs”tob_e construction.A. endocentricB. exocentric C. subordinate D. coordinate10. The sentence is a sentence. A. simple“ They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.B. c

46、oordinate C. compound D. complexII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.12.

47、 The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.13. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.14. Constituents that can be sub

48、stituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.15. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.16. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed,

49、 namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.17. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.18. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammat

50、ical knowledge.19. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.20. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. A sentence consists of a single clause which conta

51、ins a subject and apredicate and stands alone as its own sentence.22. A is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a numberof words to form a complete statement, question or command.23. A may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedesthe predicate.24. The part of a

52、 sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called .25. A sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which isincorporated into the other.26. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally calle

53、d an clause.27. Major lexical categories are categories in the sense that new wordsare constantly added.28. condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a caserecipient should stay adjacent to each other.29. are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operatein one w

54、ay or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between andamong n atural la nguages.30. The theory ofcon diti on expla ins the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positi ons.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples (20%)31. Sy ntax32. IC an alysis33. Hi

55、erarchical structure34. Trace theoryV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What are en doce ntric con struct ion and exoce ntric con struct ion?(武漢大學(xué)，2004)more beautiful flowersby mea ns36. Disti nguish the two possible meanings ofIC analysis.(北京二外國語大學(xué)，2004)VI. Analyze the following situation.

56、(20%)37. Draw a tree diagram accordi ng to the PS rules to show the deep structure of the senten ce:The student wrote a letter yesterday.第五章：意義I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. The naming theory is advanced byC. Geoffrey LeechD. FirthA. PlatoB. BloomfieldThis statement represents2. “ We shall know a word by the company it keeps.B. contexutalismD. behaviorismA. the conceptualist viewC. the naming theory3. Which of the following is NOT true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the li